Which one of the following is incorrectly matched ?
(1) Columbus – 1492
CHAPTER
2
Globe -
A Model of the Earth
One evening Sundar & Kalpana were looking at the moon and
Sundar asked, “If I went to the moon what would the earth look like?
What can I see from there?” Kalpana told him that they could easily find
out from the internet. Later she showed him some pictures of the earth
taken from the moon. This is how it looked:
Fig: 2.1 Earth rise on the Moon
Doesn’t the Earth look like a blue
moon? It looks blue because a large portion
of the Earth is covered with oceans. In the
above photograph we can see only one part
of the earth which receives sunshine.
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Ocean appears blue due to –
(1) Greater depth
(2) Reflection of the sky and scattering of light by water particles
(3) Blue colour of water
(4) Upper surface of water
Š Which of these do you think is the
largest ocean - underline it.
Naturally we cannot live on these
oceans. We live on the land. You can see
large land masses on the globe which are
called continents. There are seven major
continents.
Š Find out the names of the
continents and write them down:
1. ……………
2. ……………
3. ……………
4. ……………
5. ……………
6. ……………
7. ……………
Š One of these continents is actually
covered with ice – find out its name
and location.
Is it not interesting that the Northern and
Southern poles of the Earth are covered
with ice? One Pole has frozen ocean and
the other Pole has a huge accumulation of
ice on it! This is called the Antarctic Shield
of ice.
Š Look for India on the Globe – name
the continent in which India is
located.
Š Similarly look for the countries
you have heard of.
Villages, towns and cities are located on
the continents. It is on the land that you will
find hills and valleys, agriculture, mines,
factories, etc.
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(2) Vasco de Gama – 1498
(3) Magellan – 1520
(4) Balboa – 1530
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Š Can you explain why the bottom
portion of the Earth is not visible in
this photograph?
The Earth is like a ball
From this picture you can see that the
shape of the Earth is like that of the Moon.
Bring to the class room some globes.
Ensure that every group of five to six
students has a globe. Globe is a model of
the Earth – it shows the shape of the Earth,
the land and water, the continents and
oceans and the main countries of the world.
Fig: 2.2 A Globe
BPSC:
International Date Line crosses over
(1) Africa
(2) Asia
(3) Pacific Ocean
(4) Atlantic Ocean
Directions on the globe
You have learnt about the four directions
in the earlier lesson. You can locate the
North and the South Pole. To the right side
is the East and to the left side is the West.
The Earth rotates every day from the West
to the East – can you rotate the globe and
see how this happens?
You looked at the Poles. What is ment
by Poles? Poles are the two points on the
opposite ends of the Earth – if you were to
draw an imaginary line connecting the two
Poles passing through the interior of the
Earth it will form the axis or the line around
which the entire Earth rotates. Poles are
the points which lie at the end of the Axis
of rotation.
Fig: 2.3 Axis of Rotation
To understand this better, put three or
four dots on the globe in different colours
starting from the Equator to the Pole. Now
rotate the globe and observe.
Globe - A model of the Earth 11
Š Let each student take a globe in her/
his hand and look at it carefully. See
how the Earth rotates.
Š With the help of your teacher
locate the North Pole, the South
Pole and the Equator.
You can see that the earth is like a ball –
spherical in shape. Can you see how people
can stand on it? Place standing figures on
different parts of the globe. It may seem
that the person at the lower part is standing
upside down or that the person on the
middle may just fall down from the Earth.
We never fall off the Earth because the
Earth acts like a very powerful magnet
which pulls us towards it. In fact we can
only fall on the Earth and never off the
Earth!
Spheroid Shape
Actually the Earth is not like a
perfect sphere – not perfectly round.
It is a little pressed at the two poles in
the North and South and bulges slightly
in the middle around a line called
Equator. However this is so slight that
most globes and maps do not show it
at all.
The interesting thing about the shape of
the Earth is that if we keep travelling from
one point in one direction we come back
to the same point without turning back! Try
this on the globe – start from any point and
keep going in the same line and see if you
come back to the point from where you
started.
Some six hundred years ago most
people believed that the Earth was flat and
that if you kept travelling in any direction
you would reach the edge of the Earth and
10 Social Studies
You would notice that if you put a dot
just on the Pole, it will not move at all - but
remain in the same place! What happens to
the dot placed on the Equator?
Lines on the globe
You will see many lines crossing on the
globe. Some run from the North Pole to
the South Pole while others run around the
Earth from the West to the East. These
imaginary lines drawn by map makers help
us locate places on the globe and maps. We
will see how these are drawn in later
classes. Now we will look for the most
important lines.
Latitudes
These are the imaginery lines that are
drawn from the West to the East .Can you
spot these lines? Compare the length of
these lines. Do you think they are all of
the same length?
Fig: 2. 4. Latitudes on the globe
The longest of these lines is called
Equator; it divides the globe into two equal
halves. These two halves are called
hemispheres. Identify the Equator on the
globe and follow it around and note down
the continents it passes through. Also
identify the northern and southern
12 Social Studies
from there you would fall off into the sky.
Around 1400 AD, scientists and sea-farers
began to figure out that the Earth must be
like a ball. That was why Columbus, the
Italian explorer set out from Europe in
1492 AD in the western direction with the
hope of reaching India. Of course he did
not reach India but stopped at the Caribbean
islands near America. In case he had
travelled on, he might have reached India.
Š Look at the globe and see how
columbus would have travelled to
reach America and how he could
have gone on to reach India.
Oceans and Continents
As you can see on the globe, most of
the Earth surface consists of water in the
form of oceans. If you live by the sea in
the Coastal Andhra you would have seen the
Bay of Bengal.
Š Describe the sea in a few lines or
draw a picture of the sea?
Š State the main difference between
the water you drink and the sea
water?
Seas and Oceans stretch for hundreds
and thousands of kilometers – just endless
water! You can travel from one end to the
other only with the help of ships and it may
take many days or even months.
Š One of the oceans is frozen into
ice – find out its name.
Š Look at the globe and write down
the names of the four great oceans:
1. ……………
2. ……………
3. ……………
4. ……………
hemispheres. In which hemisphere is India
located? In which hemisphere is there more
water than land?
Longitudes
These lines run from one pole to the
other. You can see that unlike the latitudes
these lines are all of the same length. There
are two main longitudes – the Greenwich
Line which is also called the 0 degree
longitude and the International Date Line.
This is 180q Eastern, Western longitude.
You will learn more about the importance
of these lines in higher classes.
Fig: 2. 5. Longitudes on the globe
Together the Latitudes and Longitudes
create a net that covers the map and helps
us to locate places. If you know the latitude
and longitude of a place you can easily
locate it on the globe or a map.
Key words
Latitude
Longitude
Date Line
Axis
 Improve your learning

1. On the next page there is an outline map of the world. Identify and write the names of
continents and the oceans. Then colour the map using appropriate colours. Draw and
write the names of the main latitudes also.
2. Ramesh says “Earth is flat”. What do you say?
3. Rosy is turning a bangle like a top – what is the shape you visualize?
4. Collect information about explorers like Columbus.
5. Draw the Latitudes and Longitudes on the surface of a ball.
6. “Sun always rises in the East.” Find the reason.
7. Why do we draw imaginary lines on the globe/ map?
8. Observe the following pictures and fill the boxes by writing the name of the shaded
hemisphere.

World - Outline
Equator represents
(1) line joining North and South poles
(2) imaginary line passing round the Earth midway between North & South poles
(3) a belt (ring) around the planet Saturn
(4) axis of rotation of Earth

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Equator represents
(1) line joining North and South poles
(2) imaginary line passing round the Earth midway between North & South poles
(3) a belt (ring) around the planet Saturn
(4) axis of rotation of Earth
 CHAPTER

3 From Gathering Food

to Growing Food -
The Earliest People

Have you wondered how your family obtains the food you eat? How is
the food grown and what tools are used in this process? Who invented
these tools?
Can you imagine the life of people who did not grow any crops and
only lived by gathering what grew naturally?
Look at the pictures given below to get an idea of the lives of people
who lived thousands of years ago. Fig: 3.2

Š In above figure how are the
people gathering their food?
Š What types of clothes are they
wearing?
Š You will find five or six types of
tools and weapons in these
pictures. Can you identify them?
Š Look at Fig 3.2. What have the
men and women brought from
the forests?
Š Describe the work they are
doing in the picture.
Gathering food and hunting
Thousands of years ago all people
lived by collecting fruits, flowers,
honey, wild grains and edible tubers and
roots that grew naturally in the forests
and also hunted birds and animals. They
did not grow any crop or rear any
APPSC Previous Question: animal.
Fig:. 3.1
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16 Social Studies
The main occupation of
Paleolithic people was
Which of the following centres was
(1) Agriculture
recognised by the archaeologist as
(2)Animal husbandry
microlithic implement centre ?
(3)Fishing
(4)Hunting and gathering food
Š Can you list the items that you eat
which are not grown but collected
from the wild? How do you prepare
them for eating?
If you were sent to a forest would you
be able to find out what edible food can be
found there? You need to know what food
is edible, where it grows and when it bears
fruits. You may also need to know how to
eat it. Can it be eaten raw? Does it have to
be cooked or pounded or ground with
something else or soaked in water?
Even to hunt, the hunters need to know
the hunted animal intimately, its habits and
behaviour. Where does it spend different
parts of the day? Where does it eat or drink
water from? In what way is it dangerous?
What is the use of its different parts of the
body? The earliest people over many
generations had learned about all these
things and taught them to their children.

Š Can you think of the differences and
similarities between the food habits
of the earliest people and your own
food habits?
Š Do you think they could have worn
clothes like you? What would they
be wearing?
Stone tools
Today we use machines, tractors and
tools made of steel etc. The earliest people
also used tools; but these were made of
stones, bones and wood. Initially large
stones were given sharp edges by very
careful breaking with another stone. This
gave the people a tool which enabled them
to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers and hunt
animals.
After thousands of years they began to
make fine, small pieces from hard stone.
APPSC 2012:
(A)
( B)
The first Paleolithic tool in India
was discovered (C)
at
a) Bhimbetka
b) Pallavaram
Fig: 3.4 (A), (B) Earliest tools which were largely
excavated at Amarabad, Mahaboobnagar district
c) Nevasa(C)Village,
Early Hand axe excavated in Kamakur
Pottisreeramulu Nellore district.
Fig: 3.3 How stone tools were made:
One of the Techniques is shown here.
These pieces were called ‘microliths’.
They were fixed to wooden or bone handles
which then served as knives, arrows, sickles
etc. These weapons were used to dig soil,
chop the trees for the bark, remove the
skins of animals, clean the skins, stitch
clothes out of the skin, cut meat and bones,
Fig: 3.8 Use of microliths: stone sickle
Fig: 3.5 Tools made from stone flakes
excavated at Amarabad, Mahaboobnagar
district .
chop fruit and roots and hunt the animals used fire to keep off wild animals and
easily.
provide light in the caves. Wood was often
These stone tools of the early people heated on fire to harden it for use.
have survived to this day and we can learn
much about the lives of early people by
Š What do we use fire for, now-a-days?
Š Try to make fire by striking two flint
studying the tools they used and the
locations from where they were found.
Š For what purposes are stones used
stones near cotton or dry leaves to
get a feel of earliest man’s life.
by people today?
Fire Nomadic life
The discovery of fire by the early people The earliest people used to live in small
brought about great changes in their lives. groups in the caves or under trees or rocks.
Probably they made fire by striking two They did not build houses. Actually they led
stones. Fire enabled them to eat roasted a mobile life, constantly moving from one
meat in place of raw flesh. This was the place to another. People who regularly move
beginning of the cooked food. They also from place to place are called “Nomads”.
Kurnool caves Archeologists have recovered a large
number of stone tools from the caves of
Kurnool district. There are hundreds of
caves in Kurnool district near
Betamcherla and Banaganapalli. These
caves seem to have been used by stone tool
using hunter-gatherers as resting place for
thousands of years.
Animal bones, stone tools especially
microliths and also tools made of bones
have been found in them. Tools made of
bones are to be found only in these caves
in the entire Indian Subcontinent.
Fig: 3.9 Entrance of Belum
Caves in Kurnool Dist.

d) Kupgal
Fig: 3.6 Blades chipped from stones
excavated in Yeleswaram, Nalgonda district
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Fig: 3.7 Microliths from
Ghanapur, Adilabad district
From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People
Archeologists are people who
study the past by digging up old
places where people lived and taking
out remains of their lives like tools,
bones, pots, buildings etc. Fig: 3.10 Bone tools found in Muchatla
Chintamanu, Gavi cave, Kurnool.
17 18 Social Studies

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Š Can you think the reasons for
early people’s movement from
one place to another constantly?
o What will happen if a group
finishes all the fruits or animals
of an area?
o Do animals stay in the same
place or do they keep moving?
o Will water be available in the
same place throughout the
year?
Š Even today many people shift
from one place to another. What
kind of things do they carry with
them while shifting?
Š When the earliest people were
migrating, what would they have
carried with them?
Š Why people in present times are
not leading a nomadic life but have
built houses and live in the same
place?
Paintings
The early people drew pictures of
animals and hunting scenes on the walls
of many caves and rock shelters.
Different colour stones were ground and
mixed with animal fat. Pictures were then
painted on rocks with bamboo brushes.
Perhaps drawing pictures like these had
some religious importance for them.
Š Do people in your place draw
pictures or designs as part of
festivals and religious rituals?
From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People
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Hunter – gatherers in our times
Even these days several groups of people
live by hunting and gathering food in
different parts of the world. In our own state
the Yanadis and Chenchus till very recently
lived in this manner. Scholars have tried to
live among them and understand their lives.
From many such studies done all over the
world, historians try to imagine the lives of
people who lived in the forests thousands
of years ago.
Fig: 3.13(a)
Fig: 3.13(b)
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People
Chintakunta is in Muddanur Mandal
of Y.S.R. Kadapa District. There are ten
rock shelters near it which have
paintings of early people. There are
more than 200 paintings in white and
red colour. But there are only ten white
paintings. They are religious symbols.
In the red colour paintings humped
oxen are found in only one cave, which
is locally called as Eddula Aavula
Gundu. In the remaining we can see
paintings of deer, stag, fox, rabbits,
birds, human being, etc.
Fig: 3.11
Fig: 3.12
Fig: 3.11, 3.12 The pictures of men with
bow, arrow and oxen drawn by the earliest
people found in Chintakunta caves in
YSR Kadapa Dist.
19
Fig: 3.13(c)
Fig: 13 a, b, c Chenchu hunter gatherer
80 years ago.
Shared living
We saw that the early people lived in
small groups and led a nomadic life. It
appears that women and men both
participated in hunting and food gathering.
Women and children were more active in
food gathering and hunting of small
animals. Hunting large animals may have
taken many days of tracking to distant
places – this was probably done mostly by
men.
Hunter-gatherers shared the food they
collect with all the members of the group.
There wasn’t much scope for storage of
food as it consisted mainly of perishable
things like meat, fish, fruits, leaves, tubers
and small quantities of wild grains. Grains
21
APPSC JL 2020:
What is the name of the caves that are situated near
Visakhapatnam and famous for million year old stalactite
and stalagmite formation? Important Rock Art
Sites in Andhra Pradesh
a) Borra caves
b) Edakkal caves
c) Belum caves
d) Guna caves
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2013
Which one of the following Indian
World Heritage Sites is not in
Madhya Pradesh ?
(1) Khajuraho Temples
(2) Sun Temple Konark
(3) Sanchi Stupa
(4) Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
Map 1: Important Rock Art Sites in Andhra Pradesh
APPSC JL 2020:
Which of20the
Social Studies
following is not a prominent tribe of
Andhra Pradesh?
a) Savara
b) Konda Reddis
c) Gadaba
d) Santhala
Š Do you find any similarity between
and pulses which we eat today do not perish
so quickly. We also have jars and tins to
store them for months. But, the earliest thanking the killed animal by the
people did not possess such heavy things earliest people and worshiping the
as they had to constantly move. harvest by the farmers now-a-days?
Since they shared all the food and had
free access to the resources of the forests,
From gathering to growing
hunter-gatherers did not have any rich or
food
poor among them. They were all equal and
treated each other equally. They also took For thousands of years human beings
all important decisions by discussing lived by hunting and gathering. They took
together. to growing crops only about 12,000 years
Even though they hunted wild animals ago. Why did they change their life style?
hunter-gatherers had a great respect and Let us find out.
regard for the forests, the plants and trees, Around 12,000 years ago there were
the animals, rivers and hills. They often major changes in the climate of the world,
worshipped them so that they may get as it increasingly became warmer. It led to
enough food all the time. great change in natural vegetation as large
tracts of forests were converted into
grasslands. These grasslands provided
fodder for grazing animals like cattle, sheep
and goats. They also had grains that could
be eaten by human beings. As they began to
contact closely with these grasses and
animals they gradually tried to control
them. This is called domestication of plants
and animals. Let us see what this meant
and what it led to.
Fig: 3.14 Offering thanks to a hunted deer.
Learning to grow crops
We can imagine the life of early people
and tend animals
who hunted and gathered food in the forests.
Men, women and children probably
Š Why couldn’t the early people store keenly observed the places where edible
food for a long time? plants were found, how new plants sprouted
Š Do you think it would have created
from seeds etc. Perhaps they began looking
after plants – protecting them from birds
any problem if the hunter-gatherers
and animals so that they could grow and the
did not share their food?
Š Why were there no poor people
seeds could ripen. Many people who lived
in grasslands where edible grains grew
among them? began to rely more on these grains for food
and took to growing them. In this way
22 Social Studies
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different groups of people in different parts
of the earth became farmers.
Different people in different places
learnt to grow paddy, wheat, barley, pulses,
millets, tubers and vegetables. When
people came into contact with each other
they learnt from each other how to grow
and use different kinds of crops and
vegetables.
Likewise, people may have allowed
gentle animals to come near their camps
and eat grass and other leftover food. They
may also have protected these animals from
other wild animals. In the process the
herders got plenty of benefits like regular
supply of meat, animal skin and milk. They
later on used oxen and donkeys for carrying
loads and ploughing the fields.
Domestication
People usually select those plants and
animals that give good yields and are not
prone to disease etc. Seeds of such crops
are selected and used for sowing in the next
season. And only animals of selected type
are allowed to breed. Thus plants and
animals tended by people become different
from the wild ones. When people sow
selected crops and protect them till they
bear fruit or when they allow selected
animals to breed and protect them for their
own use, it is called domestication.
In this way over hundreds of years
people reared and propagated plants and
animals beneficial to them in some special
way.
Š Do you think farmers still use
domestication method to select
better seeds for the next year?
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People
Š Can you imagine how did the early
people store grains?
Š Why do people who grow crops have
to stay in the same place for a long
time?
Š Imagine and draw the huts used by
the earliest people. How do you
think they will be different from your
homes?
We find earliest evidences for
cultivation of crops from Baluchistan about
9000 years ago. In India there are evidences
in Kashmir around 5000 years ago and
Bihar some four or five thousand years ago.
The earliest evidence for domestication
in the Deccan comes from the border of
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. In these
states large mounds of ash are found in a
number of places.
Archeologists believe that around five
thousand years ago hunters of these areas
began to rear cattle. The cattle were pegged
in special places in which a lot of cow dung
used to dry and accumulate. These were
probably set fire on festival days causing
the ash mounds. Such ash mounds are found
in Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar and Anantapur
Districts. Along with cow dung ash,
neolithic stone axes, stone blades and
rudimentary handmade pots were found.
After a few thousands years many of these
people also started cultivating crops and
settling down in villages.
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People
Š How do you think people protect
the crops they select to sow?
Š How do people protect the animals
they want to breed?
Of course not all people took to growing
crops or rearing animals. Many people
continued to hunt and gather in the forests.
And again not all people practised
agriculture in the same way. Initially many
people practised shifting agriculture like
the “Podu” (you will read about it in
chapter (6) and also combined a little
hunting and gathering from the forests
along with growing crops.
Some of them realised that the fertility
of the soil could be maintained by tilling
and applying manure. When they began
using the plough and animal manure they
did not have to go in search of new fertile
lands every few years. This also meant that
they had to combine farming with rearing
animals which were needed for ploughing,
transporting and for manuring the soil and
other purposes.
Settled life
When people began growing plants, they
had to stay in the same place for a long time
looking after the plants, watering, weeding,
driving away animals and birds – till the
grain ripened. At the harvest time they got
so much grain that they could not eat it all
at once. It had to be stored for long periods
- about six months to one year. All this
meant that people had to stay in one place
and build houses to store the grain.
When staying at one place became
inevitable, they constructed huts of stone,
23
Fig: 3. 19 Archeologists digging an ash
mound in Palavoy, Ananthapur.
Key words
Hunter gatherer
Stone tools
Microliths
Nomads
Shared living
Domestication
Herders
Settled life
Neolithic
Archeologist
Podu agriculture
25
wood, mud and dried grass. Vessels were The early farmers selected the right kind
needed to store and cook grain, water, milk, of stone which was ground on rock to give
etc. It led to the making of pots of different it an axe like edge. This axe head was then
kinds. They also started painting and fixed to a wooden handle and used to cut
decorating the pots to give them a better trees, etc. By growing crops with the new
look. Cooking also required the making of tools the early people began a process
stoves and stones for grinding corn etc. which changed almost all aspects of their
When archeologists dug up the places of lives in a very fundamental manner. It is
early agricultural people, they usually after this new kind of stone tool that this
found marks of the huts; remain of pots, period of early agriculture is called
stoves, microliths and grinding stones. Neolithic Period.
Sometimes they also found some grains
which got over-roasted in fire and thus
were preserved for all these years.
Fig: 3. 17 Axe head fixed to a wood,
excavated at Amarabad, Mahboobnagar.
Fig: 3. 15 An old pot: What do you
think could have been stored in this pot?
Fig: 3.16 Archaeologists have found remains
of food preserved 12,000 years ago.
Fig: 3.18 Neolithic stone tools made by
The early farmers needed to clear
grinding stones excavated in Serupalli,
forests by cutting trees and branches. They Mahboobnagar,
developed a new kind of stone tool which Source: A.P State Archeological Museum,
is called neolith by archeologists. Hyderabad
24 Social Studies
UPSC CSE:
Man passed from the food gathering
stage to the food producing stage in
the
(a) Neolithic ImproveAge your learning
(b) Mesolithic Age
1. Why do you think earliest people did not wear cotton and woollen clothes?
2.
(c) Chalcolithic Age
What tools would you use today for cutting fruits? What would you do if these tools
are not (d) Palaeolithic Age
available?
3. Compare the tools used by the earliest people with those of modern times.
4. Why did the earliest people travel from place to place? In what ways are they similar
to/ different from, the reasons for which we travel today?
5. Find out if there are any rock painting sites near your place and visit them with your
class.
UPSC CSE:
6. Locate the following Rock Art sites in the map of Andhra Pradesh:
A. Chintakunta. B. Pandavulagattu C. Kethavaram
D. Velpu Madugu E. Rekonda F. Ramachandrapuram
Neolithic period of age is not
7. List three ways in which the present lives of farmers and herders would have been
characterised by
different from that of the Neolithic people?
8 Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agricultural products of earliest people
(a)
and write a fewAgriculture
lines about each of them.
9. If there was noUse
(b) stove andof copper
no grinding stone, how would it affect our food?
10 Prepare(c) Domestication
a list of five questions that you would oflikeanimals
to ask an archeologist.
11. There are many things in the picture given below. Which of these things did not
(d) Fishing
belong to the hunting-gathering people? Which things could have belonged to both
the hunting-gathering people as well as the agriculturists? Put different signs to
distinguish them.
APPSC:
The neolithic site that was first
noticed in India
(1)Ling sugar
(2)Chirand
(3)MehragarhFig: 3. 20
(4)Kaddihwa
26 Social Studies
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12. Solve the crossword puzzle using the clues given below.

Clues :
Across :
1. These were the shelters of the earliest people (5).
2. These people regularly move from one place to another (6).
3. Shifting agriculture (4).
4. A new kind of stone tool developed by the earliest people (7).
5. This was also used by the earliest people to make their tools (4).
Down:
1. These people are called hunter-gatherers in our times (8).
2. A small piece made from a hard stone (9).
3. These animals were used to carry heavy loads and plough their fields (7).
4. The earliest people collected this to eat (5).
5. Flesh of animals was roasted with this (4).

Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. From Gathering Food to Growing Food -The Earliest People 27
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CHAPTER
Soils

4
A Village in the Krishna Delta
Part -B
We wanted to see how people live in a delta village. We started
from Vijayawada and reached Vuyyuru town. The terrain was totally plain,
without any significant slope. We crossed a number of canals and water
channels lined with green trees.
Bandar Canal
After travelling about 3 kms
from Vuyyuru, we crossed the
Bandar canal to reach Penamakuru.
Bandar canal takes off from the
Krishna River at Prakasam Barrage
in Vijayawada. It flows from the
North West of the village to the
South East direction. Water of this
canal is taken to the fields through
small field channels. Penamakuru
village is situated between the
Krishna River (which flows to the
West of the village just a few
kilometers away) and the Bandar
canal.
Fig: 4.6. Huts along Bandar Canal
Penamakuru -
Fig: 4.5. Plain landscape of Penamakuru
Prakasam Barrage
Vijayawada city is located at the
head of the Krishna Delta on its
northern bank. A barrage was built across
the river at Vijayawada in 1853 by the
British rulers. It is now called Prakasam
Barrage. The water is diverted by this
barrage into canals and is used to irrigate
about twelve lakh acres of land.
Rainfall and Irrigation
In Penamakuru, the soils are mostly
fertile alluvial black soils. The soils
This region receives rains from June to
October from the South West monsoon.
deposited by the river are called alluvial
soils or ‘ondru bhumi’. Alluvial soils are
From November to May there is relatively
very little rain. Due to good sunshine and
heavy and have high water holding capacity.
warm temperature it is possible to raise
They are also rich in nutrients. Do you think
crops throughout the year. However, as
crops will grow well on such soils?
there are no rains after October it is
We can find fine and clayey black soils necessary to irrigate the lands with water
(‘nalla regadi bhumi’) upto a depth of 15
either from the canal or the wells or tanks.
feet. They get very sticky with rain and
The lands on the eastern side of the
retain moisture for a long time. When they
village which are nearer to the canal and
dry up they tend to crack – this causes what
low lying can be easily irrigated with the
is called self-ploughing and causes fertility.
canal water. The lands towards the western
Some parts of the village nearer to the and northern side are on higher elevation
river on the West and South have sandy and cannot be easily irrigated with canal
soils (isuka bhumi). water. In such areas farmers use borewells.
By and large most of the soils of
this region are fertile and if water is
available it is possible to raise two to
three crops a year.
Š What is the relation
between moisture level in
the soil and crop
production?
Š Look at the map of the
village to identify the canal,
the road, the centre of the
village and the houses and
huts.
Š Look at the map of the
Penamakuru village to see
the field channels which take
off from the Bandar Canal.
See the direction in which
they flow.
Š Gently shade the portions
which you think will be Map of
irrigated by the canals. Penamakuru village

Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P. Penamakuru - A Village in the Krishna Delta 33 34 Social Studies

As Penamakuru is very near to river Cyclones & Floods Vegetables

Krishna the groundwater can be found by
digging for only 15 to 25 feet. Hence, the
expenditure on digging borewells is very
low. Since the entire region is electrified,
most of the bore pumps have submersible
pumps operating with electricity. Thus the
coastal plains have plenty of water.
Fig: 4.7. A borewell irrigating
paddy and sugarcane fields
In recent years there has been an
increasing use of groundwater through the
borewells to cultivate the uplands which
cannot be easily irrigated with canal water.
Š Does it rain in your region
between the months of June to
October?
Š Is the rain adequate for agriculture
in your area?
Š Compare the availability of water
in your area and that in the Krishna
Delta Plain region.
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
Krishna district is one of the most
flood prone districts of the state. Every
few years when the rains are very heavy
in the catchment area the dams are full.
Excess water is released by the big
dams.Then the flood waters enter the
lowlying villages along the river. This can
be both very destructive and
productive.Floods are also caused by
cyclones which bring heavy rains from
the sea along with strong winds which
uproot trees and cottages. Penamakuru is
lucky as it is on high ground and has not
been adversely affected even during the
worst floods of 1997, 2006 or 2009.
Š Can you think why the floods can
be both destructive and productive?
Š Find out from your elders about the
major floods in the past and what
happened during those times.
Š How can we minimise the damage
done by floods and cyclones?
Crops
Paddy is extensively cultivated all over
the coastal plains especially in Krishna
District. Most of the lands, especially in the
low areas (pallam) are sown with paddy. The
nursery for the paddy monsoon crop called
salva is sown and transplanted in the
months of June/ July. They usually grow
high yielding paddy varieties like MTU
2716, Swarna, and BPT. This is harvested
around October-November. The main
agricultural operations like ploughing,
threshing and transportation are done with
tractors. Transplantation is still mainly done
by women and harvesting too is done by men
Penamakuru - A Village in the Krishna Delta 35
Fig: 4.8. Turmeric, Sugarcane and Banana fields
and women together. From the month of
December they sow the winter crop called
dalva. This is either paddy or pulse crop.
During the last few years many farmers
have been cultivating sugarcane instead of
paddy. Sugarcane stands in the field for
nine months to a year and is harvested
around February-March. Then it grows
again to give a second crop the next year.
These fields need tending throughout the
year and this work is done mainly by men.
The villagers cultivate turmeric, yam,
banana etc. in the uplands. These are sown
with the arrival of rains and harvested in
February - March. Crops like sugarcane,
turmeric, yam and banana are grown for
sale in the market and are not consumed
in the village.
In olden days the farmers of
Penamakuru cultivated red gram, green
gram and millets on the uplands. These did
not require much water. However
nowadays these crops have been replaced
with vegetables and sugarcane which
require irrigation.
36 Social Studies
Uplands (meraka or
garuvu bhumulu) of this
village are suitable for
growing vegetables. In the
low lying lands if water is
not sufficient for a second
crop of paddy they cultivate
vegetables. Usually they
cultivate brinjal, ladies
finger, ivy gourd dondakai,
ridge guard and cabbage.
These are sold in Vuyyuru
Rythu bazaar. During
summer some of the
farmers cultivate jeeluga
or pillipesara to increase fertility of their
fields. These are leguminous green manure
crops which fix nitrogen in the soil. After
30 to 40 days these crops are ploughed back
into the soil.
Orchards
On the bank of river Krishna and upland
areas of Penamakuru we can see several
fruit bearing trees and orchards like guava,
sapota, papaya. The farmers told us that soil
near the river contains more sand. The
capacity of these soils to retain moisture
is very less. So crops like paddy do not
grow well on sandy soils. The fruit trees
grow well as their roots penetrate deep into
the soil and draw out water. Hence the lands
close to river are suitable for growing fruit
bearing trees.
Irrigation, market and changing
crops
We have seen that there is a shift from
growing food grains like millets, paddy and
pulses to cash crops like sugarcane,
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vegetables, fruits and turmeric. This is
made possible by the growth of irrigation
as these crops need lot of water, and also
by the availability of loans to purchase
other inputs likes seeds and fertilisers.
Š Types of soil in Penamakuru are
(tick the correct answer):
a) sandy/ rocky; b) sandy/ clay;
c) black/ sandy.
Š Which of the following statements
Here is a collection of photographs of houses and other buildings in the village. Look at
the pictures below and describe them. Point out the difference and similarities in the roofs,
walls, boundary walls etc.

Š Why do you think this change is

happening?
Š To what extent do you think this is
beneficial to the farmers?
Š Will this also create some
problems?
Land ownership, tenancy
There are about 750 families in
Penamakuru. Of these 10 families have 10
acres of land or above. Approximately 150
families have land below 5 acres and
remaining families do not have any land.
They either lease in the land of the landed
farmers or work as labourers on their
farms.
Fig: 4.9 Workers harvesting yam.
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
is correct: a) Sandy soil retains
moisture. b) Black soil retains
more moisture. c) Black-sandy soil
retains moisture.
Š Farmers of Penamakuru grow rice
in______________ soil.
Š Fruit orchards are by the side of
river Krishna because _________.
ŠIf you live in a village: what is the
depth of a borewell? What layers Fig: 4.10 Houses of farmers Fig: 4.11Hut
do you dig through to reach water?
How is land irrigated in your area?
Houses
People following a large number of
professions and castes live in this village.
The main village is
inhabited only by
landowning people.
The others live in
nearby hamlets on
the banks of the Fig: 4.12 Houses of small farmers Fig: 4.13 Roads & Houses
canal and South of Animal rearing
the village. In the
All lands in the village are cultivated and to this village for work. Their main
middle of the
there is not much land for grazing cattle. occupations are making baskets, catching
village, we can also
Hence only a few bullocks, cows, rats, or rearing pigs. Jagannadha
find kirana shops,
buffaloes and sheep are reared for working Nancharaiah settled here about 30 years
bank, R.M.P.
on the fields and other purposes. How do back. They collect date palm strands from
Doctors, medical
you think they would feed the animals? the banks of canal for making baskets. He
shops, iron welding
shops, hair salon, Basket weaving, pig rearing and and his wife make 5-6 baskets per day and
tiffin shops etc. fishing sell them in nearby villages. Their
neighbour Katta Sivaiah catches fishes with
On the banks of Bandar canal live 15-
the help of basket traps and sells them in
20 basket weaving families. They migrated
nearby villages.
Penamakuru - A Village in the Krishna Delta 37 38 Social Studies

Poultry Road transport & markets

The village has a fully The road network in this region is well
mechanised poultry farm. developed providing connectivity to many
Water is supplied through towns and cities. This helps in marketing
nipples and food is of the produce.
supplied by the
The farmers of this village sell
conveyers. There are
sugarcane to nearby sugar factory which is
about 80,000 hens in this
located at Vuyyuru. The vegetables and
poultry laying about
banana are supplied to ‘Rythu Bazar’ which
50,000 eggs each day.
is in Vuyyuru and Vijayawada. The paddy is Fig: 4.17 Transportation of vegetables &
These eggs are sent to fruits to Rythu Bazaar
sold in the fields itself through brokers.
Vijayawada and other
states like Assam and Fig. 4.14 The Poultry farm Availability of labour
Bihar through agents. The Key words
chicken dropping is sold Most of the people in this village are
employed in this village itself. Some Mountain
as fish feed to farmers in
agricultural labourers also come from the Plateau
nearby area.
surrounding villages. The youth who studied Plain
Rice Mill 10th or above are working as electricians, Coast
auto drivers or mechanics.
There is a rice mill in Cyclone
this village. The owners Flood
of this rice mill purchase
paddy from the peasants
and prepare rice to sell in
other places. Improve your learning
Poultry and rice mills
are based on agriculture Fig 4.15 Rice mill 1. What kind of changes are taking place in Penamakuru village?
and therefore are called 2. How do the poor and landless families eke their livelihood in the plains?
agro-industries. This is a
3. What do you think are the difficulties of farming in plain villages like Penamakuru?
common feature in the
plains. They get the 4. Do you think it will be a good idea for all farmers of the village to grow only sugarcane
necessary raw materials or turmeric? Give your reasons.
easily at hand. It is also 5. Plains like the Krishna delta have very dense settlement and a very large number of
easy to transport their people live in them. Can you explain the reason for this, after reading this lesson?
produce is to the distant
6. Form two teams and let each team formulate twenty simple questions on the
markets.
information given in the chapter. Exchange the questions and answer them to be
corrected by the team which set the questions.

Fig: 4.16 Basket making

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CHAPTER
5 Salakamcheruvu -
A Village on the Plateau
In the previous lesson we saw a village on the coastal plains which
had plenty of water and rich soils. Can you imagine life in a very different
kind of place with very little rain and poor soils? Discuss in the class.
Deccan Plateau
Observe the Andhra Pradesh sketch
map 1 showing major Land forms in
chapter 4. The plateaus of Andhra Pradesh
are mostly a part of Deccan plateau.
Plateaus are lands situated at a height. If
you start from Nellore and follow the
Pennar upstream, you will cross the
coastal plain and reach the Velikonda
hills. You will have to climb the hills to
reach the plateau region of Kadapa and
Anantapur districts. The Velikonda hills
form the escarpment of the plateau.
Unlike the plains which are flat,
plateaus are marked by several small hills,
hill ranges and hillocks
interspersed with flat areas
between them. As a result
cultivation and settlement is
possible only in small pockets.
They are also more rocky, with
thin layers of soil.
An important aspect of this
region of Andhra Pradesh is
that it receives very low
rainfall. We wanted to see how
people live in such difficult
terrains and therefore visited a
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Climate and rainfall
The rainy season is from June to
November. However it rains very little in
these parts. This rainfall is also very
unreliable as it may or may not rain properly
in a particular year. Drought is a reccurring
phenomena. Consequently, there will be
years when there is not enough water to
grow any crop or even for drinking. Thus
when farmers sow a crop, it may not rain at
all and the crop may dry up. In view of its
low and erratic rainfall, this part of the state
is called ‘drought-prone’.
Š Can you compare the rainfall
situation in the coastal plains
village and the interior plateau
village?
Š Find out from your elders if the
rainfall in your area too is
unreliable and erratic.
Water resources
With the rains being so less and
unreliable the people of this region have
to store rainwater and use
groundwater. There are no
streams or canals near
Salakamcheruvu.
a. Tanks
From the early days the
people of this region have
excavated tanks to store the
rain water and the water
flowing down the seasonal
streams. Plateaus are
particularly suited for building
such tanks because of natural
depressions in the landscape
Free Distribution by Govt. of A.P.
village which is situated in Anantapur
district.
Salakamcheruvu
After crossing several hills and rocky
stretches we finally reached
Salakamcheruvu, 30km North-East of
Anantapur in Singanamala mandal. It is
named after a tank called Salakamcheruvu.
The tank is so located that rain water from
the high hills to its West, North and South
flow into it. This tank today is dry. The
villagers told us that it has been dry for the
last twenty years.
Fig: 5.1. Dry bed of Salakam Cheruvu tank
and the existence of small hills. You can
see at Salakamcheruvu how the water from
the surrounding hills come down and how
a small wall built across a small stream by
joining two hills can create a large water
reservoir. There are thousands of such tanks
in Anantapur district itself. Besides large
tanks, there are also a few small ponds
(kuntas) built to provide drinking water to
animals of the village.
In earlier times the village people
together took care to repair the tanks, keep
the area from where the water came to the
tank clean and proper, and regulate the use
of the tank water. This has declined rapidly
in the last thirty years. As a result the tanks
like Salakamcheuruvu have become dry.
Š Discuss in the class how the
cheruvus help in improving the
soils, in storing rain water, in
preventing floods in rivers, in
recharging groundwater, etc.
Š Visit a nearby tank and find out if it
is used for irrigation and what
crops are grown under them.
Fig: 5.4. Singanamala Cheruvu on the
road to Salakamcheruvu
Salakamcheruvu A Village on the Plateau 43
Fig: 5.2. Sketch of Salakamcheruvu village
Š Look at the diagram of the location
of Salakamcheruvu. Can you see
the hills on the three sides of the
village and the tank?
Š Can you think of reasons why the
tank has been dry for so long?
Soils
The fields are
located on both low
slopes of the hills and
on the flat ground
below. As a result a lot
of stones roll down
into the fields. The
soils are red and only
about two to three
feet deep. These soils
Fig: 5.3. Red soils with stones near the hills
42 Social Studies
b. Wells and Borewells
While tanks store the rain water that flow
on the surface of the land, wells help us to
use the water that seeps down beneath the
soil. It is very difficult to dig wells in the
plateau because of rocks underneath. Even
after the rocks are broken, and the well is
dug, there may be little or no water. Due to
low rainfall, the underground water level
is very deep. Once the water in the well is
used for irrigation in the fields, it takes at
least two days for the water to be
replenished in the well..
In recent years open wells are not used
for irrigation and the farmers instead
depend upon borewells. You have read
about such wells in the plains village.
However, it is very expensive to dig
borewells in the plateau. In Salakamcheruvu
water is found below 250 feet. Farmers have
been spending huge amounts of money in
the hope of finding good source of water.
They dig deeper and deeper every year upto
a thousand feet or more. Farmers dig
several bores to see who is lucky. Very few
farmers can afford to invest so much
money. Only 5-10 farmers who have more
land have borewells. The rest of the farmers
depend on rainfall only. While the bore
wells are on the increase, the cheruvus and
tanks have been geting dry due to poor
maintenance. The tanks are used by all
people and animals of the village while the
bores are used by one or two farmers only.
Š What are the sources of water
in Salakamcheruvu?
44 Social Studies
have little humus or
nutrients, have little capacity
to hold water, and lack
sufficient depth for roots to
grow and spread. As a result,
many fields need to be left
fallow or uncultivated for
some years after a crop.
Only small stretches of
flat lands have deeper and
finer soils. However such
lands have got degraded and
become uncultivable ‘soudu’
or saline soils. Saline soils
have high content of lime and
salts and will not absorb
water. These soils are not
suitable for all the crops.
Š Compare the soil of the plateau
village with the soils of the plains.
Can you explain which of these is
better for agriculture?
Declining ground water levels –
a widespread problem
Farmers all over the plateau region
of Andhra Pradesh have been digging
more and more borewells in order to
grow cash crops. This has caused an
over use of the groundwater - more
water is being pumped out than is being
recharged by rains. As a result every
year the water level in the wells is going
down and the bores go dry after a very
short use.
Do people in your region face
similar problems? Find out and discuss
the causes and possible solutions.
Agriculture and crops
The farmers of Salkamcheruvu grow only
one crop in the Kharif or monsoon season.
Earlier farmers mainly grew food crops -
millets (like ragi, sama, varagu, korra,
Sorghum, etc.), pulses and a little paddy.
Millets need very little water and can also
grow on poor soils. The paddy crop is
cultivated using the water from the village
tank. Besides these food crops the farmers
also grew some cotton and groundnut which
they sold in the market.
During the last twenty or thirty years
there has been a significant change in the
crops – farmers have reduced the sowing
of millets and other food crops and instead
are cultivating mainly groundnuts or
chillies. Sometimes crops like sorghum,
red gram and maize are sown between the
groundnut fields.
Generally it rains in the months of June
and July for 10 days (‘Tolakari Vanalu’).
Then they sow seeds for groundnut. If the
onset of rains is late, that is in August they
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APPSC: Latitudes are imaginary lines drawn parallel to the Equator and run from
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APPSC Previous Question:

The main occupation of

Paleolithic people was
(1) Agriculture
(2)Animal husbandry
(3)Fishing
(4)Hunting and gathering food
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APPSC 2012:
The first Paleolithic tool in India
was discovered at
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b) Pallavaram
c) Nevasa £Y8¤
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APPSC Group 2 Mains 2019:
Which of the following centres was
recognised by the archaeologist as
microlithic implement centre ?
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7"/0LMN. ijp ij.Q(WIJ P,%-L.S..N
What is the name of the caves that are situated near VL..CDP/v /0h0MS\. 5)Y8N '(TL..^.K=
Visakhapatnam and famous for million year old stalactite
>° @A"'Bformation?
and stalagmite 8.CD*EF"

a) Borra caves
b) Edakkal caves
c) Belum caves
d) Guna caves
SUBSCRIBE to our YouTube Channel: www.youtube.com/appsctspsclectures
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 STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION
2013

Which one of the following Indian

World Heritage Sites is not in
Madhya Pradesh ?
(1) Khajuraho Temples
(2) Sun Temple Konark
(3) Sanchi Stupa
(4) Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka

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S3| 7#/0 CD“W@ALS3P.

S3| 7#/0 CD“W@ALS3P.

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l¸ @A"'B8.CD*EF"

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ij n o . '( O /0 . [3US\ . = L.N S3#r( k " IJ Cy"/0 L ."™
Which of the following is not a prominent tribe of
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/vnowno./0."™=

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Neolithic period of age is not
characterised by
(a) Agriculture
(b) Use of copper
(c) Domestication of animals
(d) Fishing
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UPSC CSE:
Man passed from the food gathering
stage to the food producing stage in
the
(a) Neolithic Age
(b) Mesolithic Age
(c)234IJ X'$&23S\. Age
Chalcolithic V"$&.aDb IdSv /uP’ .'(iPj S3]
(d) Palaeolithic Age
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APPSC:
The neolithic site that was first
L5)… Y(in "L/0 zS\" '("^P. '("nx"50nŽTC`
noticed India
Œ[3_`sugar
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p/0[Z 3PN. V"50.aDb"^.[3US3]
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aDb"^.[3USv ‡.aDb /uP.@A]
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DOZ[\]A^ 6/0?e @ rBC.As VW<0.23BC AQt?"@
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commencement of Monsoon is VW<0. 23BC $&Q t}? @ DOZ [\] A^M'~ ,`>a? 
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