Institute of Technology

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Integrated civil engineering design-1
Water supply and urban drainage
Project proposal

Group Members ID No
1. Tadele Mekbib ---------------------------1029/08
2. Bineyam Abeje---------------------------0354/08
3. Lasab Admasu---------------------------0735/08
4. Bethelhem Fasil------------------------3413/08
5. Lemma Regasa-------------------------0738/08
6. Bruk Terefe----------------------------- 0372/08
7. Netsanet Abdu-------------------------0922/08
8. Michael Dereje------------------------0835/08
9. Abenezer Tesfaye---------------------071258
10. Simon Yisfa---------------------------1242/08
Table of Contents
1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................................3
2.Aim of project...........................................................................................................................................4
3. Climate....................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 CLIMATE GRAPH DEBRE BIRHAN.......................................................................................................5
3.2TEMPERATURE GR DEBRE BIRHAN.....................................................................................................5
3.3 Hydrologic condition..........................................................................................................................5
4.Objectives.................................................................................................................................................6
4.1 General objective of our project........................................................................................................6
4.2 Specific objectives..............................................................................................................................6
5.Methodology............................................................................................................................................6
6. Design Period...........................................................................................................................................7
7. Time frame..........................................................................................................................................8
 1.Introduction
All human beings require water and food to sustain their life. 70% of our body is composed of
water. 1% loss of water results in thirst, 5% results in hallucination and 15% results death. This indicates
that water is one of the most important sources of life. Thus water supply system is designed to attain
the above needs.

Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in the water industry,
commonly a public utility, of water resources of various qualities to different users. It is an
unquestionable fact that water is a crucial element for all aspects of human life. Particularly, the supply
of safe drinking water and basic sanitation facility contributes to sustainable improvements in people’s
life regarding their health, educational situation, productivity, empowerment of women, maternal and
child mortality etc and for survival in general. Adequate supply of water is a prerequisite to the
development of the socio-economic activity of a society. Availability of water and sanitation is
significant for human, livestock and industrial needs for both economic and social benefits.

The project is hosted by ME-TEC to develop water supply system for ME-TEC governmental company
and its employee dwelling camp. it is located in north showa zone of Amhara region about 120
kilometer north east of Addis Abeba on the paved highway to Dessie. the camp has latitude and
longitude of 9°41' north 39°32'east and an elevation of 2840m. it was early military camp of the
government. today it is metal technology institute.

This project covers the design of water supply for employs dwelling camp and ME-TEC ware houses
based on the assumption that there is no existing water supply system. The system comprises of the
following major elements

 Raw water collection structure

 Treatment plant
 Distribution systems(pipes,pumps,reservoirs,different appurtenances)
 2.Aim of project
There are many factors we consider when we select this site. the main reasons are

i) to improve our experience:-when we do our project on this site, there are different

requirement of water since it requires different water demands like

 warehouses
 Clinic
 Cafeteria
 Bath and etc…...
Those require different amounts of water.
The company has not only a work place but also it have a dwelling which the worker and those
families lives. as a result it also require house hold water demand. so it shows we faced a dual
challenge of providing water and it helps us to improve our experience.
ii) To solve a real society problem:- when we discussed first we have an aim to solve a real
problem Consequently it is the right place that matched with our aim. There is enough
resource of water on the place but there is shortage of water among the dweller and in the
work place so now we have a plan to study the case and solve the problem.

3. Climate
DebreBerhan city is one of the coolest city which is found at sub tropical zone of Ethiopia. The average

annual temperature of the city during day and night hour is 20.7 °C and 8.2 °C respectively with

precipitation 964mm.
3.1 CLIMATE GRAPH DEBRE BIRHAN

Scours: debreberah metrological agency

The driest month is December, with 4 mm of rain. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in July,

with an average of 319 mm

3.2TEMPERATURE GR DEBRE BIRHAN

As we have seen in the above diagram May is the warmest month of the year. The temperature in May

averages 16.9 °C. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in December, when it is around

12.0 °C.

3.3 Hydrologic condition

the hydrological condition of debraberhan city There is a difference of 347 mm of precipitation between

the driest and wettest months. The variation in temperatures throughout the year is 5.2 °C.
 4.Objectives
4.1 General objective of our project

The objective of the project is to identify the suitable source to fulfill the demand of the swiftly increase

population both in quality and quantity at a reasonable cost without affecting the environmental

circumstance of the project area.

4.2 Specific objectives

Forecast population of camp 25 years.

Determine the water demand of dwellers and the company

Identify sources and site location.

supply water to population without any shortage

5.Methodology
Through our project we used different approaches to various tasks in order to design the
distribution system for the ME-TEC working place and camp. The procedures are as follows:

 Selecting the design period of the distribution system we took into consideration the
future condition of the company, the weather condition of the city and previous trends.
 Forecasting the population for the design period, we used different methods and
selected the appropriate method depending on the future situation of the company.
 Determining the demand we considered various factors. Demand determination for:
 warehouse consumption
 Office consumption
 Dwellers consumption
 Bath room consumption
 Cafeteria
 Clinic

 Reservoir (elevated and ground reservoir) volume determination and location.

  Collecting surveying data of the source, treatment plant, elevated and ground reservoir,
the buildings and any other point which is important for distribution system using GPS.
 Design of distribution system
 Checking the permissible velocity within the range of 1-1.5m/sec.
 Calculating pipe diameter.
 Calculating the head loss.
 Pressure head.
 Determination of pump efficiency.

6. Design Period
Design period is the number of years for which a provision is made in designing the capacity of the

various components of the water supply schemes. The design period should neither be too long that the

financial burden is thrown on the future generation nor should be too small that the whole financial

burden is thrown on the present generation and the design of water work becomes uneconomical.

The economic design period of the components of a water supply depends on their life, initial cost, rate

of interest on loan, the ease with which they can be expanded of the likelihood that they will be

rendered absolute by technological advances. In order to design the parts of water system, the flow at

the end of design period must be estimated. Conservation, that is, over estimation or under estimation

of the design flow must be avoided. The different elements of the treatment & distribution systems may

approximately be designed for different flow criteria.

Therefore the number of years for which the design of the water works has been done is called design

period. The design period, however, should neither too long or too short. Mostly water supply schemes

have design period of 20-30years.(source: ,Principles of Water Resources Engineering,2008)

For us by considering those relevant reasons mentioned above we design our project for 20 years.
 7. Time frame
We start our project on November 4 E.C and we will submit the project on February 16 E.C. based on the
available time we set our schedule as follow.

Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Activities
Site selection and X
reconnaissance
Communicate and X
collect primary data
Secondary data &
population forecast
Analysis of water
demand
Determination of
Source of water
Design of reservoir
and Material
selection
Make a lay out plan
for distribution
Decide Method of
construction and
construct

According to our time table the project has been finished within twelve weeks. The “X” sign in the box shows the
specific work is just done.
 Chapter – 2

Population forecast and demand analysis

FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH

Knowing factors affecting population growth is very important to predict the future population.
These are birth rate, death rate &migration rate.

But in our case there is two types of growth the one is that growth by berth and some are new
employee those join the company and some medium level professionals join the dwelling.

Previous population data

TABLE Base population data of the company

Year population

2006 345
2007 349
2008 352
2009 402
2010 486
2011 492

Population forecasting

After fixing design period the next step is population forecasting. The knowledge of population
forecasting is important for design of any water supply scheme. The design is done on the bases
of projected population at design period.
 The following are the common methods for population forecasting

1. Arithmetic increase method

2. Geometric increase method

3. Incremental increase method

4. Decrease rate method

5. Simple graphical method

6. Master plan curve method

7. Logistic curve method

8. Ratio &correlation

9. Method used by Ethiopian statistic authority

Arithmetic increase method

This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at constant rate.i.e the
rate of change of population with time is constant.

dp
dt =k

pn n
∫ dp ∫ dt
po =k 0 Pn=Po+Kn

Where; Pn=population at n decades or years

n=decade or year

K=arithmetic increase

This method is generally applicable to large and old cities.

Geometric increase method

This method is based on the assumption that the percentage increase population remains
constant. It is also known as uniform increase method. This increase is compounded over the
existing population.

P1=Po+KPo=Po (1+K)

P2=P1 (1+K) =Po (1+K) (1+K)

P3=P2 (1+K) =Po (1+K) (1+K) (1+K)

.Pn=Po (1+K) n

Where; Po=initial population

Pn=population at n decade or years

n=decade or year

k=percentage (geometric) increase

This method is mostly applicable for growing town & cities having scope of expansion.

Incremental increase method

This method is important over the above two methods. In this method the population for a further
decade is worked out by adding mean arithmetic increase (say x) to the last known population as
in arithmetic increase method, and to this is added the incremental increase Y. once fore the first
decade, twice fore the second and thrice for the third decade and so on.

Thus the growth rate is assumed to be varying

Pn=Po+nX+ [n (n+1)/2]*Y

Where; Pn=population after n decades from present

X=average increase of population of known decades

 Y=average incremental increase of the known decades

Po=population at present (last known census)

Decrease rate method

Since the rate of increase in population goes on reducing as the cities reach towards saturation, a
method which makes use of the decrease and the percentage increase is used and gives quite
rational results.

In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out and is subtracted
from the latest percentage increase for each successive period.

This method is applicable only in such cases, where the rate of growth of population shown a
down ward trend.

Graphical Method

In this method the populations of last year are correctly plotted to a suitable scale on the graph
with respect to years. Then the curve is smoothly extended to forecast the future population.

Master plan method

Big and metro politant cities are generally allowed to develop only in planned ways. Only these
expansions are allowed which are permitted or proposed in master plan of the city.

The master plan developed for a city is generally such as to divide the city in various zones, and
thus to separate the residence, commerce and industry from each other.

The population densities are also fixed. Thus using this fixed population densities for various
zones of the town, it is possible to know the future population of the city when fully developed.

Ratio and correlation method

In this method, the rate of population growth of a town is related to the rate of population growth
of state or nation. Hence it is possible to estimate the population of a town under consideration
by considering the rate of population growth of state or nation.

Method used by Ethiopian statistic authority

Pn=Poekn

Where; Pn=population of n decade or year

n =decade or year

k=growth rate

POPULATION FORCASTING USING DIFFERENT METHOD AT A COMPANY

Geometric increase method

Calculating rate of increase which is proportional to the population calculated as

Percentage increase in first and second year

349−345
∗100=1.15
349

352−349
∗100=0.852
352

402−352
∗100=14 .2
352

486−402
∗100=20.89
402

492−486
∗100=1.22
492

Average increasing rate will becomes

1.15+0.852+14.2+ 20.89+1.22
=7.66%
5
Method used by Ethiopian statistic authority

Pn=Poekn

Po=P2011=349

P2000=492(e (0.0766) (10)

=1024.4 taken as 1025

Geometric increase method

Pn=Po (1+K) n

Po= P2011=392

P2021=492(1+.0766) 10=1029.22 taken as 1030.

In population forecasting the population is forecasted using different methods and the one with
high population is selected for design. Based on this we have used only two methods to calculate
or to forecast the population; because the other methods are not used as there is no available
given data to go through those methods.

From those two methods the greater population is attained when we use the geometric increase
method and as its since it gives a more result.

Therefore the population expected at company for the selected design period of 10 years and by
assuming the commissioning of the project in 2021 is 1030.

POPULATION FORCASTING AT A DWELLING CAMP

according to random census the current total population is estimated as 300 populations.

50 family rooms; 4 dweller per home total population =50*4=200

18 dormitory rooms; 4 members per dorm

Number of dwelling Function of dwelling Average members Total population

Per room
50 Family room 4 200
 18 Dormitory 4 72
5 Dormitory 2 10
18 Alone 1 18

From the above table we conclude that there 300 dwellers within 91 rooms. But according to the
population increase expected in a company construct a new block is essential. The available
space can hold new structures and we have decided to construct 30 new family blocks within 10
years.

After the design period the total population in a camp becomes the summation of dwellers in old
block and new block; which is

Population in new block is

50*4=200……………since the newly constructed block is family block.

The total population be comes 300+200=500 peoples excepected to live in 2011.

WATER DEMAND

General

While designing the water supply scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to determine the total
quantity of water required for various purposes by the city.

As a matter fact, the first duty of the engineer is to determine the water demand of the town and
to find out the suitable water sources from where the demand can be meet.

Types of demand
In order to arrive at a reasonable value of rates of demand any particular town. The demand of
water for various purposes is divided under the following categories.

1) Domestic water demand

2) Non domestic water demand
3) Fire fighting water demand
4) Loss and waste

Domestic water demand

It includes the quantity of water required in the houses for drinking, bathing, washing hands and
face, flushing toilets, washing cloths, floors, utensils, etc

Domestic demand categories

The mode of service, which is prevalent in most Ethiopian town, used to classify in to three
major categories as follows:
 House connection
 Yard connection
 Public tap
Non-domestic water demand

Depending on the relative importance, size, economic conditions of a city, the rate of water
demand will always be associated with non-domestic need also. The various aspects of non-
domestic need will be discussed below.

3.2.2.1 Institutional water demand

This is also known as public demand and it includes the quantity of water required for various
public utility purposes. The water required for various public buildings and institutions, public
parks, playgrounds, gardening, gardening, sprinkling on roads etc will come under this demand.
Commercial water demands

This consumption includes water used for commercial buildings & commercial centers including
stores, hotels, shopping centers, cinema houses, restaurants, bars, airports &bus stations etc.

Industrial water demands

The water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills, breweries, sugar refineries
etc. The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type of industries, which exist in
the city.

Fire fighting water demand

Fire generally breaks in thickly populated localities, industrial area, and cause serious damages
of properties and some time live of people are lost. Fire may take place due to faulty electric
wires by short circuiting, fire catching materials explosions, bad iterations of criminal people or
any other unforeseen happenings. If fires are not properly controlled and extinguished in
minimum possible time, they lead to serious damages and may burn the city.

Loss and waste

This is due to defective joints in the main, broken and cracked pipes, defective house
connections and faulty plumbing, unauthorized water connections etc. this allows a continuous
flow of water going to waste.

Factors affecting water demand

the factors affecting per capita demand includes size of the city, climatic condition, standard of
living, industries, quality of water, system of sanitation, cost of water, use of water meter &
system of supply.

Water Demand Terminology

Annual average day demand (Qday-avg)
The average daily demand over a period of one year.
N.B: Important For economical calculations and firefighting.

Maximum day demand (Qday-max)

The amount of water required during the day of maximum consumption in a year.

N.B: Important for water storage and water treatment plant.

Water demand projection (calculation)

Water demand in a company

Consumption used per capital per day.

• Office consumption 35/c/d

• Factory with out bath room
And with canteen 35 l/c/d
• Clinic 500 l/d

Water demand in a dwelling

Consumption used per capital per day.

Number of Function of Average members Total Water demand Total water

dwelling Dwelling Per rooms population Per head l/c/d Consumption (l)
50 Family room 4 200 135 27000
18 Dormitory 4 72 135 9720
5 Dormitory 2 10 135 1350
18 alone 1 18 120 2160
total sum of water consumption =40230 litters

total demand =demand at company + demand at a dwelling

41275+40230=81505 litter is total water demand