CHAPTER 5

TRANSPORTATION AND METERING

OF FLUID
Topics:
• Pumps classification, types and its application,
power requirement, NPSH, priming, Characteristics
and system curves, Heads and Efficiency, BHP and
FHP
• Valves types, construction and its application
• General idea about compressor and blowers
• Mixing types, mechanisms, capacity, power
consumption, mixing types, Micro and macro
mixing phenomenon
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
PUMPS
• A pump is a device used to move fluids such as liquids, gases or
slurries.
• It increases the mechanical energy of the fluid ie, pump transfers
energy to the fluid that it receives from a driving motor.

Pumps/Compressors Turbines

Deliver energy to liquid or Extract energy from fluids

gases

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Need of a pump
• Use to pump a fluid from lower pressure area to higher pressure
area
• To increase the flow rate
• To move fluid from lower elevation to higher elevation

Basic Terminologies
• Volumetric flow rate
• Total head, suction head, delivery head, velocity head, static
head, manometric head
• Hydraulic power
• Vacuum pressure Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Pump

Positive
Dynamic
displacement
pump
pump

Centrifugal Reciprocating
Mixed flow Axial flow Special pump Rotary Pump
pump pump

Jet pump or
Piston Gear Lobe Vane
Ejector

Electromagnet
ic pump for Plunger Screw
liquid metal

Fluid actuated:
gas-lift or Diaphragm
hydraulic ram

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Comparison between dynamic pump and positive displacement pump

Critera Dynamic Pump Positive Displacement pump

Flowrate As high as 30,000 gpm (*3.79 Low, typically 100 gpm

lpm)
Pressure Moderate; few atm As high as 300 atm

Priming always Very rarely

Flow type steady pulsating

Constant RPM Head varies with flowrate Constant flowrate virtually for
Or any pressure
flowrate changes with head for Or
same RPM. Flowrate cannot be changed
without changing RPM
Hence used for “Metering”
Viscosity
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Strong effects Virtually no effects
Centrifugal pumps
• This pump generate high rotational velocities, then convert the
resulting K.E of the fluid to pressure energy
• Dynamic pump move fluids using fluid’s dynamic properties.
USE:
• Generally used where high flow rates and moderate head
increase are required.
• Can handle fluids containing suspended solids.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
A machine for moving fluid by
accelerating the fluid RADIALLY
outward. Usually preferred for
lower viscosity (thin
From the Center fluids) and high flow rate
of a Circle purposes
Used for home
applications and
municipal and industrial
purposes
RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Parts of Centrifugal pump

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Working of centrifugal pump:
Directing liquid into the suction part

Inlet of the impeller

Rotating impeller then moves liquid at the same time increase velocity

Liquid exits from the impeller vanes

Moves into the pump volute or diffuser casing where high velocity of
fluid is converted into high pressure through diffuser process

Fluid then guided to discharge or in the next stage incase of multistage

pump
TWO IMPELLERS IN SERIES

Direction of Flow

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

MULTIPLE IMPELLERS IN SERIES

Direction of Flow Direction of Flow

• Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head

produced
• The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Radial Flow Pumps:
for high pressure and low flow rate purposes
Axial pumps:
operate at much lower pressure and higher flowrate
than radial flow pumps
Mixed flow:
operate at higher pressure than axial flow pumps
while delivering higher discharge than radial flow
pumps

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Why centrifugal pump needs
priming?

Centrifugal pump doesn’t create suction at the start without

impeller filled with water. Hence priming is required. Priming
is the process in which the impeller of a centrifugal pump will
get fully submerged in liquid without any air trap inside. This
is especially required when there is a first start up. But it is
advisable to start the pump only after the priming.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

 Positive displacement pump
• In this type, fluid is physically displaced by mechanical devices such as plunger, piston,
gears, screws and so on.
• Vacuum is created in a chamber by some mechanical means and then water is drawn in
this chamber. The volume of water thus drawn in the chamber is then shifted or
displaced mechanically out of chamber.
• Fluid flow rates are controlled by speed of the moving part of the pump
Reciprocating Pump:
• In this type, a piston or plunger moves inside a closed cylinder. On the intake stake,
suction valve remains pen and allows water to come into the cylinder. The delivery
valve remains closed during intake stroke. On the discharge stroke, the suction valve is
closed and water is forced in delivery pipe through delivery valve which opens during
discharge stroke. They can be single acting or double acting.
Rotary pumps :
• In this type, the reciprocating motion is substituted by rotary motion. This is achieved
by cams or gears. There are two cams which fit each other. They rotate in opposite
directions. The
Presentation by: Er. Bijay water enters through the suction pipe and it is trapped between cams
Adhikari

and casing. It is then thrown with force into the discharge pipe. This type is used for
moderate heads and small discharges not greater than 4 lps.
Reciprocating Pump
• In this, chamber is a stationary cylinder that contains
moving piston or plunger
• Suitable for transferring clear liquid, abrasive as well as
non abrasive slurries. In fact the relatively low velocities
of moving parts within a reciprocating pump make it
particularly resistant to erosion in abrasive slurry
applications.
Types
1)Piston (single acting and double acting)
2)Plunger
3)Diaphragm (single diaphragm and double diaphragm)
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Piston Pump:
• Power consumption is low
• Ensure maximum safety
 Plunger Pump:
• Have high efficiency and piston has small diameter than piston
• Capable of developing very high pressure
• Low and easy maintenance. Displaces only part of the liquid.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Diaphragm Pump
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

• Flexible diaphragm is used (rubber, thermoplastic, metal)

• Can be used to make artificial hearts
• Can handle highly viscous liquid
• Can handle toxic or corrosive liquids
• 97% efficient
 ROTARY PUMPS
• Suitable for handling very high viscous liquids. In fact they operate at
best efficiency for higher viscosities
• Not suitable for pumping corrosive fluids or fluids with abrasive solids
because of close clearance between rotating and static pump
components
• All rotary pumps are self priming which allows them to have good
suction characteristics.

Types
1) Gear
2) Lobe
3) Screw Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

4) Vane
 Gear Pump • Rotation of gear displaces
liquid.
• Both gears are of same
diameter and same number of
teeth
• One is driver gear and other is
idle gear
Applications
• All varieties of fuel oil and lube
oil
• Resins and polymers
• Alcohol and solvents
• Asphalt, bitumen and tar
• Paint, inks, and pigments
• Soaps and surfactants
• Food products such as
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
chocolate, corn syrup, butter
etc
Lobe Pump
• lobe pumps are non-contacting and have
large pumping chambers, allowing them to
handle solids such as cherries or olives
without damage.

Applications
Polymer
Pulp and paper Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Rubber and adhesives
Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology
Screw pump
• Consist of one or more screws which fit inside the casing and can rotate.
• Rotation of the screw causes the liquid to move from one end of screw to other.
• One screw is a driver screw and other is idle screw.
Application:
• Chemical processing, Liquid handling, Marine, Food, dairy and beverage.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

 Vane Pump Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

• Consist of vane mounted on the rotor. By the movement of rotor vanes

move
Application:
• Aerosol and propellents
• Aviation fuel
• Auto industry –lube oil and fuels
• Refrigerant and coolants
• Bulk transfer of LPG, NH3 and LPG cylinder fitting
Advantages of Rotary Pumps
• They can deliver liquid to high pressures.
• Self - priming.
• Give a relatively smooth output, (especially at high speed).
• Positive Acting.
• Can pump viscous liquids.
Disadvantages of Rotary Pumps
• More expensive than centrifugal pumps.
• Should not be used for fluids containing suspended solids.
• Excessive wear if not pumping viscous material.
• Must NEVER be used with the discharge closed.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
Power of pump:
Hydraulic power, Shaft power, Motor Power

Power is calculated by: P = ρ*g*h*Q

Power of pump depends upon the pressure difference between discharge and suction. From the
energy consideration it is immaterial whether the suction pressure is below atmospheric pressure or
well above it, as long as fluid remains liquid. However if the suction pressure is only slightly greater
than the vapor pressure, some liquid may flash to vapor inside the pump, which causes cavitation that
greatly reduces the pump capacity and cause severe erosion.
If the suction pressure is actually less than the v.p no liquid will be drawn into the pump. To avoid
cavitation, the pressure at the inlet must exceed the v.p by a certain value, that is called NPSH.
Required value of NPSH is about 2 -3 m for small centrifugal pump but it increases with capacity,
impeller speed and discharge pressure.

To avoid cavitation:
NPSHA ˃˃ NPSHR Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
This can be done either lowering NPSHR or increasing NPSHA
NPSHA = ±Hs +Ha –Hvp –Hf ( from notes) and NPSHR generally provided by the manufacturer
 Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

• Performance of the pump is illustrated by plots of actual head, power consumption, and
efficiency vs volumetric flow rate or capacity.
Characteristic Curve:
• Head –capacity curve is known as characteristic curve of a pump.
 Affinity law:
• When a complete set of performance curve is not available, the
characteristics of a particular pump can be predicted from a similar
pump and the theoretical equations for an ideal pump.
• The relationship of impeller size and speed to capacity, head and
power are called affinity laws.

Affinity laws Constant diameter (d) Constant speed (n)

Capacity (q) Qαn Qαd
Head (H) H α square on n H α square on d

Power (P) P α cube of n P α cube of d

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

• As pump capacity
increases, head
developed marginally
decreases

• Efficiencies are low at

low flow conditions,
increases sharply with
the increase in flow
conditions, peaked and
with the further
increase in capacity
head falls rapidly.
 • The system curve represents the pressures
needed at different flow rates to move the product
through the system
• System curve starts from zero and increases
exponentially with the increase in capacity.

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari

Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari
 Brake Horse Power (BHP)
• Power needed at the pump shaft or gross power delivered to the pump by the driver.
• This is always higher than the hydraulic power due to energy losses in the pump.
 Fluid or Hydraulic Horse Power (FHP)
• The net power or theoretical energy delivered to the fluid by the pump against the given total
head is the fluid or hydraulic horsepower (FHP).
• The difference between BHP and FHP is due to internal mechanical and volumetric losses in
the pump.
 Volumetric efficiency of the pump
• Ratio of actual volume of the fluid delivered to the theoretical volume that can be delivered by
the pump.
 Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
• Best efficiency point (BEP) is the capacity at maximum impeller diameter at which the
efficiency is highest. All points to the right or the left of BEP have a lower efficiency.
• BEP is the area on the performance curve where the change of velocity energy into pressure
energy at a given capacity is optimum. In other words, the point where the pump is most
efficient.
 Slip of pump:
• Fractional loss of capacity relative to the theoretical capacity that is based on displacement
volume of cylinder.
• Slip = 1 – Volumetric efficiency Presentation by: Er. Bijay Adhikari