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Sourav Ray
Lecture: 3
Isohyetal Method
From book page 35
Example 2.6 (pp 37)
EVAPORATION
DEFINATION :-
It is the process in which a liquid changes to the gaseous from at the free
surface, below the boiling point through the transfer of heat energy.
Evaporation from water bodies & soil masses together with transpiration
from vegetation is termed as “Evapotranspiration”.
EVAPORATION PROCESS:-
Evaporation is the process in which a liquid changes to the gaseous state at
the free surface, below the boiling point through the transfer of heat energy.
Consider a body of water in a pond. The molecules of water are in constant
motion with a wide range of instantaneous velocities. An addition of heat
causes this range and average speed to increase. When some molecules
posses sufficient kinetic energy, they may cross over the water surface
.Similarly, the atmosphere in the immediate neighborhood of the water
surface contains water molecules within the water vapor in motion and some
of them may penetrate the water surface. The net escape of water molecules
from the liquid state to the gaseous state constitutes evaporation.
VAPOUR PRESSURE:-
The rate of evaporation is proportional to the difference between the
saturation vapor pressure at the water temperature, and the actual
vapor pressure in the air, . Thus
= ( − )
Lecture notes of Engr. Sourav Ray
TEMPERATURE:-
Other factor remaining the same, the rate of evaporation increases
with an increase in the water temperature. Regarding air temperature,
although there is a general increase in the evaporation rate with
increasing temperature, a high correlation between evaporation rate
and air temperature does not exist. Thus for the same mean monthly
temperature it is possible to have evaporation to different degrees in a
lake in different months.
WIND:-
Wind aids in removing the evaporated water vapor from the zone of
evaporation and consequently creates greater scope for evaporation.
However, if the wind velocity is large enough to remove all the
evaporated water vapour, any further increase in wind velocity does
not influence the evaporation.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:-
Other factors remaining same, a decrease in the barometric pressure,
as in height altitudes, increase evaporation.
SOLUBLE SALTS:-
When solute is dissolved in water, the vapor pressure of the solution is
less than that of pure water and hence causes reduction in the rate of
evaporation.
Types of Evaporimeter:
ground to allow free circulation of air circulation of air below the pan.
Evaporation measurements are made by measuring the depth of water
with a hook’s gauge in a stilling well.
Colorado sunken pan:
This pan, 920 mm square and 460 mm is made up of unpainted
galvanized iron sheet and buried into the ground within 100 mm of the
top. The chief advantage of the sunken pan is that radiation and
sunken pan is that radiation and aerodynamic characteristics are
similar to those of a lake. However, it has the
Following disadvantages: (a) difficult to detect leaks (b) extra care is needed to
keep the surrounding area free from tall grass, dust, etc, and(c) expensive to install.
the pan reduce the surging in the pan due to wave action. Its high cost
of installation and maintenance together with the difficulty involved
in performing measurements are main disadvantages.
Empirical equation
Meyer formula
= ( − )(1 + )
Where ,
Km= a co-efficient
Rower`s formula
Where,
P+Vis+Vig=Vos+Vog+EL+Δs+TL
Where,
P= Daily precipitation
Vis, Vos= daily surface inflow and outflow into the lake.
ENERGY-BUJET ETHOD:-
The energy-beget method is an application of the law of conservation
of energy. The energy available for evaporation is determined by
considering the incoming energy, outgoing energy and energy stored
in the water body over a known tie level.
Considering the water body as in fig. The energy balance of the
evaporating su4rface in a period of one day is given by
= + + + ………….. (1)
Lecture notes of Engr. Sourav Ray
(1-r)
Water Advection
All the energy terms are in calories per squire mm per day. If the time
period are short, the term and can be neglected as negligible
small. All terms except can either be measure or evaluated
Lecture notes of Engr. Sourav Ray
=
( )
Estimation of evaporation of a lake by the energy valance method
hands been found to given satisfactory result, with error of the order
5% when applied to period less than a week.