M-10-T1-03 Quadratic Equation PDF

67
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS X- Mathematics
POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression of form p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ……+ a0. n ∈ N and ai’s are
constant from set A.
We say p(x) is a polynomial over set A
e.g.:- (1) 3x10 + 5x2 + 7x is a polynomial over natural numbers.
7
(2) 3x 7 + 5x 2 + is a polynomial over real numbers.
10
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIALS
The highest power of x of the term with non zero coefficient is called the degree of polynomial.
The polynomial with degree zero is called as constant polynomial.
The polynomial with degree one is called as linear polynomial.
The polynomial with degree two is called as quadratic polynomial.
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL & IT’S ZEROS

The values of x obtained on equating a quadratic polynomial to zero are called as Zeroes of this Quadratic
Polynomial. Zeroes of the Polynomial can be non-real also. So, α is called as zero of the polynomial
“ax2 + bx + c”, if and only if aα2 + bα + c = 0.
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a ≠ 0 is called a Quadratic
Equation in the variable x.
Ex: 3x2 + 4x = 5, x2 + x + 1 = 0, 4x2 = x + 2, 2x2 + 7x + 9 = 0
ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

A real number α is called a root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, iff aα2 + bα + c = 0. We
can also say that x = α is a solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
In other words, the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c are same as the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
A quadratic equation will have 2 roots which can be real or non- real. These roots are generally denoted by α
and β.
SOLUTIONS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

The solutions of a quadratic equation can be found using two methods.
(i) BY FACTORIZATION:
In earlier classes, we have learnt how to factorize a quadratic polynomial. Using factorization
method, we can easily find the roots of a quadratic equation.
Let the quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0
Let the factors of ax2 + bx + c be (px + q) and (rx + s), then
ax2 + bx + c = (px + q) (rx + s)
Now, ax2 + bx + c = 0  (px + q) (rx + s) = 0
 px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0
−q −s
 x= or x =
p r
−q −s
Thus, and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
p r
68 PACE IIT & MEDICAL: Mumbai / Delhi & NCR / Lucknow / Goa / Akola / Kolkata / Nashik / Pune / Nagpur / Bokaro / Dubai
(ii) BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE:

Let ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0, be the given quadratic equation
Now, ax2 + bx + c = 0
b c
 x2 + x + = 0 [Dividing both sides by a]
a a
b b2 b2 c
 x + 2x∙
2
+ 2
− 2
+ =0
2a 4a 4a a
b 2 b2 c
 (x + ) = 2
−
2a 4a a
b 2 b 2 − 4ac
 (x + ) =
2a 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
 x+ =±
2a 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac
 x=− ±
2a 2a
−b  b 2 − 4ac
 x=
2a
−b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
Thus the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are and .
2a 2a
b2 – 4ac is called as the Discriminant of the Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and is usually
denoted by D.
So, the roots α and β are given by
−b + D −b − D
α= and β = , where D = b2 – 4ac.
2a 2a
We can use this formula for finding the roots of any quadratic equation. This formula is also called
as SHREEDHARACHARYA’S RULE in honour of great Indian Mathematician Shreedharacharya.
−b + D −b − D −b
Sum of roots = α + β = + =
2a 2a a
−b + D −b − D c
Product of roots = αβ = ( )( )=
2a 2a a
NATURE OF ROOTS
Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R and a ≠ 0.
−b + D −b − D
Then, α = and β = , where D = b2 – 4ac
2a 2a
CASE I: If D > 0, we get D = k (say)

−b + k −b − k
So the roots will be α = and β = , which are real and unequal
2a 2a
So, when D > 0, the quadratic equation will have real and distinct roots.
−b
CASE II: If D = 0, we get α = β = which are real and equal
2a
So, when D = 0, the quadratic equation will have real and equal roots.
CASE III: If D < 0, we get square root of a negative number which cannot be real. So, the roots will be
imaginary.
b 4ac − b 2
Let − = p and = q, so the roots will be p ± iq, where i = −1
2a 2a
When D < 0, the quadratic equation will have imaginary roots which are conjugate to each
other.
CASE IV: When D is a perfect square and a, b, c ∈ Q i.e., D = k2 or D = k,

−b + k −b − k
we get α = and β =
2a 2a
So the roots will be rational roots.
CASE V: When D > 0 is not a perfect square and a, b, c ∈ Q i.e., D = k2 or D = k,
−b + k −b − k
we get α = and β =
2a 2a
So the roots will be irrational conjugates to each other.
CASE VI: When a = 1 and b, c ∈ I and D is a perfect square

−b + k −b − k
we get α = and β = , where D = k, which will be integers.
2 2
Consider the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 having  ,  as its roots; D = b2 – 4ac
D=0 D 0
Roots are equal  =  = – b/2a Roots are unequal
a,b,c  R & D  0 a,b,c  R & D  0

Roots are real No real roots
a,b,c  Q & a,b,c  Q &

D is perfect square of rational number D is not a perfect square of rational number
 Roots are rational  Roots are irrational
i.e.,  = p + q,  = p − q
a = 1, b, c  I & D is a perfect square
 Roots are integral
CONSTRUCTING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

We can build a quadratic equation in the following cases:
(i) When the roots of the quadratic equation are given
Let α and β be the roots, then the equation will be
(x − α) (x – β) = 0
i.e., x2 – (α + β) x + αβ = 0
(ii) When the sum of the roots and the product of roots are given
Let ‘S’ be the sum of roots and ‘P’ be the product of roots, then the equation can be written as
x2 – Sx + P = 0
(iii) When the relation between the roots of the equation to be framed and the roots of another equation
are given.
CONSTRUCTING A NEW QUADRATIC EQUATION BY CHANGING THE ROOTS

OF A GIVEN QUADRATIC EQUATION (Transformation of roots)
If we are given a quadratic equation, we can build a new quadratic equation by changing the roots of the
given equation in the manner specified below.
For example, let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 have roots as α and β. Then, we can build new
quadratic equations as per the following patterns:
(i) A quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
i.e., the roots are 1/α and 1/β:
This can be obtained by substituting 1/x in place of x in the given equation which gives cx2 + bx + a = 0.
(ii) A quadratic equation whose roots are k more than the roots of the given equation, i.e., the roots are
(α + k) and (β + k):
This can be obtained by substituting (x – k) in place of x in the given equation.
(iii) A quadratic equation whose roots are k less than the roots of the given equation, i.e., the roots are
(α − k) and (β − k):
This can be obtained by substituting (x + k) in place of x in the given equation.
(iv) A quadratic equation whose roots are k times the roots of the given equation, i.e., the roots are (kα)
and (kβ):
This can be obtained by substituting (x/k) in place of x in the given equation.
(v) A quadratic equation whose roots are 1/k times the roots of the given equation, i.e., the roots are
(α/k) and (β/k):
This can be obtained by substituting (kx) in place of x in the given equation.
MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM VALUE OF A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

An expression of the type ax2 + bx + c is called a Quadratic Expression. The quadratic expression takes
different values as x takes different values.
As x varies from −∞ to +∞, the quadratic expression “ax2 + bx + c”
(i) Has a minimum value whenever a > 0.
The minimum value of the expression will be (-D/4a) when x= (– b/2a), where D = b2 – 4ac
(ii) Has a maximum value whenever a < 0.
The maximum value of the expression will be (– D/4a) when x= (– b/2a), where D = b2 – 4ac
SIGN OF THE ROOTS

Sign of product of roots Sign of sum of roots Sign of roots
+ ve + ve Both the roots are positive
+ ve − ve Both the roots are negative
− ve + ve One root is positive and the other is negative
Numerically larger root is positive
− ve − ve One root is positive and the other is negative
Numerically larger root is negative
Some Important Formulae:

1. α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ
2. α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 − 3αβ(α + β)
3. α4 + β4 = (α2 + β2)2 − 2α2 β2
4. (α − β)2 = (α + β)2 − 4αβ
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES:
Graph of Quadratic Expression
The expression ax 2 + bx + c is said to be real quadratic expression in x where a, b, c are real and a  0 . Let
y = f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a, b, c  R ( a  0 ) . f ( x ) can be re-written as

 b  4ac − b 2 
2
  b 
2
D 
f ( x ) = a  x +  +  = a  x +  − 2  , where D = b − 4ac is the discriminant of the
2
   
2
 2a 4a 
 2a 4a 
quadratic expression.
2
 D  b 
 y+  = ax + 
 4a   2a 
y
y = ax 2 + bx + c
(0, c) (a  0)
0   x
 b D
 − ,  vertex
 2a 4a 
• The graph between x, y is always a parabola. Therefore y = f ( x ) represents a parabola whose axis is
 b −D 
parallel to the y-axis, with vertex at A  − , 
 2a 4a 
 b D
Therefore the co-ordinate of vertex are  − , − 
 2a 4a 
• The parabola intersects the y-axis at point ( 0, c )
• The x-coordinate of point of intersection of parabola with x-axis are the real roots of the quadratic
equation f ( x ) = 0 . Hence the parabola may or may not intersect the x-axis at real points.
Note: If a  0, the parabola will be concave upwards and if a  0 the parabola will be concave
downwards and it depends on the sign of b 2 − 4ac whether the parabola cuts the x-axis at two
points ( b2 − 4ac  0 ) , touches the x-axis ( b2 − 4ac = 0 ) or never intersects with the x-axis
(b 2
− 4ac  0 ) .
This gives rise to the following cases:

(i) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0
 f ( x )  0x  R
y = f (x)
x' x
− b / 2a
In this case the parabola always remains concave upwards and above the x-axis and the
equation has non-real roots.
a  0 and b − 4ac = 0
2
(ii)
 f ( x )  0x  R
y = f (x)
x' x
−b / 2a
In this case the parabola touches the x-axis and remains concave upwards and the equation has
equal real roots.
(iii) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

Let f ( x ) = 0 has two real roots  and  (    ) .
Then f ( x )  0x  ( −,  )  (,  ) ,f ( x )  0x  ( ,  ) and f ( x ) = 0 for x  , 
−b / 2a
x'   x
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two points  and  remains concave upwards.
(iv) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

 f ( x )  0x  R
−b / 2a
x' x
y = f (x)
In this case the parabola remains concave downwards and always below the x-axis and the
equation has no real root.
a  0 and b − 4ac = 0
2
(v)
 f ( x )  0x  R
− b / 2a
x' x
y = f (x)
In this case the parabola touches the x-axis and remains concave downwards and the equation
has real equal roots.
(vi) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

Let f ( x ) = 0 has two real roots  and  (    )
Then f ( x )  0x  ( −,  )  (,  ) , f ( x )  0x  ( ,  ) and f ( x ) = 0 for x  , 
 
x' − b / 2a x
y = f (x)
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two points  and  remains concave downwards.
3.2 Sign of Quadratic Expression

The value of expression, f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c at x = x 0 is equal to co-ordinate of a point on parabola
y = ax 2 + bx + c whose x-co-ordinate is x 0 . Hence if the point lies above the x-axis for some x = x 0 ,
then f ( x 0 )  0 and vice-versa. We get six different positions of the graph with respect to x-axis as
shown.
a0
D0 a0 a0
D=0 D0
+ + x
 −  + + +
x x

Roots are real & distinct Roots are equal Roots are imaginary
 x x

+
 x − − −
− − a0
a0 a0
D=0
D0 D0
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example: Which of the following are Quadratic Equations?

3x + 2 3x + 4
(i) x 4 =1 (ii) 3
x +x=2 (iii) x2 + 2 = 3x = (iv)
x+3 x +1
Sol. Quadratic Expression should be of the form ax + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0
2
(i) x 4 = 1  x2 = 1  x2 – 1 = 0
(ii) We have 1/3 as power of x. So it’s not a quadratic.
(iii) x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
(iv) (3x +2) (x + 1) = (3x + 4) (x + 3)
 3x2 + 5x + 2 = 3x2 + 13x + 12  8x + 10 = 0
So, we can see (i) & (iii) are quadratic equations.
Example: Find k for which the equation (k + 5) x2 + 2 (k + 5) x + 2 = 0 has equal roots.

Sol. For the given equation a = k + 5, b = 2(k + 5) and c = 2
For equal roots, we have the condition D = 0
 b2 = 4ac
 4(k + 5)2 = 4(k + 5) ∙2
 (k + 5)2 − (k + 5) ∙2 = 0
 (k + 5) (k + 5 −2) = 0
 (k + 5) (k + 3) = 0
 k = -5 or −3
But, k  -5 (since a = 0 ), therefore k is -3
Example : Find the roots of the equation x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0

Sol. x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0  x 2 − x + 4x − 4 = 0
 x ( x − 1) + 4 ( x − 1) = 0
 ( x + 4 )( x − 1) = 0
 x = −4 or x = 1
Example : Find the roots of the equation 4x 2 − 13x + 10 = 0

Sol. 4x 2 − 13x + 10 = 0
 4x 2 − 8x − 5x + 10 = 0
 4x ( x − 2 ) − 5 ( x − 2 ) = 0
 ( 4x − 5)( x − 2 ) = 0
5
x = or x = 2
4
Example : Find the roots of the equation 26x 2 − 43x + 15 = 0

Sol. We have to write 43 as the sum of two parts whose product should be equal to ( 26 )  (15)
26 15 = 13 30 and 13 + 30 = 43
 26x 2 − 43x + 15 = 0
 26x 2 − 13x − 30x + 15 = 0

 (13x − 15)( 2x − 1) = 0
15 1
x= or x =
13 2
We can also find the roots of the equation by using the formula
−b  b 2 − 4ac 43  ( 43) − (1560 )
2
x= =
2a 52
43  (1849 ) − (1560 )
=
52
43  289 43  17
= x =
52 52
43 + 17 43 − 17 60 26
x= or = or
52 52 52 52
15 1
 x = or
13 2
Example : Discuss the nature of the roots of the equation 4x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0

Discriminant = ( −2 ) − 4 ( 4 )(1) = 4 − 16 = −12  0
2
Sol.
Since the discriminant is negative, the roots are imaginary.
3
Example : If the sum of the roots of the equation kx 2 − 3x + 9 = 0 is , then find the product of the
11
roots of the equation.
3 3
Sol. Sum of roots of the equation = = (given)
k 11
 k = 11
9
In the given equation, product of roots =
k
9
As k = 11, product of roots =
11
Example : Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 7.
Sol. Sum of the roots = 2 + 7 = 9
Product of roots = 2  7 = 14
We know that if S is the sum of the roots and P the product of the roots of a quadratic
equation, then its equation is x 2 − Sx + P = 0
Hence the required equation is x 2 − 9x + 14 = 0
Example : Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients one of whose roots is 3 + 5
Sol. ( )
If 3 + 5 is one root, then the other root is 3 − 5 ( )
Sum of the roots = 6
Product of the roots = 4
Thus, the required equation is x 2 − 6x + 4 = 0
Example : A person can buy 15 books less for Rs. 900 when the price of each book goes up by
Rs. 3. Find the original price and the number of copies he could buy at the initial price.
Sol. Let the number of books bought initially Rs. 900 be x. The original price of book was
900
. Now the price of the book is increased by Rs. 3
x
 900 
i.e., the new cost is Rs.  +3
 x 
And the number of books bought is reduced by 15 i.e. ( x − 15)
Since the total amount spent is still Rs. 900, the product of the price and the number of books
are still 900.
 900  
 x  + 3 ( x − 15 ) = 900
  
 ( 900 + 3x )( x − 15) = 900x
 3x 2 + 855x − 13500 = 900x
 3x 2 − 45x − 13500 = 0
 x 2 − 15x − 4500 = 0
 x 2 − 75x + 60x − 4500 = 0
 x ( x − 75) + 60 ( x − 75) = 0
 ( x − 75)( x + 60 ) = 0  x = 75 or – 60
Since x cannot be negative, x = 75
900
Thus, the original price of the book = = Rs.12
75
Example : If  and  are the roots of the equation x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0, then find the values of
(i)  2 + 2
1 1
(ii) +
 
(iii)  −  (    )
Sol. From the given equation, we get  +  = 6 and  = 8
(i) 2 + 2 = (  +  ) − 2 = ( 6 ) − 2 (8) = 20
2 2
1 1  + 6 3
(ii) + = = =
   8 4
(iii) (  − ) = (  +  ) − 4
2 2
 (  − ) =  ( + )
2
− 4
= 62 − 4 ( 8 )
 (  −  ) = 2
  −  = 2, (    )
Example : Solve for x : 3x +1 + 32x +1 = 270

Sol. 3x +1 + 32x +1 = 270
 3.3x + 32x.3 = 270

 3x + 32x = 90
Substituting 3x = a, we get,
a + a 2 = 90
 a 2 + a − 90 = 0
 a 2 + 10a − 9a − 90 = 0
 ( a + 10 )( a − 9 ) = 0
 a = 9 or a = − 10
If 3x = 9, then x = 2
If 3x = −10, which is not possible
x = 2
Solve x − 7 x + 12 = 0
2
Example :
Given equation is x − 7 x + 12 = 0
2
Sol.
 ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) = 0
 x = 3 or x = 4
 x = 3 or x = 4
Solve x + 7 x + 10 = 0
2
Example :
Given equation is x + 7 x + 10 = 0
2
Sol.
 ( x + 2)( x + 5) = 0
 x = −2 or x = −5
But, absolute value of any number can never be negative
No roots are possible for the given equation.
Example: Solve the inequality x 2 + x − 6  0

Sol. Given inequality is x 2 + x − 6  0
 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )  0
 ( x + 3)  0, ( x − 2 )  0 or ( x + 3)  0, ( x − 2 )  0
 x  −3, x  2 (case I) (or)
x  −3, x  2 (case II)
Case I
x  −3 and x  2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x  −3 x2
There exists no value of x so that x  −3 and x  2 (as there is no overlap of the regions).
Hence in this case no value of x satisfies the given inequation.
Case II
x  −3 and x  2
− 5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x  −3
x2
All the points in the overlapping region, i.e., −3  x  2, satisfy the inequation.
Hence, the solution set of the inequation x 2 + x − 6  0 is x | −3  x  2 or ( −3, 2 )
Example: Solve for x; x 2 − 4x + 3  0

Sol. Given inequation is x 2 − 4x + 3  0
 ( x − 1)( x − 3)  0
 x − 1  0; x − 3  0 or x − 1  0; x − 3  0
 x  1; x  3 (case I) (or)
x  1; x  3 (case II)
Case I
x  1 and x  3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x3
x 1
All the points in the overlapping region, i.e., x  3, satisfy the inequation.
Case II
x  1 and x  3
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x 1
x3
All the points in the overlapping region, i.e., x  1, satisfy the inequation.
Hence, the solution for the given inequation is x  ( −,1  3,  )
Example: Solve x 2 + 6x + 13  0
Sol. Given inequation is x 2 + 6x + 13  0
Here, factorization is not possible.
Rewriting the given inequation we get,
( x 2 + 6x + 9) + 4  0
 ( x + 3) + 4  0
2
We know that ( x + 3)  0x  R ,

2
( x + 3)
2
+ 4  4  0x  R ,
 The required solution is the set of all real numbers, i.e., ( −,  )
x 2 + 5x + 3
Example: Solve: x
x+2
x 2 + 5x + 3
Sol. x
x+2
x 2 + 5x + 3
 −x 0
x+2
x 2 + 5x + 3 − x 2 − 2x
 0
x+2
3x + 3
 0
x+2
x +1
  0 …..(1)
x+2
To solve (1), it is sufficient to solve ( x + 1)( x + 2 )  0
We know that ( x −  )( x −  )  0
   x   where (    )
 −2  x  −1
Thus, the required Sol. is −2  x  −1
1 −2
Example: Solve 
x − 1 1 − 2x
1 −2
Sol. 
x − 1 1 − 2x
1 2
 + 0
x − 1 1 − 2x
1 − 2x + 2x − 2
 0
( x − 1)(1 − 2x )
−1
 0
( x − 1)(1 − 2x )
1
  0 ……..(1)
( x − 1)(1 − 2x )
(1) holds good if ( x − 1)(1 − 2x )  0  ( x − 1)( 2x − 1)  0
We know that ( x −  )( x −  )  0    x   where (    )
1 1 
The Sol. of the given inequation is  x  1 i.e, x   ,1
2 2 
Example : Check whether the following equations are quadratic or not.

(i) (x – 2)2 + 1 = 2x – 3 (ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2)(x – 2)
1
(iii) 7x = 2x2 (iv) x + = 2
x
Sol. (i) (x − 2)2 + 1 = 2x − 3 can be rewritten as
x2 − 4x + 4 + 1 = 2x − 3
x2 − 6x + 8 = 0
Since, it is of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0

Therefore, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
(ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2)(x − 2)
x2 + x + 8 = x2 − 4
 x + 12 = 0
It is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a  0.
Therefore, the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iii) 7x = 2x 2  2x 2 − 7x = 0
As 2x 2 − 7x is a quadratic polynomial
 2x2 − 7x = 0 , a  0 is a quadratic equation.
1
(iv) x + = 2
x
Usually in such cases x  0 is specified then we can multiply the equation by x which
results in quadratic equation.
 x + x−1 − 2 = 0
x + x −1 − 2 is not a polynomial because degree of one of the terms is not a whole number
polynomial.
1
 x + = 2 is not a quadratic equation
x
Example : In each of the following, determine the value of k for which the given value of x is a Sol.
of the equation.
(i) kx2 – 3x + 2 = 0; x = 2 (ii) 2x2 + kx + 6 = 0; x = –2
Sol. (i) kx2 − 3x + 2 = 0 …(i)
Since x = 2 is a Sol. of the equation

Now substituting x = 2 in equation (i), we get
k(2)2 − 3(2) + 2 = 0
 4k − 4 = 0
 4k = 4
k = 44 =1
(ii) Since x = –2 is a Sol. of the equation
2x2 + kx + 6 = 0 …(i)
Now substituting x = – 2 in (i), we get

2( −2)2 + k( −2) + 6 = 0
 8 − 2k + 6 = 0
or 2k = 14
 k = 14  2 = 7
Example : Solve : a2b2x2 + b2x – a2x – 1 = 0

Sol. a2b2 x2 + b2x − a2x − 1 = 0
 b2 x(a2 x + 1) − 1(a2 x + 1) = 0
 (a2 x + 1) (b2x − 1) = 0
Either (a2 x + 1) = 0 or (b2 x − 1) = 0
 a2 x = −1 or b2 x = 1
1 1
 x=− or x=
a2 b2
1 1
Hence, x = − , are the required Sol.s
a2 b2
Example : Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method:

 a a + b
x2 +  + x+1=0
a + b a 
 a a+b
Sol. We have, x2 +  + x +1= 0
a+b a 
a a+b a a+b  a a+b 
 x2 + x+ x+  =0   = 1
a+b a a+b a  a+b a 
 a  a+b a 
 x x + + x + =0
 a + b  a  a + b
 a  a + b
 x +  x + =0
 a + b  a 
a a+b
Either x + =0 or, x+ =0
a+b a
a a+b
 x=− or, x=−
a+b a
Example : Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:

1 1 1 1
= + + ,a+b0
a+b+x a b x
1 1 1 1
Sol. We have, − = +
a+b+ x x a b
x − (a + b + x) a + b
 =
x(a + b + x) ab
x −a−b− x a+b
 =
x (a + b + x ) ab
−(a + b) a+b
 =
x(a + b + x) ab
−1 1
 = [ a + b  0]
x(a + b + x) ab
 - ab = x(a + b + x)
 x(a + b + x) + ab = 0
 x2 + ax + bx + ab = 0
 x(x + a) + b(x + a) = 0
 (x + a)(x + b) = 0
 x+a =0 or, x + b = 0
 x = −a or, x = −b
 Sol.s are x = –a, –b
1
Example : Solve by completing the square : y2 + y – 1 = 0.
2
1
Sol. y2 + y −1= 0
2
1
 y2 + y =1
2
2
 1 1
Adding   i.e. on both sides, we have
4 16
1 1 1
 y2 + 2 y + = 1+
2 2 16 16
2
 1 17
 y +  =
 4 16
1 17 17
 y+ = =
4 16 4
1 17 − 1  17
 y =−  =
4 4 4
− 1 + 17 − 1 − 17
So, the Sol.s are ,
4 4
Example : By using the method of completing the square, show that the equation 2x 2 + x + 5 = 0
has no real roots.
Sol. 2x2 + x + 5 = 0
x 5
 x2 + + = 0 [Dividing both sides by 2]
2 2
x 5
 x + =−
2
2 2
2
Adding   i.e.
1 1
on both sides, we have
4 16
2 2
 1  1 5  1
 x2 + 2   x +   = − +  
4 4 2 4
2
 1 5 1 −40 + 1 39
  x + 4  = − 2 + 16 = 16 = − 16
 
2
 1 39
  x + 4  = − 16
 
2
RHS is negative but  x +  cannot be negative for any real values of x.

1
 4
[ Square of any real number is non–negative]
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.
Example : Find the roots of the following equation 4x2 + 4bx – (a2 – b2) = 0, by the method of
completing the square.
Sol. We have,
4x 2 + 4bx − (a2 − b2 ) = 0
 a2 − b2 
 x 2 + bx −  =0 [Dividing both sides by 4]
 4 
b a2 − b2
 x2 + 2   x =
2 4
2
Adding   on both sides we have

b
2
2 2
b b a2 − b2  b  a2 − b2 b2
 x + 2  x +   =
2
+  = +
2 2 4 2 4 4
2
 b a2
 x + 2 = 4
 
b a
 x+ = [taking square root of both sides]
2 2
b a −b − a −b + a
 x=−   , x=
2 2 2 2
−b − a −b + a
Hence, the roots are and
2 2
Example : Solve the equation x2 – ( 3 + 1) x + 3 = 0 by the method of completing the square.

Sol. We have,
x2 − ( 3 + 1) x + 3 = 0  x2 − ( 3 + 1)x = − 3
2
 3 + 1
Adding   on both sides we have
 2 
2 2
 3 + 1  3 + 1  3 + 1
 x − 2
2
 2 
x+
 2 
= − 3 +
 2 
     
2
 3 + 1 3 + 1+ 2 3
  x −  = − 3 +
 2  4
−4 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 3 3 + 1 − 2 3
= =
4 4
2 2
 3 + 1  3 − 1
  x −  =  
 2   2 
3 +1 3 −1
 x− =
2 2
3 −1 3 +1 2 3
 x= + = = 3
2 2 2
3 +1 3 −1  3 − 1 3 +1 2
or x− =− ; x = −   + = =1
2 2  2  2 2
 x = 3, 1
Hence, the roots are 3 and 1.
Example : Using the quadratic formula, solve the equation a2 b2 x2 – (4b4 – 3a4)x – 12a2b2 = 0
Sol. a2b2 x 2 − (4b 4 − 3a 4 )x − 12a2b2 = 0
Comparing the given equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0,
We have, a = a2b2 ,b = −(4b4 − 3a4 ), c = −12a2b2
Discriminant D = b2 − 4ac
D = (3a4 − 4b4 )2 − 4a2b2 ( −12a2b2 )
= 9a8 + 16b8 − 24a4b4 + 48a4b4
= 9a8 + 16b8 + 24a4b4
= (3a4 )2 + (4b4 )2 + 2  3a 4  4b 4
= (3a4 + 4b4 )2  0 [ square of any real number is always non–negative]
Hence, the given equation has real roots given by
4b4 − 3a4  (3a4 + 4b4 )2  −b  D 
x=  x= 
2a2b2  2a 
The roots are
4b 4 − 3a 4 + 3a 4 + 4b 4 4b 4 − 3a 4 − 3a 4 − 4b 4
and
2a2b 2 2a2b 2
8b 4 −6a 4
or and
2a 2b 2 2a 2b 2
4b2 3a 2
or and − 2
a2 b
4b 2 3a 2
Hence, x = , − are the required Sol.s.
a2 b2
Example : Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 and hence find the
nature of its roots.
Sol. The given equation is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 2, b = – 4 and c = 3. Therefore,
discriminant.
b2 − 4ac = ( −4)2 − (4  2  3) = 16 − 24 = −8  0
So, the given equation has no real roots.
Example : Find the values of k for which the following equation has equal roots:
(k – 12)x2 + 2(k – 12) x + 2 = 0
Sol. We have,
(k − 12) x 2 + 2(k − 12) x + 2 = 0
Here, a = k − 12, b = 2(k − 12) and c = 2

 D = b2 − 4ac = 4(k − 12)2 − 4 (k − 12)  2
 D = 4(k − 12){(k − 12) − 2}
 D = 4(k − 12)(k − 14)
The given equation will have equal roots, if

D=0  4(k − 12)(k − 14) = 0  k – 12 = 0 or k – 14 = 0
 k = 12 or, k = 14
But, k  12 (since a = 0 ), therefore k is 14.
Example : If – 4 is a root of equation x2 + px – 4 = 0 and the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has equal

roots, find the values of p and q.
Sol. Since – 4 is a root of x 2 + px − 4 = 0, we have
( −4)2 + p( −4) − 4 = 0  16 − 4p − 4 = 0
 4p = 12  p=3 …(i)
Putting p = 3 in equation x + px + q = 0, we have
2
x 2 + 3x + q = 0
Equation will have equal roots if D = 0 i.e. b2 − 4ac = 0
 p2 − 4q = 0  (3)2 − 4q = 0 [Using (i)]
9
 9 – 4q = 0  q=
4
9
Hence, p = 3 and q = .
4
Example : If one of the roots of the rational quadratic equation is (2 – 3 ), Formulate the equation
Sol. x=2– 3
 (x – 2)2 = ( − 3 )
2
i.e., x2 – 4x + 4 = 3
 x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
1 1
Example : If  and  are the roots of 4x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of +
α3 β 3
Sol.  +  = – 3/4 and  = 7/4
(  + ) − 3b (  +  )
3
1
+
1
=
1
(
3 + 3 = )
a3 3 33 ( )
3
27 7 −3
− −3 
 64 4 4 = 225 .
3
7 343
4
 
Example : If ,  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots
1 1 1
are & +
α +β α β
b c
Sol. += − and  =
a a
1 −a 1 1 + b
 = and + = =−
+ b    c
1  1 1 a b  b2 + ac 
S= +  +  = − − = − 
+   b c  bc 
1  1 1 a
P=  +  =
(  + )     c
  b2 + ac    a  b 
Equation is x2 −  −   x +  − b  − c  = 0
  bc     
 bcx2 + (b2 + ac)x + ab = 0
α β
Example : If   , but 2 = 5 – 3, 2 = 5 – 3, then the equation whose roots are and
β α
Sol. ,  satisfy x2 = 5x – 3 i.e., x2 – 5x + 3 = 0

  +  = 5,  = 3
   2 + 2 (  +  ) − 2 52 − 2  3 19
2
 Sum = + = = = = and product = 1

    3 3
 Equation is x2 – S. x + P = 0
19
 x2 − x + 1 = 0 or 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0.
3
Example : Two candidates attempt to solve a quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. One
starts with a wrong value of b and finds the roots to be 2 and 6. The other starts with
the wrong values of c and finds the roots to be 1, 6. The correct roots of the equation are
Sol. Let quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0.
In first case b is taken wrong and roots obtained are 2 and 6
Therefore, Equation is (x – 2)(x – 6) = 0
 x2 – 8x +12 = 0
Hence product of roots is 12/1= 12 [since a and c are true and product of roots is c/a]
Again in second case, c is taken wrong and roots obtained are 1 and 6
Therefore, Equation is (x – 1)(x – 6) = 0
 x2 – 7x +6 = 0
Hence sum of roots is –(-7) [since a and b are true and sum of roots is -b/a]
Hence, the true equation is x2 – 7x +12 = 0 Ans.
Example : If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is
Sol. Condition for the reciprocal roots is
c k
=1 =1
a 5
 k = 5.
x 2 – bx m – 1
Example : If the equation = has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then
ax – c m + 1
find m.
Sol. (x2 – bx) (m + 1) = (ax – c) (m – 1)
 (m + 1)x2 – b(m + 1)x = a(m – 1)x – c(m – 1)
 (m + 1)x2 – [b(m + 1)+a(m – 1)]x +c(m – 1) = 0
Equating the coefficient of x to zero, we have –[ b(m + 1) +a(m – 1)] = 0 [As α + β=0]
a−b
m= .
a+b
Example : The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 2x2 + 2x + (p – 1) p = 0 are of
opposite sign, is
Sol.: Products of the roots is negative
( p − 1) p
 0
2
 (p – 0) (p – 1) < 0 i.e. 0 < p < 1

Hence the set of values of p are (0, 1)
Example : If x2 – 3x + 2 is a factor of x4 – px2 + q = 0, then the value of p and q are

Sol. x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2)
 x = 1 and x = 2 are the roots of the equation
p(x) = x4 – px2 + q = 0
 p(1) = 0 and p(2) = 0 which gives q – p + 1 = 0 ……..(i)
and q – 4p + 16 = 0 ……..(ii)
Solving equation (i) and (ii)
p = 5, q = 4. Ans.
Example : Solve 5x2 – 6x + 8 – 5x2 – 6x – 7 = 1
Sol. Let 5x 2 − 6x = y . Then
5x2 − 6x + 8 − 5x2 − 6x − 7 = 1
( )
2
 y +8 − y −7 =1  y+8 − y−7 = 12
 y= y 2 + y − 56  y 2 = y 2 + y − 56  y = 56
 5x − 6x = 56
2
 y = 5x2 − 6x 
 5x2 − 6x − 56 = 0
 5x2 – 20x + 14x – 56 = 0
 (5x + 14)( x − 4) = 0
−14
 x = 4,
5
Clearly, both the values satisfy the given equation. Hence, the roots of the given equation are
4 and −14/5.
Example : Solve the equation : 12x4 – 56x3 + 89x2 – 56x + 12 = 0.

Sol. The given equation is
12x4 − 56x3 + 89x2 − 56x + 12 = 0
56 12
Dividing by x 2 , we get 12x2 − 56x + 89 − + =0
x x2
12 56
 12x2 + − 56x − + 89 = 0
x2 x
 1  1  2

 12  x +  − 2 − 56  x +  + 89 = 0
1 1
 12  x 2 + 2  − 56  x +  + 89 = 0
 x   x   x   x
2
 1  1 1
 12  x +  − 56  x +  + 65 = 0  12y 2 − 56y + 65 = 0 where y = x +
 x   x  x
 12y − 26y − 30y + 65 = 0
2
 ( 6y − 13)( 2y − 5) = 0
13 5
 y= or y =
6 2
1 13
If y = 13/6, then x + =
x 6
2 3
 6x2 − 13x + 6 = 0  ( 3x − 2)( 2x − 3 ) = 0  x = ,
3 2
5
If y = , then
2
1
 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 0  ( x − 2)( 2x − 1) = 0  x = 2,
2
1 2 3
Hence, the roots of the given equation are 2, , , .
2 3 2
Example : Solve the equation : (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 8) (x + 12) = 4x2

Sol. ( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 8)( x + 12) = 4x2
 ( x + 2)( x + 12)( x + 3)( x + 8) = 4x2
 (x 2
)( )
+ 14x + 24 x2 + 11x + 24 = 4x2
2
Dividing throughout by x , we get
 24   24 
 x + 14 + x   x + 11 + x  = 4
  
24
 ( y + 14)( y + 11) = 4, where x + = y
x
 y + 25y + 154 = 4
2
 y + 25y + 150 = 0
2
 ( y + 15)( y + 10) = 0  y = −15, −10

24
If y = − 15, then x + = −15
x
−15  129
 x2 + 15x + 24 = 0  x=
2
24
If y = − 10, then x + = −10
x
 x2 + 10x + 24 = 0  ( x + 4)( x + 6 ) = 0  x = −4, −6
−15  129
Hence, the roots of the given equations −4, −6,
2
Example : Evaluate 6 + 6 + 6 +..........∞

Sol. Let x = 6 + 6 + 6 + ..........
x = 6 + x  x2 = 6 + x  x2 − x − 6 = 0  ( x − 3)( x + 2) = 0
 x = 3 or x = −2
But the given expression is positive. Hence, the value of the given expression is 3.
Example : Solve 5(x + 1) + 5(2 – x) = 53 + 1

Sol. We have 5(x + 1) + 5(2 – x) = 53 + 1
 5x. 5 + 52 . 5–x = 126
25
 5x. 5 + = 126
5x
Let 5x = y
25
 5y + = 126  5y 2 − 126y + 25 = 0  5y 2 − 125y − y + 25 = 0
y
 5y(y – 25) – 1(y – 25) = 0  (y – 25) (5y – 1) = 0
If y – 25 = 0, then y = 25, i.e., 5x = 25 or 5x = 52  x = 2

1
If 5y – 1 = 0, then y = , i.e., 5x = 5–1  x = – 1
5
Hence, x = 2, – 1.
1 1 1 1
Example : Solve for x : + + =
( x – 1)( x – 2 ) ( x – 2 )( x – 3 ) ( x – 3 )( x – 4 ) 6
 1 1  1 1
Sol. We have,  + + =
 ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ( x − 2)( x − 3 )  ( x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6
x − 3 + x −1 1 1 2x − 4 1 1
 + =  + =
( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3 ) ( x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6 ( x − 1)( x − 2 )( x − 3 ) ( x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6
2 1 1 2x − 8 + x − 1 1
 + =  =
( )(
x − 1 x − 3 ) ( x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6 ( )(
x − 1 x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6
3 ( x − 3) 1 3 1
 =  =
( x − 1)( x − 3 )( x − 4 ) 6 ( x − 1)( x − 4 ) 6
 (x – 1) (x – 4) = 18  x2 – 5x + 4 = 18  x2 – 5x – 14 = 0
 x2 – 7x + 2x – 14 = 0
 x (x – 7) + 2(x – 7) = 0  (x – 7) (x + 2) = 0
If x – 7 = 0, then x = 7 and if x + 2 = 0, then x = – 2
Hence, x = 7, – 2.
3
Example : The sum of two numbers is 15. If the sum of their reciprocals is , find the numbers.
10
Sol. Let the required numbers be x and 15 – x. Then,
1 1 3
According to question, we have + =
x 15 − x 10
15 − x + x 3 15 3
 =  =
x(15 − x) 10 x(15 − x) 10
 150 = 3x(15 − x)
 150 = 45x − 3x2

 3x2 − 45x + 150 = 0
 x2 − 15x + 50 = 0
 x2 − 10x − 5x + 50 = 0
 x(x − 10) − 5(x − 10) = 0
 (x − 10)(x − 5) = 0
 x − 10 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
 x = 10 or x = 5
Hence, the two numbers are 10 and 5.
3
Example : Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10
8
hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each
tap can separately fill the tank.
Sol. Let the smaller tap fills the tank in x hours
 The larger tap fills the tank in (x – 10) hours.
Amount of water flowing through both taps in one hours
1 1 x − 10 + x 2x − 10
= + = = 2
x x − 10 x ( x − 10 ) x − 10x
8  2x − 10 
Now, according to the condition, =
75  x 2 − 10x 
75 ( 2x − 10 ) 150x − 750
 =1  =1
(
8 x − 10x
2
) 8x 2 − 80x
 8x2 – 80x –150x + 750 = 0

 8x2 – 230x + 750 = 0 . . . (i)
Comparing (i) with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 8, b = – 230, c = 750
 b2 – 4ac = (– 230)2 – 4(8)750 = 52900 – 24000 = 28900 > 0
−b  b2 − 4ac
Since, x =
2a
− ( −230 )  28900 230  170 

28900 = 170 

 x= x =
2 (8) 16
230 + 170 400
Taking positive sign, x = = = 25
16 16
230 − 170 60 15
Taking negative sign, x = = =
16 16 4
For x =
15
, ( x − 10 ) =
15
− 10 =
−25  time cannot be negative
4 4 4
Which is not possible
 x = 25  x – 10 = 25 – 10 = 15
Thus, time to fill the tank by the smaller tap alone = 25 hours
Example : A two–digit number is such that the product of its digits is 14. When 45 is added to this
number, the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
14
Sol. Let the tens digit be x then the units digit = [ product of two digit is 14]
x
Then, the two digit number is  10x +  .

14
 x 
Reverse number =  
140
+ x
 x 
According to question, we have
14 140
10x + + 45 = +x
x x
 10x2 + 14 + 45x = 140 + x2
 10x2 − x2 + 45x + 14 − 140 = 0
 9x2 + 45x − 126 = 0
 x2 + 5x − 14 = 0
 x2 + 7x − 2x − 14 = 0
 x(x + 7) − 2(x + 7) = 0
 (x + 7)(x − 2) = 0
 x = 2 ; x = −7 is rejected as digit cannot be negative

14
Hence, x = 2 and the other digit is = =7
2
Thus, the required number is 10 × 2 + 7 i.e. 27.
Example : A two–digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits and twice the product of its digits.
Find the number.
Sol. Let the tens digit be x and the units digit be y.
Since, the two digit number is 4 times the sum of its digits, we have
10x + y = 4(x + y)
 10x + y = 4x + 4y
 6x = 3y
y
 x= …(i)
2
Since, the two–digit number is twice the product of its digits, we have
(10x + y) = 2(xy)
 10x + y − 2xy = 0 …(ii)
y
Substituting x = from equation (i) in equation (ii), we have
2
y y
10  + y − 2   y = 0
2 2
− y 2 + 5y + y = 0

or y 2 − 6y = 0  y 2 − 6y = 0
 Either y = 0 [rejected because product of digits would be zero]or y − 6 = 0
 y=6
6
 x= =3 [from (i)]
2
The required number is (10 × 3 + 6) = 36
Example : A pole has to be erected at a point on the boundary of a circular park of diameter 13
meters in such a way that the differences of its distances from two diametrically
opposite fixed gates Q and R on the boundary is 7 meters. Is it possible to do so? If yes,
at what distances from the two gates should the pole be erected?
Sol. Let P be the required location of the pole. Let the distance
of the pole from the gate R be x m, i.e. RP = x m. Now the R
difference of the distances of the pole from the two gates
= QP – RP 13
(or, RP – QP) = 7 m. Therefore, QP = (x + 7) m.
Now, QR = 13m, and since QR is a diameter. Q P
QPR = 90 (Angle in a semicircle is right angle)

Therefore, QP2 + PR2 = QR2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
 (x + 7)2 + x 2 = 132
 x2 + 14x + 49 + x2 = 169
 2x2 + 14x − 120 = 0
So, the distance x of the pole from gate R satisfies the equation
x2 + 7x − 60 = 0
We will find its discriminant and find whether it would be possible
b2 − 4ac = 72 − 4  1 ( −60) = 289 > 0
So, the given quadratic equation has two real roots, and it is possible to erect the pole on the
boundary of the park.
Solving the quadratic equation x2 + 7x − 60 = 0 , by quadratic formula, we have
−b  D
x=
2a
−7  289 −7  17
x= =
2 2
Therefore, x = 5 or –12.
Since x is the distance between the pole and the gate R, it must be positive. Therefore, x = –12
is rejected. So, x = 5.
Thus, the pole has to be erected on the boundary of the park at a distance of 5m from the gate
R and 12 m from the gate Q.
Example : A cottage industry produces a certain number of pottery articles in a day. It was
observed on a particular day that the cost of production of each article (in rupees) was 3
more than twice the number of articles produced on that day. If the total cost of
production on that day was Rs.90, find the number of articles produced and the cost of
each article.
Sol. Let the number of pottery articles, produced on a particular day be x.
Cost of production of each article = Rs.(2x + 3)
 Total cost of production of x articles = Rs.(2x + 3) × x … (i)
It is given that the total cost of production = Rs.90 …(ii)
 (2x + 3)x = 90
 2x2 + 3x − 90 = 0
 2x2 − 12x + 15x − 90 = 0

 2x(x − 6) + 15(x − 6) = 0
 (x − 6)(2x + 15) = 0
15
 x=6 or x=− (rejected as the cost cannot be negative)
2
 x=6
Hence number of articles produced in a day = 6
Cost of production of each article = Rs. (2  6 + 3)
= Rs. 15
Example : X and Y are centers of two circles of radii 9 cm Y

2cm
and 2 cm respectively and XY = 17cm. Z is the
centre of a circle of radius r cm which touches r
X
the above circles externally. Given that XZY Z r
9cm
= 90°, write an equation in r and solve it for r.

Sol. According to question, we have
(r + 2)2 + (r + 9)2 = 172 [By Pythagoras theorem]
 r 2 + 4r + 4 + r 2 + 18r + 81 = 289
 2r 2 + 22r − 204 = 0
 r 2 + 11r − 102 = 0 [Required equation]
 r 2 + 17r − 6r − 102 = 0
 r(r + 17) − 6(r + 17) = 0
 (r + 17)(r − 6) = 0
 r = −17 or r = 6 cm
As r cannot be negative  r = −17 is rejected
Hence r = 6 cm
Example : A farmer wishes to grow a 100 m2 rectangular vegetable garden. Since he has with him
only 30m barbed wire, he fences three sides of the rectangular garden letting compound
wall of his house act as the fourth side–fence. Find the dimensions of his garden.
Sol. Let length of one side of rectangle = x m
Total length of wire = 30 m
Then, the length of adjacent side = (30 – 2x) m
 Area = x (30 – 2x) = 30x – 2x2
By the given condition,
30x − 2x2 = 100
 2x2 − 30x + 100 = 0
 x2 − 15x + 50 = 0
 x2 − 10x − 5x + 50 = 0
 x(x − 10) − 5(x − 10) = 0
 (x − 5)(x − 10) = 0
 x −5 = 0
or x − 10 = 0
 x=5 or x = 10
Case 1: If one side = 10 m, then 2nd side = 30 – 2 × 10 = 30 – 20 = 10 m
Case 2: If one side = 5 m, then 2nd side = 30 – 2 × 5 = 30 – 10 = 20 m
So, the dimensions of garden are either 10 m × 10 m or 20 m × 5 m.
Example : A piece of cloth costs Rs.200. If the piece was 5m longer and each metre of cloth costs
Rs.2 less, the cost of the piece would have remained unchanged. How long is the piece
and what is its original rate per metre?
Sol. Let the length of the piece be x metres.
Cost of the cloth Rs.200 Rs.200
Length of the piece x metres (x + 5) metres
Rate per metre Rs.

200
Rs.
200
x x+5
If the piece is 5 m longer rate per metre is Rs.2 less.

200 200
− =2
 x x+5
x + 5 − x
 200  =2
 x(x + 5) 
 5 
 200  2 =2
 x + 5x 
 x2 + 5x = 500
 x2 + 5x − 500 = 0
 x2 + 25x − 20x − 500 = 0
 x(x + 25) − 20(x + 25) = 0
 (x + 25)(x − 20) = 0
 x + 25 = 0 or x − 20 = 0
cannot be negative)  x = 20
200 200
 = Rs. = (rejected, as length
x 20
200 200
Rate per metre = Rs. = Rs. = Rs.10
x 20
Hence, the length of the piece of cloth is 20 meters and the rate per meter is Rs.10
Example: The denominator of a fraction is one more than twice the numerator. If the sum of the
9
fraction and its reciprocal is 2 , find the fraction.
10
Sol. Let the numerator of the fraction be x.

x
Then, the denominator = 2x + 1. Fraction =
2x + 1
x 2x + 1 29
+ =
2x + 1 x 10
x 2 + (2x + 1)2 29
 =
x(2x + 1) 10
x 2 + 4x 2 + 4x + 1 29
 =
2x 2 + x 10
5x 2 + 4x + 1 29
 =
2x 2 + x 10
 50x2 + 40x + 10 = 58x2 + 29x
 8x2 − 11x − 10 = 0
11  121 + 320 11  441 11  21
 x= = =
16 16 16
5
 x = 2 or − [Rejected because numerator has to be integer]
8
Denominator = 2 x + 1 = 2 ( 2 ) + 1 = 5
2
Hence the required fraction is .
5
7
Example : Out of a group of swans, times the square root of the number are playing on the shore
2
of a tank. The two remaining ones are playing, with amorous fight, in the water. What is
the total number of swans?
Sol. Let the total number of swans be x. Then,
7
Number of swans playing on the shore of the tank = x
2
It is given that there are two remaining swans.
7
 x= x +2
2
7
 x− x −2 = 0
2
Put x = y  x = y2
7
 y2 − y−2 = 0
2
2y 2 − 7y − 4 = 0

2y 2 − 8y + y − 4 = 0

 2y(y − 4) + 1(y − 4) = 0
 (y − 4)(2y + 1) = 0
1
 y = 4 or, y = −
2
 y=4 [ y = –1/2 is not possible]
Now, x = y 2 = 42 = 16 Hence, the total number of swans is 16.
Example : A plane left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time and in order to reach its
destination 1500 km away in time it has to increase its speed by 250 km/hr from its
usual speed. Find its usual speed.
Sol. Let the usual speed of the plane be x km/hr. Then,
1500
Time taken to cover 1500 km with the usual speed = hrs.
x
Time taken to cover 1500 km with the increased speed of
1500
(x + 250) km/hr =
x + 250
According to question
1500 1500 1 30 1
 = + [30 minutes = hr = hr]
x x + 250 2 60 2
1500 1500 1
 − =
x x + 250 2
1500x + 1500  250 − 1500x 1
 =
x(x + 250) 2
1500  250 1
 =
x 2 + 250x 2
 750000 = x2 + 250x
 x2 + 250x − 750000 = 0
 x2 + 1000x − 750x − 750000 = 0
 x(x + 1000) − 750(x + 1000) = 0
 (x + 1000)(x − 750) = 0
 x = – 1000 or x = 750
 x = 750 [ Speed cannot be negative]

Hence, the usual speed of the plane is 750 km/hr.
Example : Two trains leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due west and
the second train due north. The first train travels 5 km/hr faster than the second train.
If after two hours, they are 50 km apart, find the average speed of each train.
Sol. Let the speed of the second train be x km/hr. Then, the speed of the first train is (x + 5) km/hr.
Let O be the position of the railway station from which the two trains leave.
Distance traveled by the first train in 2 hours = OA = Speed × Time
= 2(x + 5) km
Distance traveled by the second train in 2 hours = OB = 2x km
In OAB by using Pythagoras theorem, we have N
AB = OA + OB
2 2 2
 502 = {2(x + 5)} 2 + (2x)2 B

50km
2500 = 4(x + 5) + 4x
2 2

W O E
2500 = 4(x 2 + 25 + 10x) + 4x 2
A

 8x2 + 40x − 2400 = 0
S
 x2 + 5x − 300 = 0
 x2 + 20x − 15x − 300 = 0
 x(x + 20) − 15(x + 20) = 0
 (x + 20)(x − 15) = 0
 x = −20 or, x = 15
 x = 15
Hence, the speed of the second train is 15 km/hr and, the speed of the first train is 20km/hr.
Example : The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 3 5 cm. If the smaller side is tripled and the larger
side is doubled, the new hypotenuse will be 15cm. Find the length of each side.
Sol.: Let the smaller side of the right triangle be x cm and the larger side be y cm. Then,
x2 + y2 = (3 5)2 [Using Pythagoras Theorem]
 x 2 + y 2 = 45 …(i)
If the smaller side is tripled and the larger side be doubled, the new hypotenuse is 15 cm.
(3x)2 + (2y)2 = 152

 9x 2 + 4y 2 = 225 …(ii)
From equation (i), we get y 2 = 45 − x 2
Putting y 2 = 45 − x 2 in equation (ii), we get
9x 2 + 4(45 − x 2 ) = 225
 5x2 + 180 = 225
 5x = 45
2
 x =9 2
 x = 3
But, length of a side cannot be negative. Therefore, x= 3.
Putting x = 3 in (i), we get
9 + y 2 = 45  y 2 = 36  y=6
Hence, the length of the smaller side is 3 cm and the length of the larger side is 6cm.
Example : A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B
together can finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
Sol. Suppose B alone takes x days to finish the work. Then, A alone can finish it in (x–6) days.
In x days B finishes = 1 work
1
 In one day B will finish = work
x
In (x − 6) days A finishes = 1 work
1
 In one day A will finish = work
x−6
1 1
 (As one day’s work) + (Bs one day’s work) = +
x x−6
1
According to question (A + B) s one day’s work =
4
 We have
1 1 1
 + =
x x−6 4
x−6+x 1 2x − 6 1
 =  =
x(x − 6) 4 x − 6x 4
2
 8x − 24 = x2 − 6x
 x2 − 14x + 24 = 0
 x2 − 12x − 2x + 24 = 0
 (x − 12)(x − 2) = 0
 x = 12 or, x = 2
But, x cannot be less than 6. So, x = 12.
Hence, B alone can finish the work in 12 days.
Example : A swimming pool is filled with three pipes with uniform flow. The first two pipes
operating simultaneously fill the pool in the same time duration in which the pool is
filled by the third pipe alone. The second pipe fills the pool five hours faster than the
first pipe and four hours slower than the third pipe. Find the time required by each pipe
to fill the pool separately.
Sol. Let x be the number of hours required by the second pipe alone to fill the pool. Then, the first
pipe takes (x + 5) hours. While the third pipe takes (x – 4) hours to fill the pool.
In (x + 5) hours first pipe fills = 1 tank
1
In 1 hour first pipe will fill = tank
x+5
1
Similarly in 1 hour second pipe will fill = tank
x
1
In 1 hour third pipe will fill = tank
x−4
1 1 1 x+x+5 1
 + =  =
x+5 x x−4 x + 5x
2
x−4
(2x + 5)(x − 4) = x 2 + 5x

 x2 − 8x − 20 = 0
 x2 − 10x + 2x − 20 = 0
 x(x − 10) + 2(x − 10) = 0
 (x − 10)(x + 2) = 0
 x = 10 or, x = –2
But, x cannot be negative. So, x = 10.
Hence, the timings required by first, second and third pipes to fill the pool individually are 15
hours, 10 hours and 6 hours respectively.
Example : There is a square field whose side is 44 m. A square flower bed is prepared in its centre
leaving a gravel path all round the flower bed. The total cost of laying the flower bed
and gravelling the path at Rs.2.75 and Rs.1.50 per square meter, respectively, is
Rs.4904. Find the width of the gravel path.
Sol. Let the width of the gravel path be x meters. Then,
Each side of the square flower bed (PQRS) = (44 – 2x) meters.
Now, area of the square field (ABCD)
= 44 × 44 = 1936 m2
Area of the flower bed = (44 − 2x)2 m2 A 44 m D

P x S
 Area of the gravel path Flower bed
= Area of the field (ABCD) – Area of the 44 m 44 m
x
flower bed (PQRS) x
Q path x R
= 1936 – (44 – 2x)2 B C
44 m
= 1936 – (1936 – 176x + 4x2)
= (176x – 4x2) m2
Cost of laying the flower bed = (Area of the flower bed) (Rate per sq. m)
275 11
= (44 − 2x)2  = (44 − 2x)2 = 11(22 − x)2
100 4
Cost of gravelling the path = Area of the path × Rate per sq. m
150
= (176x − 4x 2 ) = 6(44x − x 2 )
100
It is given that the total cost of laying the flower bed and gravelling the path is Rs.4904.
11(22 − x)2 + 6(44x − x 2 ) = 4904

11(484 − 44x + x 2 ) + (264x − 6x 2 ) = 4904

 5x2 − 220x + 5324 = 4904
 5x2 − 220x + 420 = 0
 x2 − 44x + 84 = 0
 x2 − 42x − 2x + 84 = 0
 x(x − 42) − 2(x − 42) = 0
 (x − 2)(x − 42) = 0
 x=2 or, x = 42
But, x  42, as the side of the square is 44 m. Therefore, x = 2.
Hence, the width of the gravel path is 2 meters.
2x 1 3x + 9
Example : Solve : + + = 0.
x − 3 2x + 3 (x − 3)(2x + 3)
Sol. Obviously, the given equation is valid if x – 3  0 and 2x + 3  0.
Multiplying throughout by (x – 3) (2x – 3), we get
2x(2x + 3) + 1(x – 3) + 3x + 9 = 0
 4x2 + 10x + 6 = 0
 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
 (2x + 3) (x + 1) = 0
But 2x + 3  0, so we get x + 1 = 0.
This gives x = – 1 as the only Sol. of the given equation.
Example : For what value of k, (4 – k)x2 + (2k + 4)x + (8k + 1) is a perfect square.
Sol. The given equation is a perfect square,
If its discriminant is zero i.e. (2k + 4)2 – 4(4 – k) (8k + 1) = 0
 4(k + 2)2 – 4(4 – k) (8k + 1) = 0  4[(k + 2)2 – (4 – k) (8k + 1)] = 0
 [(k2 + 4k + 4) – (–8k2 + 31k + 4)] = 0  9k2 – 27k = 0
 9k (k – 3) = 0  k = 0 or k = 3
Hence, the given equation is a perfect square, if k = 0 or k = 3.
Example : If the roots of the equation a(b – c)x2 + b(c – a)x + c(a – b) = 0 are equal,
2 1 1
show that = + .
b a c
Sol. Since the roots of the given equations are equal, so discriminant will be equal to zero.
 b2(c – a) 2 – 4a(b – c) . c(a – b) = 0
 b2 (c2 + a2 – 2ac) – 4ac(ba – ca – b2 + bc) = 0,
 b2c2 + b2a2 – 2b2 ac – 4a2bc + 4a2c2 + 4acb2 – 4c2ba = 0

 ab + bc – 2ac = 0
 ab + bc = 2ac
1 1 2
 + = [Dividing both sides by abc]
c a b
2 1 1
 = + .
b a c
Example : If the roots of the equation x2 – 8x + a2 – 6a = 0 are real and distinct, then find all
possible values of a.
Sol. Since the roots of the given equation are real and distinct, we must have D > 0
 64 – 4 (a2 – 6a) > 0
 4[16 – a2 + 6a] > 0
 –4(a2 – 6a – 16) > 0
 a2 – 6a – 16 < 0
 (a – 8) (a + 2) < 0
 –2<a<8
Hence, the roots of the given equation are real if ‘a’ lies between –2 and 8.
Example : The sum of the squares of two consecutive positive integers is 545. Find the integers.
Sol. : Let x be one of the positive integers. Then the other integer is x + 1, x  Z+
Since the sum of the squares of the integers is 545, we get
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 545
 2x2 + 2x – 544 = 0
 x2 + x – 272 = 0
 x2 + 17x – 16x – 272 = 0
 x(x + 17) – 16(x + 17) = 0
 (x – 16) (x + 17) = 0
 x = 16 or x = –17 But, x is a positive integer. Therefore, reject x = – 17 and take
x = 16. Hence, two consecutive positive integers are 16 and (16 + 1), i.e., 16 and 17.
Example : Swati can row her boat at a speed of 5 km/h in still water. If it takes her 1 hour more to
row the boat 5.25 km upstream than to return downstream, find the speed of the
stream.
Sol. Let the speed of the stream be x km/h
 Speed of the boat in upstream = (5 – x)km/h
Speed of the boat in downstream = (5 + x)km/h
5.25
Time, say t1 (in hours), for going 5.25 km upstream =
5−x
5.25
Time, say t2 (in hours), for returning 5.25 km downstream =
5+x
Obviously t1 > t2
Therefore, according to the given condition of the problem, t1 = t2 + 1
5.25 5.25
i.e., = +1
5−x 5+x
 21  1 − 1  = 1
4 5−x 5+ x
 
 21 5 + x − 5 + x  = 4
 25 − x
 
2
 42x = 100 – 4x 2
 4x2 + 42x – 100 = 0

 2x2 + 21x – 50 = 0
 (2x + 25) (x – 2) = 0
−25
This gives x = 2, since we reject x = .
2
Thus, the speed of the stream is 2 km/h.
n(n + 1)
Example : The sum ‘S’ of first n natural number is given by the relation S = . Find n, if the
2
sum is 276.
Sol. We have
n(n + 1)
S= = 276
2
or n2 + n – 552 = 0
−1 + 1 + 2208 −1 − 1 + 2208
This gives n = ,
2 2
−1 + 2209 −1 − 2209
or n = ,
2 2
−1 + 47 −1 − 47
or n = ,
2 2
or n = 23, –24
We reject n = – 24, since –24 is not a natural number.
Therefore, n = 23.
EXERCISE -1
Level – 1
1. Find the value of m, if the sum of roots and product of roots of the equation:
(m+2)x2 + (m+1)x + m = 0 are equal.
2. Find the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations:

(i) 3x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 (ii) 2x2 – 6x - 9 = 10
(iii) x2 + 97 = 79 (iv) 31x2 – 41x = 21x – 31
3. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations:
(i) 9x2 – 5x – 4 = 0 (ii) 2x2 + 3x – 4 = 0 (iii) x2 – 2x = 0 (iv) 3x2 – 6 = 0
4. Find the value of k if −5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 15 = 0 and the quadratic
equation p(x2 + x) + k = 0 has equal roots.
5. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 6 and –6.
6. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0, then find the values of
(i) α2 + β2 (ii) α3 + β3 (iii) α4 + β4
7. If the equation x2 – (2 + m) x + (m2 – 4m + 4) = 0 has coincident roots, then find the possible values
of m.
1 1
8. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 +3x +7 = 0, then find the value of ( + ) α β
 
9. Solve x + x − 2 = 0.
2/3 1/3
10. The area of a right-angled triangle is 30 m2. If the base exceeds the altitude by 7m, then find the
length of hypotenuse.
11. If α and β are the roots of 3x2 + 4x + 5 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are (α + 5) and (β + 5)
12. If the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 differ by unity, then prove that p2 – 4q = 1.
x +1 x 34
13. Solve + = , x ≠ 0, –1.
x x + 1 15
x+3 x +1 1
14. Solve + = 3 , x ≠ 0, –2
x+2 x 3
1 1 1 1
15. Solve = + + , x ≠ 0, –(a+b)
(a + b + x) a b x
16. Find the solutions of x using quadratic formula:

(x2 + 3x + 2)2 – 8 (x2 + 3x) – 4 = 0
4
17. The difference of two numbers is 4. If the difference of their reciprocals is , find the two
21
numbers.
1 1 11
18. Find the roots of the quadratic equation − = , x ≠ 0,11.
x x − 11 30
19. If one root is equal to the square of the other root of the equation x2 + x – k = 0, what is the value of k?
Level 2
1. If b = 0, then ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is called ________ quadratic equation.
2. If we divide 8 into two parts such that their product is 15, then the parts are _______ and _______.
3. One side of a rectangle exceeds its other side by 2 cm. If its area is 24 cm 2 , then the length and
breadth are ________ and _______ respectively.
4. If the sum of a number and its reciprocal is 2, then the number is ________.
5. If we divide 4 into two parts such that the sum of their squares is 8, then the parts are ________ and
________.
6. If the product of two consecutive positive numbers is 20, then the numbers are _______ and ______.
7. The area of a right angled triangle is 32 sq. units. If its base is 4 times the altitude, then the altitude is
_________.
8. The diagonal of a rectangle is 5 units. If length is twice the breadth, then the length is ________.
9. The Sol. set of x 2 − 4x + 4  0 does not exist. (True/False)
10. The Sol. set of x 2 − 3x − 4  0 is __________.
11. The Sol. set of x 2 − 8x + 15  0 is __________.
12. The Sol. set of x 2 − 5x + 6  0 is _________.
13. The Sol. set of x 2 − x − 6  0 is __________.
14. If y = k k k k.......... where k  0; find the value of y in terms of k.
15. The equation ( m + 1) x 2 + 2mx + 5x + m + 3 = 0 has equal roots. Find the value of m
16. The denominator of a fraction exceeds the numerator by 3. The sum of the fraction and its
9
multiplicative inverse is 2 . Find the fraction.
28
17. Find the value of q 2 in terms of p and r so that the roots of the equation px 2 + qx + r = 0 are in the
ratio 3 : 4.
18. Find the values of x which satisfy the inequation x − 5  x 2 − 3x − 50 .
19. If x 4 − 17x 2 + 16 = 0, then find the sum of the squares of the roots.
20. Umesh and Varun are solving an equation of form x 2 + bx + c = 0 . In doing so, Umesh commits a
mistake in noting down the constant term and finds the roots as –3 and –12. And Varun commits a
mistake in noting down the coefficient of x and finds the roots as –27 and –2. If so, find the roots of
original equation.
1 2
21. Solve :  .
4x + 4 4x − 2
If − ( 4x + 27 )  ( x + 6 )  −4 ( 6 + x ) , then find all the integral values of x.

2
22.
23. Determine the values of x which satisfy the simultaneous inequations x 2 + 5x + 4  0 and
− x 2 − x + 42  0 .
24. Find the relation between a, b, c if the roots of the equation (a - b) x2 + (b – c) x + (c – a) = 0 are
equal.
25. Find the condition that one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 may be double of the other.
26. If the ratio of roots of the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 be equal to the ratio of roots of
x2 + nx + m = 0, then prove that p2m = n2q.
27. Some students planned for a picnic. The budget for food was Rs. 480. But eight of these failed to go
and thus the cost of food for each member increased by Rs. 10. How many students attended the
picnic?
28. One-fourth of a herd of camels was seen in the forest. Twice the square root of the herd had gone to
mountains and the remaining 15 camels were seen on the bank of the river. Find the total number of
camels.
29. Find the whole number which when decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the reciprocal of the
number.
30. A piece of cloth costs Rs.35. If the piece were 4 m longer and each metre costs Re.1 less, the cost
would remain unchanged. How long is the piece?
31. A two–digit number is such that the product of the digits is 12. When 36 is added to the number the
digits interchange their places. Determine the number.
32. Ashu is x years old while his mother Mrs. Veena is x2 years old. Five years hence Mrs. Veena will be
three times as old as Ashu. Find their present ages.
33. In a class test, the sum of Shefali’s marks in Mathematics and English is 30. Had she got 2 marks
more in Mathematics and 3 marks less in English, the product of their marks, would have been 210.
Find her marks in the two subjects.
34. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 60 meters more than the shorter side. If the longer side is 30
meters more than the shorter side, find the sides of the field?
35. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m, find the sides
of the two squares.
3
36. The sum of two numbers p and q is 15, and the sum of their reciprocals is .
10
Find the number p and q.
37. A fast train takes 2 hours less than a slow train for a journey of 600 km. If the speed of the of the
slow train is 10 km/hr. less than that of the fast trains, find the speed of the two trains.
1
38. Two pipes running together can fill a cistern in 3 minutes. If one pipe takes 3 minutes more than
13
the other to fill it, find the time in which each pipe would fill the cistern.
39. The perimeter of a right triangle is 60 cm. Its hypotenuse is 25 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
40. The speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/hr. It can go 30 km upstream and return downstream to the
original point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.
EXERCISE -2
Level -1
1. If one root of 5x2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other then k =
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
2. The roots of the equation x2 – x – 3 = 0 are

(a) Imaginary (b) Rational (c) Irrational (d) None of these
3. The difference between two numbers is 5, difference of their squares is 65. The larger number is
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12
4. The sum of ages of a father and son is 45 years. Five years ago, the product of their ages was 4 times
the age of the father at that time. The present age of the father is
(a) 30 yrs (b) 31 yrs (c) 36 yrs (d) 41 yrs
5. If one of the roots of the quadratic equation is 2 + 3 then find the quadratic equation.
(a) x2 – (2 + 3 ) x+ 1 = 0 (b) x2 + (2 + 3 ) x + 1 = 0
(c) x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 (d) x2 + 4x – 1 = 0
6. Every quadratic polynomial can have at most

(a) three zeros (b) one zeros (c) two zeros (d) none of these
7. For ax2 + bx + c = 0 , which of the following statement is wrong?

(a) If b2 − 4ac is a perfect square, the roots are rational.
(b) If b2 = 4ac , the roots are real and equal.
(c) If b2 − 4ac is negative, no real roots exist.
(d) If b2 = 4ac , the roots are real and unequal.
8. The roots of the equation 9x2 − bx + 81 = 0 will be equal, if the value of b is

(a)  9 (b)  18 (c)  27 (d)  54
9. Which of the following is not a quadratic equation?

1
(a) 3x 2 − 5x + 9 (b) x + =1 , x 0 (c) x2 − 9x = 0 (d) x3 − 2x − 5 = 0
x
2
10. For what value of t is x = a Sol. of 7x2 + tx − 3 = 0
3
(a) –6 (b) –1/6 (c) 1/6 (d) 6
11. Roots of quadratic equation x2 − 3x = 0 , will be

(a) 3 (b) 0, –3 (c) 0, 3 (d) none of these
12. Value of D when root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and unequal will be
(a) D  0 (b) D > 0 (c) D < 0 (d) D = 0
13. If px2 + qx + r = 0 has equal roots, value of r will be

q2 q2 4p
(a) (b) − (c) (d) none of these
4p 4p q2
14. If equation 9x2 + 6px + 4 = 0 has equal roots, then both roots are equal to
2 3
(a)  (b) 3 (c)  (d) 0
1 2
15. The value of a such that x = 3 is a Sol. of the equation ax2 + 2x + 3 = 0 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
16. The roots of the equation 3x 2 − 2x + 3 = 0 are

(a) Real and distinct (b) Real and equal (c) Imaginary (d) Irrational and distinct
17. Find the sum and the product of the roots of the equation 3 x 2 + 27x + 5 3 = 0
(a) −9 3,5 (b) 9 3, 5 (c) 6 3, − 5 (d) 6 3, 5
 2 + 2
18. If  and  are the roots of the equation x 2 − 12x + 32 = 0, then find the value of
 +
−8 8 −20 20
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
19. Find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic expression, x 2 − 3x + 5 whichever exists
9 11
(a) The minimum value is (b) The minimum value is
10 4
9 11
(c) The maximum value is (d) The maximum value is
10 4
20. Find the values of x which satisfy the equation 3x + 7 − 2x + 3 = 1

(a) 2, –2 (b) 4, 3 (c) 5, –1 (d) 3, –1
21. If one of the roots of a quadratic equation having rational coefficients is 7 − 4, then the quadratic
equation is
(a) x 2 − 2 7 x − 9 = 0 (b) x 2 − 8x + 9 = 0 (c) x 2 + 8x + 9 = 0 (d) x 2 − 2 7x + 9 = 0
22. If the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are  and  , then the quadratic equation whose roots are
− and − is
(a) ax 2 − bx − c = 0 (b) ax 2 − bx + c = 0 (c) ax 2 + bx − c = 0 (d) ax 2 − bx + 2c = 0
25
23. Find the sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation − x 2 − x + 25 = 0
3
25 −25 25 −25
(a) , 25 (b) , 25 (c) , − 25 (d) , − 25
3 3 3 3
24. For what value of k is one root of the quadratic equation 9x 2 − 18x + k = 0 double the other?
(a) 36 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 8
25. If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c such that x does not lie between 
and  , then
(a) a > 0 and ax 2 + bx + c  0 (b) ax 2 + bx + c  0 and a < 0
(c) a > 0 and ax 2 + bx + c  0 (d) Both (b) and (c)
26. Find the nature of the roots of the equation 4x 2 − 2x − 1 = 0

(a) Real and equal (b) Rational and unequal
(c) Irrational and unequal (d) Imaginary
27. The Sol. of the inequation, 15x 2 − 31x + 14  0 is given by

7  2 7 7 
(a) x   ,   (b)  x  (c) x   ,   (d) x  R
5  3 5 5 
28. Find the range of the values of x which satisfy the inequation, x 2 − 7x + 3  2x + 25 .
(a) ( −2,11) (b) ( 2,11)
(c) ( −, −1)  ( 2,11) (d) (−8, −2) [11, )
29. If A and B are the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 − 12x + 27 = 0 , then A3 + B3 is _________.
(a) 27 (b) 729 (c) 756 (d) 64
30. If the quadratic equation ( a 2 − b2 ) x 2 + ( b2 − c2 ) x + ( c2 − a 2 ) = 0 has equal roots, then which of the
following is true?
(a) b 2 + c 2 = a 2 (b) b 2 + c 2 = 2a 2 (c) b 2 − c 2 = 2a 2 (d) a 2 = b 2 + 2c 2
1 10
31. What are the values of x which satisfy the equation, 5x − 6 + = ?
5x − 6 3
11 11 11
(a) 3 (b) 4, (c) (d) 3,
9 9 9
Level -2
1. If x2 + 5px + 16 has no real roots, then

8 −8 8 −8
(a) p  (b) p (c) p  (d) none of these
5 5 5 5
2. The value of p for equation 2x2 − 4x + p = 0 to have real roots will be

(a) p  –2 (b) p  2 (c) p  2 (d) p  –2
3. Which of the following has real roots?

(a) x2 + 2 3x − 1 = 0 (b) x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 (c) x2 − x + 1 = 0 (d) 3x 2 − 2x + 2
4. If p = 1 and q = –2 are roots of equation x2 − px + q = 0 , then quadratic equation will be

(a) x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 (b) x2 + x − 2 = 0 (c) x2 − 2x + 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 2 = 0
5. Positive value of p for which equation x2 + px + 64 = 0 and x2 − 8x + p = 0 will both have real roots
will be
(a) p  16 (b) p  16 (c) p = 16 (d) none of these
6. If the equation x2 − kx + 1, have no real roots, then

(a) –2 < k < 2 (b) –3 < k < 3 (c) k > 2 (d) k < –2
7. Two numbers differ by 4 and their product is 192. The numbers are
(a) 12, 16 (b) 10, 14 (c) 11, 15 (d) 13, 18
8. The values of k for which the equation x2 – 4x + k = 0 has distinct real roots is
(a) k < 4 (b) k > 4 (c) k = 4 (d) k is undefined
9. If –4 is a root of the quadratic equation x2 + px – 4 = 0 and the quadratic equation x2 + px + k = 0

has equal roots, the value of k is
3 5 7 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
10. A two digit number is four times the sum and three times the product of its digits. The number is
(a) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25
11. One year ago, a man was 8 times as old as his son. Now his age is equal to the square of his son’s
age. their present ages are
(a) 7 years, 49 years (b) 8 years, 48 years (c) 9 years, 50 years (d) 10 years, 51 years
12. The quadratic equation whose roots are twice the roots of 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 is
(a) 8x2 – 10x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
(c) 2x – 5x + 2 = 0
2
(d) x2 – 10x + 6 = 0
13. The perimeter of a rectangle is 82 m and its area is 400 m2. The length of its diagonal is
(a) 880 (b) 881 (c) 882 (d) 883
1
14. If x = , the x =
1
x+
1
x+
x+ ... 
1 1
(a)  (b)  (c) 0 (d) 1
2 2
x −1 x − 3 1
15. The values of x satisfying the equation is + = 3 ; x  2,4
x−2 x−4 3
3 5 7 9
(a) 3, (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) 9,
2 2 2 2
16. Which of the following equations has no real roots :

(a) x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 (b) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 (c) x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0
1
17. If x = 7 + 4 3 , then x + =?
x
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 14
18. If x = 1 + 1 + 1 + ..... , then x is equal to

1+ 5 1− 5 1 5 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
1
19. If x = then x =
1
1+
1
1+
1+. . .
1− 5 −1 − 5 −1 + 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2
 
20. If ,  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then + =
a + b a + b
2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) −
a b c a
x+3
21. The values of x of which  0 are _________.
x − 3x − 54
2
(a) (−6, −3] ( −1,6 ) (b)  −6, −3  9,   (c) ( −6, −3)  ( 9,  ) (d) ( −6,  )
The values of x for which −2x − 4  ( x + 2 )  −2x − 1 is satisfied are

2
22.
(a)  −5, −1 (b)  −5, 0
(c)  −5, −4   −2, −1 (d)  −5, −4   −2, −1
x 2 + x − 12
23. If 2  0 , then x lies in _________.
x − 3x + 2
(a) ( −4,3) (b) ( −4, 2 ) (c)  −4,1   2,3 (d) ( −4,1)  ( 2,3)
24. If x 2 − 4x + 3  0 and x 2 − 6x + 8  0, then ________.

(a) x  3 (b) x  4 (c) 3  x  4 (d) 1  x  2
25. Find the product of the roots of x 2 + 8x − 16 = 0

(a) 8 (b) −8 (c) 16 (d) −16
26. For what value of x : −3x 2 + 5x − 12 has maximum value?

5 5 5 5
(a) − (b) (c) − (d)
3 6 6 3
27. If the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 − 2kx + 2k 2 − 4 = 0 are real, then the range of the values of k
is _________.
(a)  −2, 2 (b)  −, −2   2,  (c)  0, 2 (d) None of the above
28. Find the value of 30 + 30 + 30 + .......

(a) 6 (b) −5 (c) Either (a) or (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
29. If y 2 + 6y − 3m = 0 and y2 − 3y + m = 0 have a common root, then find the possible values of m.
27 −81 81 27
(a) 0, − (b) 0, (c) 0, (d) 0,
16 16 16 16
30. Find the values of y which satisfy the quadratic inequalities y2 + 5y + 4  0 and y 2 − 2y − 15  0
(a) −1  y  5 (b) −4  y  −3 (c) Either (a) or (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
y2 − y − 6
31. If 2  0, then which of the following is true?
y +y−2
(a) 1  y  2 (b) −3  y  −2 (c) Either (a) or (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

M-10-T1-03 Quadratic Equation PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

M-10-T1-03 Quadratic Equation PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

67

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS X- Mathematics

QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL & IT’S ZEROS

ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

SOLUTIONS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

(ii) BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE:

CASE I: If D > 0, we get D = k (say)

CASE IV: When D is a perfect square and a, b, c ∈ Q i.e., D = k2 or D = k,

CASE VI: When a = 1 and b, c ∈ I and D is a perfect square

Consider the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 having  ,  as its roots; D = b2 – 4ac

a,b,c  R & D  0 a,b,c  R & D  0

a,b,c  Q & a,b,c  Q &

CONSTRUCTING A QUADRATIC EQUATION

CONSTRUCTING A NEW QUADRATIC EQUATION BY CHANGING THE ROOTS

MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM VALUE OF A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

SIGN OF THE ROOTS

Some Important Formulae:

This gives rise to the following cases:

(iii) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

(iv) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

(vi) a  0 and b 2 − 4ac  0

3.2 Sign of Quadratic Expression

Example: Which of the following are Quadratic Equations?

Example: Find k for which the equation (k + 5) x2 + 2 (k + 5) x + 2 = 0 has equal roots.

Example : Find the roots of the equation x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0

Example : Find the roots of the equation 4x 2 − 13x + 10 = 0

Example : Find the roots of the equation 26x 2 − 43x + 15 = 0

 26x 2 − 13x − 30x + 15 = 0

Example : Discuss the nature of the roots of the equation 4x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0

Example : Solve for x : 3x +1 + 32x +1 = 270

 3.3x + 32x.3 = 270

Example: Solve the inequality x 2 + x − 6  0

Example: Solve for x; x 2 − 4x + 3  0

We know that ( x + 3)  0x  R ,

Example : Check whether the following equations are quadratic or not.

Since, it is of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a  0

Since x = 2 is a Sol. of the equation

Now substituting x = – 2 in (i), we get

Example : Solve : a2b2x2 + b2x – a2x – 1 = 0

Example : Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method:

Example : Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method:

RHS is negative but  x +  cannot be negative for any real values of x.

Adding   on both sides we have

Example : Solve the equation x2 – ( 3 + 1) x + 3 = 0 by the method of completing the square.

Here, a = k − 12, b = 2(k − 12) and c = 2

 D = 4(k − 12){(k − 12) − 2}

 D = 4(k − 12)(k − 14)

The given equation will have equal roots, if

Example : If – 4 is a root of equation x2 + px – 4 = 0 and the equation x2 + px + q = 0 has equal

 bcx2 + (b2 + ac)x + ab = 0

Sol. ,  satisfy x2 = 5x – 3 i.e., x2 – 5x + 3 = 0

 Sum = + = = = = and product = 1

 (p – 0) (p – 1) < 0 i.e. 0 < p < 1

Example : If x2 – 3x + 2 is a factor of x4 – px2 + q = 0, then the value of p and q are

Example : Solve 5x2 – 6x + 8 – 5x2 – 6x – 7 = 1

Sol. Let 5x 2 − 6x = y . Then

Example : Solve the equation : 12x4 – 56x3 + 89x2 – 56x + 12 = 0.

Example : Solve the equation : (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 8) (x + 12) = 4x2

 ( y + 15)( y + 10) = 0  y = −15, −10

Example : Evaluate 6 + 6 + 6 +..........∞

Example : Solve 5(x + 1) + 5(2 – x) = 53 + 1

 5y(y – 25) – 1(y – 25) = 0  (y – 25) (5y – 1) = 0

If y – 25 = 0, then y = 25, i.e., 5x = 25 or 5x = 52  x = 2