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Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran

 References
Ref 1 – Get it issued from the library Ref 2

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 2

 Session 1A: Focus
 Why Study Electronics?
◦ Future of Electronics
 Course Instructors
 References
 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
◦ Conduction and Valence bands
◦ Band gap
◦ Resistivity (ρ)

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 3

 Session 1B: Focus
 Insulators
 Thermal coefficient
 Semi-conductors
◦ Silicon (Si)
◦ Germanium (Ge)
◦ Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
 Intrinsic or Pure Silicon
◦ Free Carriers
◦ Generation and Recombination of Free
Carriers
◦ Life time of free carriers
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 Session 1C: Focus
 Comparison of Si, Ge and GaAs
◦ Energy Bandgap
◦ Intrinsic carriers
◦ Mobility
 Flow of Electrons and Holes
 n-type and p-type materials
◦ Extrinsic semiconductor material
◦ Why is doping needed?
◦ Doping of pentavalent impurities (n-type)
◦ Doping with trivalent impurities (p-type)
◦ Mobility of electrons and holes
Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 5
 Session 2A: Focus
 Are p-type and n-type Electrically Neutral?
 PN Junction Diode
◦ Construction
 PN Diode Characteristics
◦ With No Bias
◦ Diffusion Current
◦ Drift Current

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 6

 Session 2B: Focus
 No Bias: Diode
◦ Energy Band gap
 Diode Characteristic with Reverse Bias
◦ Band gap increase – With Reverse voltage
◦ Reverse Current – Minority carriers
◦ Surface Leakage Current
◦ Breakdown voltage
◦ Avalanche effect
◦ Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

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 Session 2C: Focus
 I-V Characteristics with Forward Bias
 Effects on I-V Characteristics, due to
◦ Increased temperature
◦ Increased doping of PN material
 Shockley’s Equation
◦ Actual Reverse Saturation Current
 Home Work Problem

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 Session 2D: Focus
 Is Diode a Linear Element?
 Ideal Vs Practical Diode Characteristics
◦ Ideal Diode
◦ Problems (with Ideal diode)
 Diode Resistances
◦ DC or Static Resistance
 Example Problem
◦ AC or Dynamic Resistance

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 Session 2E: Focus
 Power Dissipation and Power Rating
 Load line of a Diode
◦ Load lines for varying Load Resistance
◦ Load lines for varying Bias Voltage
 Various Diode Resistances
 Small-signal Model
◦ Significance of Small-signal Model
◦ Small-signal and Large-signal Conventions
 Peak, Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
voltage
◦ Root Mean Square (RMS) value derivation

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 Session 2F: Focus
 Small-signal Model
◦ AC or Dynamic Forward Resistance
 Large-signal Model
◦ Average AC or Dynamic Forward Resistance
 Summary of DC & AC Forward Diode Resistances
 Reverse Resistance
 Bulk or Body Resistance and Contact Resistance

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 Session 3A: Focus
 Diode Equivalent Circuits
◦ Piecewise Linear Model
◦ Simplified Model
 Frequency Sensitivity
◦ Impedance and Reactance
◦ Transition Capacitance
◦ Diffusion Capacitance
◦ Reverse Recovery Time
 Diode Specification Sheet
 Diode Notations or Symbols
 Diode Testing using DMM

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 Session 3B: Focus
 Derivation of rd (small-signal)
 Applications with Diodes
 Circuits with Diodes
◦ Problems
 Homework problem

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 Session 4A: Focus
 Zener Diodes Characteristics
 Avalanche Breakdown Vs Zener Breakdown
 Temperature Coefficient
◦ Negative: Zener Breakdown
◦ Positive: Avalanche Breakdown
 Practical Circuits with Zener Diodes
◦ Voltage Regulator

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 Session 4B: Focus
 Practical Circuits with Zener Diodes
◦ Voltage Regulator with Load
 Zener Diode Piece-wise Model
 Analysis of Circuits with Multiple Diodes
◦ Verifying various Assumptions
 Problem 1
 Problem 2

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 Session 5A: Focus
Study of Different Special-Purpose Diodes
 Light-Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Invention of LEDs
 Theory of LED operation
 Semiconductor materials used in LEDs
 Applications of LEDs
◦ Opto-isolators and Optical Couplers
 LEDs Advantages
 LEDs Disadvantages

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 Session 5B: Focus
Study of Different Special-Purpose Diodes
 PIN Diodes
 Laser Diodes

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 Session 5C: Focus
Study of Different Special-Purpose Diodes … continued.
 Photovoltaic and Photoelectric Effects
◦ Cathode Ray Tube
 Photo Diodes
 Solar Cells

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 Session 5D: Focus
Study of Different Special-Purpose Diodes … continued.
 Schottky Diode
 Varactor
 Tunnel Diode
 Summary of Diodes
◦ Summary of Diode Symbols

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 Session 6A: Focus
 Power Distribution
 Voltage Transformer
 Mutual Induction
 Core Construction
◦ Laminated Core
 Single Phase Transformer
 Transformer Principle
◦ Transformer Equations
◦ In-phase and out-of-phase
◦ Multiple Windings
◦ Center tapped - corrected
 Transformer Basics Summary
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 Session 6B: Focus
 Transformer
◦ Dot conventions
◦ Center-tapped
 Rectifier Circuits
◦ AC to DC Conversion
 Half-wave Rectifier
◦ Input and output waveforms

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 Session 6C: Focus
 Half-wave Rectifier
◦ Analysis – Using Ideal Diode
◦ Analysis – Using First Approximation
◦ Diode Specifications
◦ Efficiency (will be covered in Session 6D)

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 Session 6D: Focus
 Half-wave Rectifier
◦ Efficiency
 Full-wave Rectifier
◦ Circuit
◦ Analysis
◦ PIV – Peak Inverse Voltage

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 Session 6E: Focus
 Bridge Rectifier
◦ Ideal Diode approximation
◦ Silicon Diodes
◦ PIV rating
◦ Output voltage

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 Session 6F: Focus
 Bridge Vs Center-tapped Rectifier
 VDC derivation (half-wave and full-wave)
 Comparison of various Rectifiers
 Problems 1 and 2

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 Session 7A: Focus
 Rectifier Stages
 Signal Composition
◦ Harmonics
◦ Fourier Series
◦ Square wave construction
 Signal Filters
 Capacitor Filters in Rectifiers
◦ Half-wave Rectifier with C

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 Session 7B: Focus
 Your Lab Activities: An Introspection
 Lab Rules
 Lab attendance
 Voltage Values on Transformer
 Capacitor Filters in Rectifiers - Homework
◦ Half-wave Rectifier
◦ Full-wave Rectifier
◦ Bridge Rectifier

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 Session 7C: Focus
 Capacitor Filters in Rectifiers
 Ripple voltage Calculation
◦ Half-wave Rectifier
◦ Full-wave Rectifier
 Home work
◦ Problem 1
◦ Problem 2

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 Session 8A: Focus
 Rectifier Diodes
 Small-signal Diodes
 Clippers
◦ Series and Parallel
◦ More than one Diode
◦ More than one DC Supply
 Homework: Series Clipper Circuit
◦ Analysis in the next class

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 29

 Session 8B: Focus
 Analysis of Series Clippers
◦ Steps in the analysis
◦ Transition voltage value
◦ On and off regions
 Problem 1: Series Clipper
 Parallel Clipper

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 30

 Session 8C: Focus
 Clamper Circuits
◦ RC Selection
 Clamper Circuit Analysis – Example 1
◦ Steps 1 to 5
 Example 2: Solution
 Home work Problem
◦ With Vk = 0.7 V

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 31

 Session 8D: Focus
 Clamper Circuits
◦ Practice problems 1 to 6

All the circuits in this session satisfy this condition:

Reference book 1
Figure 2.100 on Page 88:

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 Session 8E: Focus
 Voltage Multiplier Circuits
 Doubler Circuits
◦ Half-wave Doubler Circuit
◦ Full-wave Doubler Circuit
 Voltage Triper and Quadrupler Circuit

Reference book 1
Section 2.12, Pages 98 to 101

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 33

 Session 9A: Focus
 Invention of Transistors
 An Introduction
◦ Types and symbols
◦ Construction
◦ NPN Transistor
 NPN Base biasing

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 Session 9B: Focus
 NPN before and after Diffusion
 Biasing of Transistor
 Function of Transistor
 NPN Current flows explained

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 35

 Session 9C: Focus
 Transistor Currents (IB, IE and IC)
 Biasing of NPN and PNP transistors
 Control Function of Base
 Common-Emitter Configuration
 Current Gain (β)
 Double and Single Subscripts Conventions
 Problem 1: CE configuration
 Transistor cases and packages

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 36

 Session 9D: Focus
 Three basic configurations of Transistors
◦ CE, CB and CC
 Current Gains in Transistor
◦ α, β and γ
 Relationship between α, β and γ

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 Session 9E: Focus
 Three regions of Operation
◦ Cut-off
◦ Active
◦ Saturation
 IV characteristics of CE configuration
◦ Breakdown
◦ Active-linear

Electronics I – MIIT, Mandalay– Mouli Sankaran 38

 Tutorials Conducted: 1 to 13
 Tutorials are given together
 There were three theory classes every week
 And, one Tutorial class every week
◦ Problems were based on the topics covered in that week

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