Chapter 9

Circles
 Objectives
A. Recognize and apply terms
relating to circles.
B. Properly use and interpret the
symbols for the terms and
concepts in this chapter.
C. Appropriately apply the
postulates, theorems and
corollaries in this chapter.
D. Recognize circumscribed and inscribed polygons.
E. Prove statements involving circumscribed and inscribed
polygons.
F. Solve problems involving circumscribed and inscribed polygons.
G. Understand and apply theorems related to tangents, radii, arcs,
chords, and central angles.
 Section 9-1

Basic Terms: Tangents, Arcs and

Chords
Homework Pages 330-331:
1-18
 Objectives
A. Understand and apply the terms
circle, center, radius, chord,
secant, diameter, tangent, point of
tangency, and sphere.
B. Understand and apply the terms
congruent circles, congruent
spheres, concentric circles, and
concentric spheres.
C. Understand and apply the terms inscribed in a circle and
circumscribed about a polygon.
D. Correctly draw inscribed and circumscribed figures.
 Circular Logic

• On a piece of paper, accurately draw a circle.

• What method did you use to make sure you drew a circle?
 Circle  set of all coplanar points that are a given distance
(radius) from a given point (center).
– Basic Parts:
• Radius  Distance from the center of a circle to any
single point on the circle.
• Center  Point that is equidistant from all points on
the circle.
• Indicated by symbol 
– P  Circle with center P
• Contrast a circle to a sphere:
– Sphere  set of all points in space a given distance
(radius) from a given point (center)
 Circle

Center

Radius
 Lines and Line Segments Related to Circles

 Chord  segment whose endpoints lie on a circle.

 Diameter  a chord that passes through the center.
 Secant  line that contains a chord.
 Tangent  line in the plane of a circle that intersects the
circle at exactly one point.
 Point of Tangency  the point of intersection between a
circle and a tangent to the circle.
 Segments & Lines

Chord

Diameter

Secant

Tangent
Point of Tangency
 Circular Relationships

• Concentric circles  coplanar circles with the same center

• Concentric Spheres  spheres with the same center
• Congruent Circles  circles with congruent radii
• Congruent Spheres  spheres with congruent radii
Concentric Circles
Congruent Circles
 A Figure Within a Figure

 Circumscribed About A Polygon 

 Inscribed In a Circle 

all of the vertices of the polygon lie on a circle

 Circumscribed About A Polygon
 Inscribed In A Circle
 Sample Problems

1. Draw a circle and several parallel chords. What do you

think is true of the midpoints of all such chords?
 Sample Problems

3. Draw a right triangle inscribed in a circle. What do you

know about the midpoint of the hypotenuse? Where is the
center of the circle? If the legs of the right triangle are 6
and 8, find the radius of the circle.

6
 Sample Problems

5. The radii of two concentric circles are 15 and 7. A

diameter AB of the larger circle intersects the smaller
circle at C and D. Find two possible values for AC.
 Sample Problems

7. Draw a circle with an inscribed trapezoid.

 Sample Problems

Draw a circle and inscribe the polygon named.

9. a parallelogram
11. a quadrilateral PQRS with PR a diameter
 Sample Problems

For each draw a O with radius 12. Then draw OA and OB

to form an angle with the measurement given. Find AB.
13. m  AOB = 180 15. m  AOB = 120

17. Q and R are congruent circles that intersect at C and

D. CD is the common chord of the circles. What kind of
quadrilateral is QDRC? Why? CD must be the
perpendicular bisector of QR. Why? If QC = 17 and QR
= 30, find CD.
C

Q R

D
 Section 9-2

Tangents
Homework Pages 335-337:
1-18
Excluding 14
 Objectives
A. Understand and apply the terms
“external common tangent” and
“internal common tangent”.
B. Understand and apply the terms
“externally tangent circles” and
“internally tangent circles”.

C. Understand and apply theorems and corollaries dealing with the

tangents of circles.
 External Common Tangent

• External Common Tangent  a line that is tangent to two

coplanar circles and doesn’t intersect the segment joining
the centers of the circles.
 Internal Common Tangent
• Internal Common Tangent  a line that is tangent to two
coplanar circles and intersects the segment joining the
centers of the circles .
 Tangent Circles

• Externally Tangent Circles  coplanar circles that are

tangent to the same line at the same point and the centers
are on opposite sides of the line.
• Internally Tangent Circles  coplanar circles that are
tangent to the same line at the same point and the centers
are on the same side of the line.
 Externally Tangent Circles

Externally Tangent
Circles

Center
Center
 Internally Tangent Circles

Internally Tangent

Center
Center Point of Tangency
  Theorem 9-1

If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular

to the radius drawn to the point of tangency
  Theorem 9-1 Corollary 1

Tangents to a circle from a point are congruent.

 Theorem 9-2

If a line in a plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius at its

outer endpoint, then the line is tangent to the circle.

tangent line
 Sample Problems

JT is tangent to O at T. O
1. If OT = 6 and JO = 10, JT = ? K
3. If m TOJ = 60 and OT = 6, JO = ?
J T

5. The diagram shows tangent lines and circles. Find PD.

A 8.2 P
D
B C
 Sample Problems

7. What do you think is true of the common external tangents

AB and CD? Prove it. Will the results to this question still
be true if the circles are congruent?

B
A

C
D
 Sample Problems

9. Draw O with perpendicular radii OX and OY. Draw

tangents to the circle at X and Y. If the tangents meet at Z,
what kind of figure is OXZY? Explain. If OX = 5, find
OZ.
11. Given: RS is a common internal tangent to A and B.
Explain why AC  RC
BC SC

A B
C
S
 Sample Problems

13. State the theorem which would describe the relationship

between the planes tangent to a sphere at either end of a
diameter.
15. PA, PB, and RS are tangents. Explain why
PR + RS + SP = PA + PB

A
R

C P

S
B
 Sample Problems

17. JK is tangent to P and Q. JK = ?

J

P 11 3 3 Q
 Sample Problems

19. Given two tangent circles; EF is a common external

tangent. Prove something about G. Prove something
about  EHF.
E
G
F

H
 Section 9-3

Arcs and Central Angles

Homework Pages 341-342:
1-20
Excluding 12
 Objectives
A. Understand and apply the term
“central angle”.
B. Understand and apply the terms
“major arc”, “minor arc”,
“adjacent arcs”, “congruent arcs”,
and “intercept arc”.

C. Understand and utilize the Arc Addition Postulate.

D. Understand and apply the theorem of congruent minor arcs.
 Central Angle  an angle whose vertex lies on the center
of a circle.

Central Angle
 Not Noah’s ‘Arc’

 Arc  an unbroken part of a circle.

• Types of arcs:
• Major arc
• Minor arc
• Adjacent arcs
• Congruent arcs
• Intercepted arc (covered in section 9-5)
• The symbol for the measurement of an arc is:

mAB  measurement of arc AB

Adjacent Arcs  arcs of the same circle that have exactly one
point in common .
 Congruent Arcs  arcs in the same circle or congruent circles
that have the same measurement.

Congruent Same
Length
Arcs
 Intercepted Arc  the arc between the sides of an
inscribed angle

Intercept Arc

Inscribed
Angle
Minor Arc  an unbroken part of a circle that measures less
the 180°.
Measure of a minor arc = measure of its central angle.

79

Measure of a minor arc = 79

Major Arc  an unbroken part of a circle that measures more
than 180° and less than 360°.
Measure of major arc = 360 - measure of the minor arc

360 109  251

109
Semicircle  an unbroken part of a circle that measures
exactly 180 degrees.

Semicircle  arcs whose endpoints are the endpoints of a

diameter.
  Postulate 16 – Arc Addition Postulate

The measure of the arc formed by two adjacent arcs is

the sum of the measures of these two arcs.

A   
mAB  m BC  mAC
C
  Theorem 9-3

In the same circle or congruent circles, two minor arcs are

congruent if and only if their central angles are congruent.
 Sample Problems
Find the measure of the central  1.
1. 85° 3.

1
1
150°

240°
5.

68° 1
 Sample Problems

7. At 11 o’clock the hands of a clock form an angle of ?

  
9. Draw a circle. Place points A, B and C on it in such
positions that mA B  mB C  mA C
 Sample Problems

OC, OB, and OA are all radii.

C So OC = OB = OA
If mCOB  42, then mCOA  138.

O Since OC  OA, then AOC is isosceles.

A B
Since AOC is isosceles, mACO  mCAO.

mAOC  mCAO  mACO  180

D
138  (2  mCAO )  180
(2  mCAO )  42
mCAO  21
 Sample Problems

 70 60 66 60 p


mC B C
30 28 ? ? q
mB D O
A B
mCOD ? ? 100 ? ?
D
mCAD ? ? ? 52 ?
 Sample Problems
W
 
15. Given: WZ is a diameter of O;
mW X  mX Y  n O X
Prove: m  Z = n

Z Y
The latitude of a city is given. Find the radius of this circle of
latitude.
17. Milwaukee, Wisconsin; 43°N
19. Sydney, Australia; 34°S
 Section 9-4

Arcs and Chords

Homework Pages 347-348:
1-22
Objectives
A. Understand the term ‘arc of a
chord’.
B. Understand and apply theorems
relating arcs and chords to circles.
C. Use the theorems related to arcs
and chords to solve problems
involving circles.
 Arc of a Chord

• Arc of a Chord  the minor arc created by the endpoints

of the chord.
Arc of a
Chord
Chord
  Theorem 9-4
In the same circle or congruent circles:
(1) Congruent arcs have congruent chords.
(2) Congruent chords have congruent arcs.
  Theorem 9-5

A diameter that is perpendicular to a chord

bisects the chord and its arc.
  Theorem 9-6
In the same circle or congruent circles:
(1) Chords equally distant from the center (or centers) are congruent.
(2) Congruent chords are equally distant from the center (or centers).

A E

B F
D
AB = CD = EF
 Sample Problems
Y
M OMY is a pattern right triangle.
3 5
X Therefore, MY  4.
O
A diameter that is perpendicular to a
chord bisects the chord and the arc.
1. XY = ?
XY = 2MY = 2(4) = 8
 Sample Problems

O R

T
S
3. OT = 9, RS = 18
OR = ?
 Sample Problems
A
B
A
B O

O
C D
C

5. mB C ?
D
360  120
3
 80
 Sample Problems

A B

7. m  AOB = 60; AB = 24
OA = ? A M B

O C
D N
9. AB = 18; OM = 12
ON = 10; CD = ?
 Sample Problems

11. Sketch a circle O with radius 10 and chord XY, 8. How

far is the chord from O?
13. Sketch a circle P with radius 5 and chord AB that is 2 cm
from P. Find the length of AB.

 
15. Given:  J   K
Prove: J Z  K Z
Z

J K
 Sample Problems

K
17. OJ = 10, JK = ?

O 120°

19. A plane 5 cm from the center of a sphere intersects the

sphere in a circle with diameter 24 cm. Find the diameter
of the sphere.
21. Use trigonometry to find the measure of the arc cut off by
a chord 12 cm long in a circle of radius 10 cm.
 Section 9-5

Inscribed Angles
Homework Pages 354-356:
1-24 (no 14)
 Objectives
A. Understand and apply the terms
“inscribed angle” and “intercepted
arc”.
B. Understand and apply the
theorems and corollaries
associated with inscribed angles
and intercepted arcs of circles.

C. Use the theorems and corollaries associated with inscribed

angles and intercepted arcs to solve problems involving circles.
  Inscribed Angle
Inscribed Angle  an angle whose vertex lies on a circle
and whose sides contain chords of the circle.

Inscribed
Chords Angle

Vertex
  Intercepted Arc
Intercepted Arc  an arc formed on the interior of an angle.

Intercepted
Arc

Inscribed
Angle
  Theorem 9-7

The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to

half the measure of its intercepted arc.

½(x )

x
  Theorem 9-7 Corollary 1

If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc,

then the angles are congruent.
  Theorem 9-7 Corollary 2

An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

  Theorem 9-7 Corollary 3

If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle,

then its opposite angles are supplementary.

B
m  A + m  C = 180
m  B + m  D = 180

A
C

D
  Theorem 9-8
The measure of an angle formed by a chord and a tangent is
equal to half the measure of the intercepted arc.

1
m  ABC = m A B

2
A

C
 Sample Problems
100° What else do you know?
1. Is there a diameter?
z° x° What is the measure of a semicircle?
y° 100° + x° + 50° = 180° Why? x° = 30°
What else do you know?
O 50° The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to
half the measure of its intercepted arc.
y° = ( ½ ) 50°  y° = 25°
z° = ( ½ ) 30°  z° = 15°

3. What else do you know?

x° y° If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle,
z° then its opposite angles are supplementary.
70° + x° = 180°  x° = 110°
80° 80° + y° = 180°  y° = 100°
70° What else do you know?
120° + z° = 2(x°) Why?
120° 120° + z° = 2(110°)  z° = 100°
 Sample Problems
What else do you know?
Why?
5. z° + z° + 50° = 180° Why?
z° = 65° Why?
y° 50° What else do you know?
Why?
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to
z° z° half the measure of its intercepted arc.
What else do you know?
x° The measure of an angle formed by a chord
and a tangent is equal to half the measure of
the intercepted arc.
100° x° = ( ½ ) 100°  x° = 50°
y° = ?
z° = ( ½ ) y°  65° = ( ½ ) y°  y° = 130°
 Sample Problems
What else do you know?
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle,
then its opposite angles are supplementary.
y°
7. x° + 76° = 180°  x° = 104°
What else do you know?
x° 76° In the same or congruent circles,
y° congruent chords have congruent arcs.
What else do you know?
z°
2x° = y° + y° Why? y° = 104° Why?
What else do you know?
The measure of an angle formed by a chord and a tangent is
equal to half the measure of the intercepted arc.
z° = ( ½ ) y°  z° = ( ½ ) 104°  z° = 52°
 Sample Problems

What else do you know?

Why?
What else do you know?
z° The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to
9. half the measure of its intercepted arc.
x° x° = ( ½ ) 100°  x° = 50°

y° y° = ?
( ½ ) y° = x°  ( ½ ) y° = 50°  y° = 100°
x°
z° = ?
z° = ( ½ ) (360° - (100°+ 90° + 100°)) Why?
90° z° = 35°
 Sample Problems

17. Draw an inscribed quadrilateral ABCD and its diagonals

intersecting at E. Name two pairs of similar triangles.
 Sample Problems

ABCD is an inscribed quadrilateral.

19. m  A = x, m  B = 2x, m  C = x + 20. Find x and
m  D.
  
21. m  D = 75, mA B  x 2 , mB C  5x and mC D  6x.
Find x and m  A.
23. Equilateral  ABC is inscribed in a circle. P and Q are
midpoints of arcs BC and CA respectively. What kind of
figure is quadrilateral AQPB? Why?
 Section 9-6

Other Angles
Homework Pages 359-360:
1-24
 Objectives
A. Understand and apply the theorem
relating to two chords intersecting
inside of a circle.
B. Understand and apply the theorem
relating two secants, two tangents
or a secant and a tangent of a
circle.

C. Use these theorems to solve problems relating to circles.

  Theorem 9-9
The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect inside
a circle is equal to half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
C
A
 
mAB  m C D
x
x 2
D

B
  Theorem 9-10
The measure of the angle formed by two secants, two tangents or
a secant and a tangent drawn from a point outside a circle is equal
to half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
A A B
A

B
C
C
x
D x x


B C
 
mAB  m C D
 
mAB  m B C

mA B C  m A C
x x x
2 2 2
 Hints to help you remember these theorems!

• If the vertex of the angle in question is INSIDE of the circle, ADD the
intercepted arcs and divide by two to get the measure of the angle.
• Can a measure of an angle EVER be negative?
• If the vertex of the angle in question is OUTSIDE of the circle,
SUBTRACT the smaller intercepted arc from the larger intercepted arc
and divide the result by two to get the measure of the angle.
ADD! SUBTRACT! A
R U B

S T
T C
 mRT  mUS   mCT  mBT 
m1    mA   
 2  2
   
 Sample Problems 1- 10: Find the measure of each angle.
What should you do first? B Z

BZ is a tangent line. 9 10 m1  90

m9  ? 90° m3  25
AC is a diameter. m5  55
m AB  ? m9  90
m BC  90
m7  35
m CD  30
m1  ? 1 8 C
m DE  20 A 3 m3  ? O 4
What type of angle
30°
is angle 1? m5  ? 5
What type of 6 D
angle is angle 3?
1
1 m  5    90   20 
2 20°
m3     30  20   72 1 
    
2
m   90 20
2 E
Where is the Where is the 7 m7  ?
vertex of angle 5? vertex of angle 7?
 Sample Problems
Complete.
R
11. If m RT  80 and mUS  40, U
then m  1 = ?
80°
70° 50° 1 40°
13. If m 1  50 and m RT  70,
then mUS  ? T S
# 11 # 13
What should you do first? What should you do first?
Where is the vertex of the angle? Where is the vertex of the angle?
The measure of an angle formed by The measure of an angle formed by
two chords that intersect inside a two chords that intersect inside a
circle is equal to half the sum of the circle is equal to half the sum of the
measures of the intercepted arcs. measures of the intercepted arcs.
m RT  mUS 80  40 m RT  mUS 70  mUS
m1    60 m1  50 
2 2 2 2
100  70  mUS mUS  30
 Sample Problems A
Segment AT is a tangent line.
B
15. If mCT  110 and m BT  50,
50°
then m  A = ?

C T

110°
# 15
What should you do first?
mCT  m BT 110  50
What else do you know? m A    30
What type of lines contain segments AC 2 2
and AT? Where is vertex of the angle?
The measure of the angle formed by two
secants, two tangents or
a secant and a tangent drawn from a
point outside a circle is equal
to half the difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.
 Sample Problems A
Segment AT is a tangent line.
B 35°
17. If m  A  35 and mCT  110,
then mBT  ?

C T

110°
# 17
What should you do first?
mCT  m BT
What else do you know? m A 
What type of lines contain segments AC 2
and AT? Where is the vertex of the angle? 110  m BT
35 
The measure of the angle formed by two 2
secants, two tangents or 70  110  m BT
a secant and a tangent drawn from a
point outside a circle is equal m BT  40
to half the difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.
 Sample Problems
PX and PY are tangent segments. X
19. If mXY  90, Z
then mP  ?
P 90°

# 19
What should you do first?
What else do you know?
mXZY  ?
mXZY  360  mXY  360  90  270 the intercepted arcs.
Where is the vertex of the angle?
What else do you know?
Y
The measure of the angle formed by two
secants, two tangents or
a secant and a tangent drawn from a
point outside a circle is equal
to half the difference of the measures of
m XZY  m XY 270  90
m  P    90
2 2
 Sample Problems
PX and PY are tangent segments. X
21. If mP  65, Z
then mXY  ? P 65°

# 21
What should you do first?
What else do you know?
mXZY  ?
mXZY  360  mXY
Where is the vertex of the angle?
What else do you know?
Y
The measure of the angle formed by two
secants, two tangents or
a secant and a tangent drawn from a
point outside a circle is equal
to half the difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.
m XZY  m XY
m P 
2

65 
 360  mXY   m XY 130  360  2mXY 2mXY  230 mXY  115
2
 Sample Problems
23. A quadrilateral circumscribed about a circle has angles
80, 90, 94 and 96. Find the measures of the four non-
overlapping arcs determined by the points of tangency.
27. Write an equation
c°
involving a, b and c. b°
a°
 Section 9-7

Circles and Lengths of Segments

Homework Pages 364-366:
1-26
Objectives
A. Understand and apply theorems
relating the product of segments
of chords, secants, and tangents of
a circle.
B. Use these theorems to solve
problems involving circles.
  Theorem 9-11
When two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of the
segments of one chord equals the product of the segments of
the other chord.

x
a (a) (b) = (x) (y)
b
y
  Theorem 9-12
When two secants are drawn to a circle from an external point,
the product of one secant segment and its external segment equals
the product of the other secant segment and its external segment.

a
b
y

x (a) (b) = (x) (y)

  Theorem 9-13
When a secant segment and a tangent segment are drawn to a circle
from an external point, the product of the secant segment and its
external segment equals the square of the tangent segment

a
b
(a) (b) = x2

x
 Sample Problems – Solve for x.
1. # 1 What else do you know?
5 When two chords intersect inside a circle, the
4 x product of the segments of one chord equals the
product of the segments of the other chord.
8 4(x) = 5(8) x = 10

3. # 3 What else do you know?

When a secant segment and a tangent segment are
4 drawn to a circle from an external point, the
product of the secant segment and its external
segment equals the square of the tangent segment.

3 x2  7  3
x  21
x
 Sample Problems – Solve for x.
5. 3 5 # 5 What else do you know?

When two secants are drawn to a circle from an

4 external point, the product of one secant segment
and its external segment equals the product of the
x other secant segment and its external segment.
(8)(5) = (4 + x)(4) 40 = 16 + 4x 24 = 4x x = 6

7. # 7 What else do you know?

When two secants are drawn to a circle from an
x external point, the product of one secant segment
and its external segment equals the product of the
other secant segment and its external segment.
6 5 (x)(5) = (10)(4) x=8

4
 Sample Problems – Solve for x.

9.
10

# 9 What else do you know?

3x x
When a secant segment and a tangent segment are
drawn to a circle from an external point, the
product of the secant segment and its external
segment equals the square of the tangent segment.

10  3x  x  x 
2

100   4x  x 
100  4x 2
25  x 2
x   25 x  5 x5
 Sample Problems

Chords AB and CD intersect at P. A

D
13. AP = 6, BP = 8, CD = 16 6

DP = ? P
8
# 13 What should you do first? 16
What else do you know? B
When two chords intersect inside a circle, the
C
product of the segments of one chord equals
the product of the segments of the other chord.
(6)(8) = (DP)(16 – DP) 48  16DP  DP2 Now what? DP2  16DP  48  0
b  b 2  4ac (16)  (16) 2  4(1)(48) 16  256  192
DP  DP  DP 
2a 2(1) 2
16  64 16  8 24 8
DP  DP  DP  or DP  12 or 4
2 2 2 2
 Sample Problems

Chords AB and CD intersect at P. A

D
15. AB = 12, CP = 9, DP = 4 4
BP = ? P
9
# 15 What should you do first? 12
What else do you know? B
When two chords intersect inside a circle, the
C
product of the segments of one chord equals
the product of the segments of the other chord.
(4)(9) = (BP)(12 – BP) 36  12BP  BP2 BP2  12BP  36  0
b  b 2  4ac (12)  (12) 2  4(1)(36)
BP  BP 
2a 2(1)
12  144  144 12
BP   6
BP 
2 2
 Sample Problems

Segment PT is tangent to the circle. T 6 P

3
17. PT = 6, PB = 3
AB = ? B
A D
# 17 What should you do first?
What else do you know?
When a secant segment and a tangent
segment are drawn to a circle from an C
external point, the product of the secant
segment and its external segment equals
the square of the tangent segment.
 6   3 AP  36  3AP AP  12
2

AP  AB  BP 12  AB  3 AB  9
 Sample Problems

Segment PT is tangent to the circle. T P

19. PD = 5, CD = 7, 11
B 5
AB = 11, PB = ?
A D
# 19 What should you do first?
What else do you know? 7

C
When two secants are drawn to a circle from an
external point, the product of one secant segment
and its external segment equals the product of the
other secant segment and its external segment.
 BP  AP    DP CP   BP 11  BP   512 11BP  BP2  60
BP2  11BP  60  0  BP  15 BP  4   0 BP  15 or 4
Can BP = -15? Can BP = 4? BP = 4
 Sample Problems

23. A bridge over a river has the shape of a circular arc. The
span of the bridge is 24 meters. The midpoint of the arc is
4 meters higher than the endpoints. What is the radius of
the circle that contains the arc.
 Chapter 9

Circles
Review
Homework Page 371:
2-16 evens