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REFLEX
Catacutan J., Francia J., Kunting A., Manuel K., Puño D.
INTRODUCTION
REFLEX
● Involuntary response to a
stimulus
● Protective mechanism
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
Sense Organ
Receptor
Afferent/Sensory Neuron
Afferent Nerve; sensory signals
Efferent/Motor Neuron
Efferent Nerve; instructional signals
Effector Organ
Muscle
Behavioral complexity
Evolution of polysynaptic reflex arcs
allowed for more complex behaviors
Spinal Cord
Classification of Reflexes
● Somatic Reflex
○ reflex arc formed by somatic
nerve fibers
○ involves skeletal muscles
● Visceral Reflex
○ Autonomic reflexes
○ Reflex arc formed by autonomic
nerve fibers
Type Erlanger-Gasser Diameter Myelin Conduction Associated sensory receptors Proprioceptors Mechanoreceptor Nociceptors and
Classification (µm) velocity s thermoreceptors
β Aβ
Branches of the
chemoreceptors in aorta and
aortic bodies: sends impulses to
the brain
Respiration
Efferent Neurons:
Activation of Hering-Breuer
reflex: reduced respiratory rate
● Proprioreceptors
● Retina of the eyes
Righting Reflex
Sensory Neuron:
● Vestibular apparatus
○ During angular acceleration, the
cupula inside the crista is
pushed by the endolymph to the
hair cells.
Vestibular apparatus from
○ The hair cells then stimulates
https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/86
the neurons that innervate /4086-004-EA855487.jpg
them
Righting Reflex
Effector Neuron:
● Motor neurons from the Median
Motor Column (MMC) innervating
the axial musculature
Righting Reflex
Effector Organ:
Axial musculature, such as the
postural muscles in the trunk
Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
9/fneur.2012.00042/full
Righting Reflex
Response:
● Movement of postural
muscles to correct posture
Toad Response
Normal : rights itself, stays upright
Single Pithed : little to no movement
Retrieved from
Double Pithed : no movement https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
9/fneur.2012.00042/full
SWIMMING and JUMPING MOVEMENTS
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Stimulation:
● Hydrostatic pressure
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Sense Organ:
● Mechanoreceptors on
skin
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Centers:
● Cortical association
areas
● Lateral cerebral
hemispheres
● Pre-motor and motor
cortex
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Tracts:
● Corticospinal and
corticobulbar tracts
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Target Organ:
● Muscles on limbs
SWIMMING MOVEMENT
Response:
● Toad swims
JUMPING MOVEMENT
JUMPING MOVEMENT
Stimulation:
● Presence of predator
or prey
JUMPING MOVEMENT
Sense Organ:
● Mechanoreceptors on
the skin
● Eyes
JUMPING MOVEMENT
Response:
● Toad jumps
BLINK REFLEX
BLINK REFLEX
Stimulation:
● Irritation of the cornea or
of the conjunctiva
BLINK REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Cornea
● Conjunctiva
BLINK REFLEX
Afferent Neuron:
● Trigeminal Nerve (V)
○ Opthalmic branch
■ Nasociliary nerve
Center:
● Pons
BLINK REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
○ Temporal and
zygomatic branches
BLINK REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Orbicularis oculi
BLINK REFLEX
Response:
● Blinking
AUDITORY REFLEX
AUDITORY REFLEX
Stimulation:
Acoustic reflex threshold
● Lowest level of sound
intensity of a certain
frequency
AUDITORY REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Organ of Corti
○ Hair cells
AUDITORY REFLEX
Afferent Neuron:
● Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (VIII)
○ Auditory nerve
AUDITORY REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
AUDITORY REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Stapedius muscle
● Tensor tympani muscle
AUDITORY REFLEX
Response:
● Contraction of
stapedius and tensor
tympani muscles
AUDITORY REFLEX
Response:
General Acoustic Reflex
● Blinking
● Movement away from
direction of source
● Jerking of Body
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL REFLEX
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Stimulation:
Acoustic reflex threshold
● Lowest level of sound
intensity of a certain
frequency
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Organ of Corti
○ Hair cells
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Afferent Neuron:
● Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (VIII)
○ Auditory nerve
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Facial Nerve (VII)
○ Temporal and
zygomatic branches
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Orbicularis oculi
COCHLEOPALPEBRAL
REFLEX
Response:
● Blinking
MUSCULAR TENSION
MUSCULAR TENSION
Description:
Muscle Tone
● Resistance of a muscle to
stretch
○ Hypertonic (spastic) muscle;
high resistance to stretch
○ Flaccid muscle; little resistance
to stretch
MUSCULAR TENSION
Stimulus:
● Stretching of Skeletal
Muscle
MUSCULAR TENSION
Sense Organ:
● Muscle Spindle
detects changes in the
length of muscle
MUSCULAR TENSION
Afferent Neuron:
● Ia sensory fibers
● Ib sensory fibers
MUSCULAR TENSION
Effector Neuron:
● ⍺ motor neurons
● β motor neurons
● motor neurons
MUSCULAR TENSION
Effector Organ
● Skeletal Muscles
MUSCULAR TENSION
Response:
● Contraction of the Muscle
being stretched
Toad Response
Normal : firm muscles, resists
forced stretching
Single Pithed : less muscle tone and less
forelimb response
Double Pithed : no muscle tension and no
withdrawal
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Description
● Polysynaptic reflex
○ Reverberating circuit
○ Recruitment of motor neurons
● Protective reflexes
○ Protect the body from
nociceptic (harmful) stimuli
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Stimulation:
● Noxious Stimuli
○ Pain
■ Mechanical pressure
○ Temperature
■ Exceeding 45 degrees
celsius or by severe cold
○ Chemicals
■ Highly acidic and irritants
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Nociceptors in skeletal
muscles ; free nerve
endings
○ Thermal (CMR1, CR1,VRL-1)
○ Mechanical
○ Chemical
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Sensory Neuron:
● Type III or Aδ sensory
fibers; fast signaling
● Type IV or Group C sensory
fibers; slow signalling
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● ⍺ motor neurons
● β motor neurons
● motor neurons
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Effector Organ
Skeletal Muscles
FLEXION-WITHDRAWAL
REFLEX
Response:
● Flexor Muscle Contraction
● Inhibition of extensor muscles
● Extension of the opposite limb
Toad Response
Normal : withdrawal of any limbs
Single Pithed : withdrawal of hindlimb
only
Double Pithed : no withdrawal of any limb
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR REFLEX
Clasping Behavior
Stimulus:
● Sternal skin
● Ventral surface of forelimbs
● CNS hormone
concentrating sites
○ Posterior medulla
Clasping Behavior
Efferent Neurons:
● “amplexus”
● Toad clasps onto object
● Prevents female from
moving too much
WIPE REFLEX
WIPE REFLEX
Stimulation:
● Tissue dipped in 15% acetic
acid was placed on the
abdominal area of the toad
WIPE REFLEX
Sense Organ:
● Nociceptors on the skin on
the back or abdomen of
toad
WIPE REFLEX
Sensory Neuron:
● Ventral Ramus
○ Innervates the skin of
the stomach/ abdomen
● Dorsal Ramus Retrieved from
○ Innervates the skin http://digital-world-medical-school.net/01.%20
Medical%20School/1.%201st/09.%20Regional
covering the back of the %20Gross%20Anatomy/04.%20Back/07.%20S
pinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerves,%20and
frog %20Rami/Spinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerv
es,%20and%20Rami.html
WIPE REFLEX
Effector Neuron:
● Motor neurons in the
Ventral ramus
Retrieved from
http://digital-world-medical-school.net/01.%20
Medical%20School/1.%201st/09.%20Regional
%20Gross%20Anatomy/04.%20Back/07.%20S
pinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerves,%20and
%20Rami/Spinal%20Roots,%20Spinal%20Nerv
es,%20and%20Rami.html
WIPE REFLEX
Effector Organ:
● Hindlimb of frog
● Protective reflexes
○ Protect the body from
nociceptic (harmful) stimuli
Reflex Action and
Time
Stimulation:
● Nociceptic stimuli: Addition
of HCl in increasing
concentrations
Reflex Action and
Time
Sensory Organ:
● Chemical nociceptors in the
skeletal muscle
Reflex Action and
Time
Chemical Nociceptors
● Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs)
cation channels expressed principally
in neurons and that are activated by
protons.
Chemical Nociceptors
● Higher extracellular proton
concentration outside the neurons
induces entry of protons causing
depolarization and firing of action
potentials
Reflex Action and
Time
Sensory Neuron:
● Dorsal Root Fibers
○ Aδ sensory fibers; fast
signaling
○ Group C sensory fibers;
slow signalling
○ Cell bodies are in the
dorsal root ganglion
Reflex Action and
Time
Effector Neuron:
● Ventral Root Fibers
○ ⍺ motor neurons
○ β motor neurons
○ motor neurons
Reflex Action and
Time
Effector Organ:
● Skeletal muscles in the
hindlimb
Reflex Action and
Time
Response:
● Flexor Muscle Contraction
● Inhibition of extensor muscles
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/expphysiol.1
911.sp000100/pdf
Reflex Inhibition
Does removing the optic lobe affect
reflex time of the left foot in 0.3% HCl?
Why?
Resting Posture Upright, forelimbs and hindlimbs Forelimbs unresponsive and Spread flat on flat surface
flexed and supports body cannot support body, hindlimbs
flexed and supports body
Respiratory Rate 120 breaths per minute, lower floor of Irregular breathing, no Irregular breathing, no movement
mouth moves movement of nostrils and no of nostrils and no throat
throat oscillations oscillations
Righting Reflexes
a. toad turned over Rights itself via twisting of whole Remains on dorsal side, little to Remains on dorsal side, no
body, forelimb first, 1 second response no attempt to right itself occurs attempt to right itself occurs
b. toad turned around on a horizontal Stays upright and turns itself to a Little to no movement No movement
plane certain direction, resists spinning
movement
c. toad is turned till head lies on Stays upright and turns itself towards Little to no movement No movement
perpendicular plane the direction of a flat surface
Swimming Movements
a. Swimming behavior Alternate movement of forelimbs and Uncoordinated limb movements, No movement
kicking of hindlimbs on water, uses hind sinks
limbs to propel itself on water,
breaststroke style
b. Climbing behavior Uses forelegs to climb onto toad board Cannot climb up No climbing attempt
c. Righting movement in water Twists whole body, foreleg first, to right Unable to twist its body, dorsal No movement
itself to its swimming position side on water surface
a. Blink/Protective Eye Reflex Closes eyelid as probe is put near and in Eyelid do not close No blink reflex
contact with eye
b. Auditory-Palpebral Reflex Jumps in response to proximal and loud No response to loud sound No auditory reflex
sound
Muscular Tension
a. Muscle Tonus Muscle is firm and resists forced Less muscle tonus and response No tension on its limbs,
stretching of limbs on forelimbs, normal resisting No withdrawal of limbs after
b. Limb Reflexes Limb resists forced stretching, returns response on hindlimbs stretching
resting bent position Forelimbs are not returned to
c. Extensor Reflex resting position, hindlimbs have
normal responses
d. Flexor Reflex
Jumping Behavior Uses hindlegs to propel itself forward Unable to jump Unable to jump
and, forelimbs are extended and pointed
backwards while in mid air, either
forelimb or belly will strike the ground
first
Pain Response/Flexion-Withdrawal Withdraws limb where pain is applied Withdrawal only happens on No flexion withdrawal response
Reflex hindlimb from pain
Response to Hot Water Withdraws left hindlimb after 3 Weaker withdrawal compared No withdrawal of hindlimb
seconds and 1 second for right hindlimb to normal condition, same reflex
time
Sexual Reflexes
a. Clasp Reflex Forelegs are drawn to medially to clasp No movement of forelegs for No clasping reaction
stroking finger clasping
Wipe/Scratch Reflex Attempts to wipe off area where acetic Slower attempt to wipe off area No response
acid is applied, tries to remove paper where acetic acid is applied
with acid
Spontaneous Activity - - -
Thank you!