6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

LAND USE CHANGE DUE TO RIVER EROSION: A REMOTE SENSING

APPROACH

Mohammed Rakibul Hasan Kauser1*, Hasan Shahriar Alam2 , Debasish Roy Raja3 and
Sharmin Ara4
1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning (URP), Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology (CUET), Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh,Undergraduate student, e-mail:
mdrhkauser@gmail.com
2
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology, Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh, Undergraduate student, e-mail:
hsa1105020@gmail.com
3
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology, Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh, Assistant professor, e-mail: rdebasisroy@gmail.com
4
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and
Technology, Chittagong-4349, Bangladesh, Assistant professor, e-mail: sharmin.ara@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The main purpose of the research is to find out the land use change of char area in Jamuna river
along the Bangabandhu bridge due to erosion and deposition from the year 1990 to 2010
(considering 10 years before and after construction). The study area has considered 30km in
upstream and downstream from Bangabandhu bridge in Sirajganj and Tangail portion. Around 7
year interval of available Landsat TM & ETM+ satellite images has been collected to classify the
land use using the RS technique of supervised image classification. Besides to measure accuracy
of the land classification, both normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) have been used. It has been found that the settlement and
vegetation decreases around 4-10 sq. km due to erosion and char area increases around 6-10 sq.
km due to deposition in both upstream and downstream portion. The results of this research can
be used to deliniate river bank erosion in the Jamuna river along Bangabandhu bridge.

Keywords: Land uses Change, Erosion, Deposition, NDWI, and Supervised Classification.

1. INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is highly dependent on nature having vast floodplains, low altitude from the sea and
exceptional geographical location and mostly disclosed to the influence of global warming and
climate change. River Bank erosion of the untrained alluvial rivers is a familiar natural disaster of
Bangladesh and causes major problems to the socio-economic and environmental sectors of the
country (Ahmed, 1989). The Jamuna is one of three large sand-bed rivers that cross the low-lying
deltaic floodplain of Bangladesh and known as the braided river downstream of the Old
Brahmaputra distributary (Ashworth, 1996). It separates the north Bengal from the whole country.
In the year 1998, Bangabandhu Bridge has finished construction on Jamuna River in sirajgong-
Tangail portion to connect the north Bengal with the capital. But, if the water ways become
constrict, Siltation or bed scouring condition particularly at the bridge area beyond expected may
be happened (Biswas, 2010). The purpose of the study is to compute the land use change along the
both side of Jamuna river in upstream and downstream portion due to the construction of
multipurpose Bangabandhu Bridge for a period of twenty years (10 years before and years after
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

finished construction). The study has combined with RS and GIS and Landsat satellite image from
1990- 2010 are analyzed for accessing the erosion, deposition and land use changes along both
sides of the river.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The supervised classification can be defined as the process of using samples of known identity
(i.e., pixels assigned to informational classes) to classify pixels of unknown identity (i.e.,
assigning unclassified pixels to one of several informational classes). Samples of known identity
are those pixels located within training areas, or training fields. It has three basic steps which are
tanning stage, classification stage and the output stage (Lillesand et. all, 2004). The Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is generally employed to reach the goal of isolating
vegetation features and it also help to delineate water (Lillesand et. all, 2004). The Normalized
Difference Water Index (NDWI) is generally employed to reach the goal of isolating water and
non-water features. NDWI differs from combine different pairs of bands (normally of TM or
ETM), originally and typically including near infrared (NIR) and green (band4 and band2)
(McFeeters et. all, 1996). NIR and short wave infrared (SWIR) (band4 and band5 (Gao, 1996) and
red band and middle infrared (MIR) (band3 and band5) band. There are several studies have been
done to employ those pairs of bands to delineate water and non-water land with the help of this
NDWI (Jain et. all, 2005).

NDVI=( NIR-Red)/( NIR+Red) (Lillesand et. all, 2004)

NDWI=(Green-NIR)/(Green+NIR) (McFeeters et. all, 1996)

3. STUDY AREA

Figure 1: Location map of the Study Area

 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

Historically and geologically the Jamuna is the youngest River of the world (Archana and Nayan,
2012). Because of natural phenomenon like flood and tectonic movement Brahmaputra river
started it's flow through a new course known as Jamuna from 1787 (Uddin et. all, 2011).The study
area is beside the Sirajganj & Tangail district. Study area contains 30 KM in up Stream and 30
KM in down Stream portion from Bridge (Uddin et. all, 2011).

4. METHODOLOGY
To analysis erosion, deposition and land use change of the study area from 1990-2010 by Landsat
TM and ETM+ Satellite images, a sequential flow chart of the methodology is depicted in the
figure 2. Geographic Information systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) were used in data
encoding and analysing purposes. ArcGIS 10.1, 10.2.1 and ERDAS Imagine 10, 14 version
software and human interpretation have been used in extracting the data from 1990, 1997, 2003
and 2010 remote sensing images. According to Islam (2010) the False Colour Composite (FCC) of
the TM image combines with band 4, band 3 and band 2 respectively. Where different colours red
represents vegetation, blue represents water, bluish represent soil land, white represents char land
and greenish represents build up area. To identify the ground validation of land use feature a field
survey and Google Earth Image is used. The overall accuracy of image classification of images
1990, 1997, 2003 and 2010 was 99.98%, 99%, 95.45%, 98.29% and 97.67 %, respectively.
Confusion matrix resulting from classifying the test set for the study area in 1990 is given in
Table-2 as for example. Different land use shape file layers for vector data were created and
analysed ArcGIS (Arc Catalog) environment. Raster calculator and Clip tools of ArcGIS (Arc
Catalog) used to find the erosion, deposition land use change. Fixed in eye altitude of 60 km
selecting the study area, 30×30 meter resolution of landslide satellite imagery was acquired (table
1) from earth explorer.
Table 1: Landsat satellite images from USGS Earth Explorer at a glance

Respective Date acquired Center time Cloud

Sensor
year (Day/Month/Year) (Hour: Minute: Second) coverage %
1990 1990-01-30 03:52:37 Landsat 5 (TM) 0%
1997 1997-01-01 03:53:37 Landsat 5 (TM) 1%
2003 2003-01-26 09:52:26 Landsat 7(ETM+) 0%
2010 2010-01-21 04:21:25 Landsat 5 (TM) 0%

Table 2: Confusion matrix resulting from classifying the test set for the study area in 1990

Build up Chor User’s

Land Use Vegetation Water_body Soil
Area Land accuracy (%)
Build up
523 0 0 0 1 99.81
Area
Chor Land 0 1810 0 0 0 100
Vegetation 0 0 655 0 0 100
Water body 0 0 0 18136 0 100
Soil 2 0 0 0 888 99.77
Producer’s
99.61 100 100 100 99.89
accuracy (%)
Overall Accuracy = 99.98 and Kappa coefficient = 0.99
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

Figure 2: Methodological Flowchart

5. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

5.1 Erosion and deposition

Landsat data of different periods (from 1990-2010) is considered for finding the erosion and
deposition. All of the layers are superimposed one by one maintaining sequential order, there after
change detection have performed, demarcated and calculated the erosion and deposition.
Table 3: Erosion and deposition in Jamuna River (in Sq. Km)

Erosion Deposition
Time period
Up Stream Down Stream Up Stream Down Stream
1990-1997 54.33 52.66 52.11 60.02
1997-2003 48.03 50.62 66.02 66.68
2003-2010 50.14 48.08 68.86 50.18

In the 20 year time period (from fig. 3 and table 3) before the bridge constructed in upstream the
deposition was 52.11 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition increased to almost
68.86 Sq.km and erosion decrease 54.33 to 50 Sq.km. Before the bridge constructed in
downstream the deposition was 60 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition
decreased to almost 50 Sq.km in every six years.

5.2 Land use Change

Integrating the erosion and deposition map with supervised classification map the land use change
has been found. Finally, in this case four land use type is considered which are the Char land,
vegetation, soil and build-up area are found.

Table 4: Land use change due to Deposition in Jamuna River (in Sq. Km)
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

Land use Up stream Down stream

change 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010
Build up Area 14.07 0.92 0.78 14.04 0.77 0.95
Char Land 24.7 17.6 16.15 18.76 21.38 9.04
Soil 19.03 39.57 37.87 23.06 38.15 29.65
Vegetation 3.31 7.93 8.05 5.7 6.38 10.54

Figure 3: Erosion and deposition of Jamuna River in Up and down stream portion map A to F

Table 5: Land use change due to Erosion in Jamuna River (in Sq. Km)

Land use Up stream Down stream

change 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010 1990-1997 1997-2003 2003-2010
Build up Area 3.69 10.88 0.78 6.45 10.52 0.65
Char Land 14.98 15.27 10.74 8.62 12.46 13.34
Soil 15.39 17.91 27.21 12.04 18.45 28.96
Vegetation 8.03 3.97 11.42 12.14 9.19 5.09
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

In the 20 year time period (from Figure 4 &5, Table 4 & 5) the buildup area and vegetation
decreases and Char land and soil area increases due to erosion in the both upstream and
downstream portion. The buildup area and Char land decreases and soil area and vegetation
increases due to deposition in both upstream and downstream portion.

Figure 4: Land use change due to Deposition in Jamuna River map A to F

5.3 Change in Char Land

Photograph of Char Land in Up Stream Portion Photograph of Settlement in Char Land

With the help of supervised classification map using clip tools of Arc GIS the total char land has
been found. The ground validation of the char land is done with the help of field survey and
interpretation using Google Earth. Than the result is compared with ADB (2013) result on char
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

land analysis of Jumuna River near Bangabandhu Bridge. It has been seen that initially 1990 the
char land was 415.49 sq. Km. In the 1997 and 2003 the char land increase rate is slow but in the
2010 there is a huge increase in char land (Figure 6).

Figure 5: Land use change due to Erosion in Jamuna River map A to F

Figure 6: Char Area Changed from 1990 to 2010 (in Sq. Km)
 6th International Conference on Water & Flood Management (ICWFM-2017)

6. CONCLUSIONS
Landsat satellite images observations predict erosional trend of Jumuna River was significant
demarcated. Landsat image of 20 year time period have used to determine the erosion and
deposition. It has been seen that before the bridge constructed in upstream the deposition was
52.11 Sq.km but after the bridge construction the deposition increased to almost 65 Sq.km and
erosion decrease 54.43 to 50 Sq.km and in the downstream the deposition was 60 sq.km but after
the bridge construction the deposition decreased to almost 50 Sq.km in every six years. In the case
of land use the buildup area and vegetation decreases and Char land and soil area increases due to
erosion in the both upstream and downstream portion. Satellite imagery shows the minor streams
are deposited and lost its flow. It also creates serious river bank erosion in downstream portion.
Finally, it has been found that before the bridge construction normal erosion and deposition
occurred but after the bridge construction in upstream portion deposition have been increased and
in downstream portion erosion have been increased. The present study is focused on a relation
between river dynamics in consideration of bridge construction. However, the output of the
research can be used how Jumna Bridge affects its surrounding biodiversity and human economy.

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