AWO BOATEMAA MANSON INCOOM

PHD WATER RERSOURCES ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

PG NO: PG4056695

WRES727 APPLIED STATISTICS FOR RESEARCH

1. Import the data into R and name it washcost2.

2. What is the proportion of those who have assess to formal water?

ANSWER:

0.8672199 (86.72%)

From the results, about 87% of the respondents have access to formal water.

3. Is the quantity of water used in the wet seasons related to the quantity of water used in the

dry seasons? Hint use cor()

ANSWER:

0.7470179 (74.7%)

From the results above, there exist a strong correlation of about 75% between the

quantity of water used in the wet season and the quantity of water used in the dry season.

The quantity of water used in the wet season is therefore related to the quantity of water

used in the dry season.

4. Visualize the following using any appropriate tool in R:

I. The quantity of water used per day varies by the source of piped water scheme.

ANSWER:
 II. The distribution of those who pay for water and the quantity of water.

ANSWER:

5. Test whether the average quantity of water used a day is the same for each season? Hint; t

test.

ANSWER:
 Welch Two Sample t-test

t = -3.4078, df = 447.08, p-value = 0.0007141

Ho: The mean of water used a day in the wet season is equal mean of water used a day in

the wet season

It is observed from the above results that the p-value of 0.0007 is highly significant, thus

the null hypothesis must be rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted.

Alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0

With a 95 percent confidence interval

6. Is there any significance in the uses of water by each district?

ANSWER:

Ho: There is no significant difference in the use of water by each district

Hi: There is exists significant differences in the use of water by each district

The p-value obtained from the analysis of variance was 9.781e-12 with a degree of

freedom of 2.

This implies that the null hypothesis has to be rejected and the alternative value accepted.

A further analysis, which is the multiple comparison test was run to test where exactly the

differences in the mean occurred.

The results are tabulated below:

diffference p-value

Ketu South-BOSOMTWE -62.7401 0.0004835

Kpandai DA-BOSOMTWE 113.8568 0.0000020

Kpandai DA-Ketu South 176.5969 0.0000000

It was observed from the data above that all the p-values were significant since they were

greater than 0.005. The mean of Kpandai DA and Ketu South had the highest significant p-

value of 0.0000000, followed by the mean of Kpandai DA and BOSOMTWE with a p-value
 of 0.0000020 and finally the mean of Ketu South and BOSOMTWE with a p-value of

0.0004835.

It was observed that mean of each pair of district was significantly different from the

other.

7. Regress the quantity of water used in dry season against household size. Explain the output!

ANSWER:

The p-value obtained from the regression model was 2e-16. This suggests that household

size has a level of influence on the quantity of water used in the dry season. However, the

R2 value obtained was 0.38680. This means that household size has an influence of just

about 39% on the quantity of water used in the dry season.

Thus, the regression model:

WaterQ= 10.60 +33.40 household_size

8. Similarly, regress the quantity of water used in wet season against household size. Explain

the output!

ANSWER:

From the results of the regression model, the p-value was 2e-16. This suggests that

household size has a level of influence on the quantity of water used in the wet season.

However, the R2 value obtained was 0.358. This means that household size has an

influence of just about 36% on the quantity of water used in the wet season.

Thus, the regression model:

WaterQ= -8.81 +27.6 household_size