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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

PLEASE DO NOT GIVE COPIES OF THESE TUTORIAL SHEETS TO THE STUDENTS – they will be
distributed soon afterwards _

Q. Draw the “exploded view” of the atomic arrangement in the unit cell of a face centred
cubic (FCC) crystal structure. Include 3 axes (x, y & z) – in the arrangement shown in lecture
and the notes to Unit 3 (Note; we use exploded views because they are simpler to draw
than the true life representation where many atoms are touching).

☝ Note: there is an atom centrally located on each face of the cube, as well as each
corner, hence the name.

Q. next, on the unit cell indicate the lattice parameter “a” and give a typical size (the
student’s should know -> answer - about 0.2 nm).

Q. What are slip planes and why are they important?

A. Slip planes are the pathways by which plastic deformation or plastic flow takes place.

Q. Can you draw the most important slip plane for an FCC crystal structure? Draw it on your
existing drawing 2.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

A.

Q. Can you derive the Miller Indices for this example?

A. To get these, we take the unit cell edge length represent 1 unit of length. Next we look
for where the plane intercepts the various axes if at all (or is parallel to one or two of the
axes). In this specific case, the x, y and z axes are intercepted at one edge length – see more
detail in the next drawing.

Q. What next?

A. Then you take the reciprocal of the intercept – so this gives us 1/1, 1/1, 1/1

And the result is the Miller Indices for the plane – 1 1 1 – we surround these numbers by
round brackets – this indicates the unique and specific (111) plane.

Q Can you represent the entire family of {111} planes ?

☝ Note: When talking about the 111 family or 111 types of planes – we do so by using
curly brackets - {111}.

A The following all meant to have round brackets – left out here for convenience:-

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

Q. What does the line over the ones mean?

A. This is a relatively negative direction of the plane intercept. We refer to such numbers as
“bar” ,for example, when reading the plane on the top of the list we call this the bar 1, bar
1, bar 1 plane (rather than saying -1, -1, -1).

Take a closer look.

Q. Can you identify this plane? (tutor should draw this)

A. To solve this, we have to move the origin or the plane so that the plane intercepts at
least one of the axes or is parallel to one or two of the axes. (It should also not
intercept the origin). In this specific example, after we relocate the plane we see all
three axes are intercepted, the x and y axes are intercepted at -1 and -1 edge
lengths while the z axis is intercepted at +1 but we don’t use the +.

A. Next take the reciprocal - this gives -1/1, -1/1 and 1/1 and so the Miller indices are

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

Q. Why does plastic deformation take place along the {111} type planes?

A. Because these are the close packed planes (CPPs) and they can carry most stress.

Q. What does this mean

A. These are the planes where the atoms are the most densely packed possible.

Q. Can you prove this? First draw an “exploded view” of the arrangement of atoms in the
(111) plane.

A. See below

Q. What does this really look like?

A.

☝Note – the gaps in a CPP are very small – much less than the diameter of an atom.
Q. Can you draw the following plane:-

A. Do this in TWO stages

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

Stage 1 – move the plane to a position where it intercepts all 3 axes (in this example) at
the interception positions: -1, -1, -1.

Stage 2 – Now you can now move the plane back into the unit cell.

Q. How is this plane related to the (111) plane? Look at both.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

A. It is parallel – in other words the same –

☝Note: In such cases, where two miller indices result in parallel planes (in the same unit
cell) – we use ONLY one of the miller indices for identification as both planes are of the
same orientation (they are parallel). Further, we always select the most positive of the
possible indices – in the last case, just drawn, we never use the bar 1, bar 1, bar 1 miller
indices – just (111).

Looking again at our list of the {111} family (types) – we see that other negative Miller
indices should also cancelled out (so to speak) since there is a positive equivalent that is
parallel (of the same orientation), i.e., although there are 8 Miller Indices of the {111} type
there are only 4 orientations

The following are parallel - (this is new to the students):-

Q. Name some important FCC metals

A. Al, Cu, Ni, -Fe.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

Q. Next, draw the “exploded view” of the atomic arrangement in the unit cell of a
hexagonal close packed (HCP) structure. Here you need FOUR axes because there are more
planes of symmetry in this structure.

A. Here are the axes

Next comes the basal plane of the unit cell:-

A. Then we can draw the prismatic planes and finish off with the uppermost
(horizontal) basal plane.

A. Then add atoms to the corners and place one atom in the centre of each basal
plane.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

A. Finally – add the three centremost atoms midway between the upper and lower basal
planes.

Q. So how many basal planes are there? (We should have picked up part of the answer
during the sketching exercise)

A. We can see 3 actual planes –but they all have the same Miller Indices – THE SAME
ORIENTATION - since ALL 3 are PARALLEL – these planes are all designated (0001). Here, we
use a modified version of the Miller Indices because we are now working with 4 axes (x, y, I,
z). BUT we don’t need to worry too much about this at this time.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

Q. Where are the close packed planes in this crystal structure?

A. These are the basal planes

Q. Can you indicate where the lattice parameters are in this case?

A. Here we need 2 lattice parameters to quantify the unit cell size, ”a” and “c”.

Q. Name some important HCP metals

A. Mg (used in low mass structures), -Ti (stable at room temperature & used in aircraft
structures and bio-implants), -Co (stable at room temperature & used in joint
replacements)

Q. NEXT name some important BCC metals

A. -Fe (main phase in steel), -Ti (features in special Ti alloys)

Q. Can you draw the unit cell of a body centred cubic metal?

A.

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

☝ Note: there is one atom located in the centre of the cube and one atom at each
corner, hence the name.

Q. Where are the close packed planes?

A. There are no close packed planes (CPPs). But there are near close packed planes (NCPP).

Q. Show an exploded view of one of the NCPPs in the drawing.

A. (Some atoms removed for clarity)

Q. What are the Miller Indices of this plane?

A. (110)

Q. How many unique {110} planes are there ?

A. Six different orientations

Q. Show how the atoms touch in (110) plane

A.

Q. How does this compare to the CPP in the FCC structure? Can you compare the packing?

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

A.

Q. Can you see the close packed directions (CPDs) ? Indicate them on the drawing.

A. The double arrows show the CPDs. There are 2 for NCPPs and 3 for CPPs.

A. The close packed directions are those in which the atoms are touching.

☝ Note: the close packed directions on close packed planes or near close packed planes
are the directions along which most stress is carried during plastic deformation – that is, the
planes slide over each other, but only in the directions that are close packed.

Q What happens of a force is applied to the near close packed plane in a non-close packed
direction – direction A?

A. Although some forces get resolved along the close packed directions some of the force
gets used to split apart the structure

Fracture can be initiated !

Q. Based on your knowledge of slip planes can you draw a series of stress-strain curves to
show what behaviour you would expect for BCC, HCP and FCC metals?

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Mech 1280 – Tutorial 2

A. The rationale is in relation to ductility – (UNIT 2) – which we quantify using f – the


plastic strain to fracture.

HCP metals have limited ductility – only one orientation of close packed plane (the {0001}
basal planes).

BCC metals have better ductility as they have SIX orientations of the NCPPs with 2 CPDs per
plane – this provided better ductility BUT fracture is initiated more easily because of the
open nature of the NCPPs.

FCC Metals contain 4 unique orientations of CPPs with 3 CPDs per plane. This enables
greater ductility than for BCC or HCP.

Curves off set for clarity. Strength levels can vary for various reasons like differences in
strain hardening index (behavior).

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