Mass Transfer Operation-1

Distillation- Session 2
Phase equilibria

Amit K. Thakur
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun
Phone/ WhatsApp:+918979778821

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 Phase rule
Phase rule for Vapour liquid
Equilibria (VLE)

F= C–P+2

Applying this to a binary mixture

(Ethanol + Water)

F= 2–2+2=2

We need to fix 2 out of 4 variables to fix the

state of a binary the system at VLE Total number of variable = 4
( T , P , x and y)
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 T–x-y diagram
A constant pressure phase diagram for an ideal solution (one that obeys Raoult's Law)

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 T–x-y diagram

Vapor

E
D

B C P = constant

A (initial state) Liquid

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 T–x-y diagram

Vapor

E
D T
B C P = constant

A (initial state) Liquid

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 T–x-y diagram
F (Final state)
Vapor
M
N
T
B C P = constant

A (initial state) Liquid

S

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 T–x-y diagram

Vapor A (initial state)

E
D B
C
P = constant

Liquid

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 T–x-y diagram

Vapor A (initial state)

E
D B
C
P = constant
R

Liquid

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 P–x-y diagram

T = constant

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 P–x-y diagram
A

B C

T = constant

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 P–x-y diagram
A

B C

T
T = constant
D
E

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 P–x-y diagram

T = constant
D
E

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 P–x-y diagram

B T C

T = constant
D
E

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