AIC Lab Manual

ECE department, BMSCE Analog Integrated Circuits (15ES4GCAIC ) IV semester, ECE
Sl.No Preliminary Experiments Unit
a Inverting amplifier , Non Inverting amplifier and Voltage follower 1
1 b Differentiator and integrator with different RC time constants (Sine wave & Square
1
wave input)
c Precision Half wave rectifier and Full wave rectifier ( +ve and –ve half cycles) 1
a Zero Crossing detector - Comparators 2
2 b Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit ( with Vref and without Vref) 2
a Weinbridge oscillator for a given frequency f 2

3
b RC phase shift oscillator for a given frequency f. 2
a First order low pass filter and high pass filter – frequency response 3
4
b
a 555 astable multivibrator (asymmetrical square wave - duty cycle > 50%) 4
5 b 555 astable multivibrator (symmetrical square wave - duty cycle= 50%) 4
a D to A converter - Staircase generator 5

6
b PLL – working -Simulation 4
Dr. HRB, AIC Lab co-ordinator Page 1

Offset Null No connection

1 8
Inverting input 2 LM 7 +Vcc
Non-inverting input
3 741 6 Output
-Vcc 4 5 Offset null

PIN Diagram of IC LM 741 OP-AMP
Typical characteristics of LM 741 op amp
Sl.No Parameter Symbol Ideal Typical for LM 741
1 Open loop voltage gain AOL  2 X 105
2 Output Impedance ZOUT 0 75Ω
3 Input Impedance ZIN  2MΩ
4 Input offset current Iios 0 20nA
5 Input offset voltage Vios 0 2 mV
6 Bandwidth BW  1MHz
7 Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR ( )  90dB
8 Slew rate S  0.5V/µsec
9 Input bias current Ib 0 80nA
10 Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR 0 30µV/V

Experiment No 1a: Basic applications

Aim: To design,
i) an Inverting amplifier with a gain of 5
ii) a Non Inverting amplifier with a gain of 4
iii) a voltage follower using LM741 op-amp
i) Inverting Amplifier with a gain of 5 :
Design equation: Voltage gain =
Let the Voltage gain be equal to ; Assume R1 = 1kΩ and calculate Rf = 5kΩ ≈
4.7kΩ (available); This results in actual voltage gain = 4.7.
a) Circuit diagram:
Figure 1a: Circuit diagram of an Inverting amplifier

Procedure:
1. Preset power supply of must be used.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1a.
3. Apply +Vcc and – Vcc from the preset power supply to pin 7 and pin 4 respectively.
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1kHz and Vin(p-p) = 1volt from the signal generator.
5. Observe the input and output waveforms on CRO. The input and output waveforms are
as shown in the figure 1b.
6. Measure the Vo(p-p) and verify the gain.
7. Record the readings.

b) Input – output waveforms:
Figure 1b: Input-Output waveforms
Observations :
1. The comparison of the amplitudes of input and output waveforms shows the output is
4.7 times the input.
2. The 180 ͦ phase shift between the input and output waveforms.
3. The gain can be changed to any value as long as it results in an output whose p-p value
is less than the saturation voltage of the op-amp which is about 85% of the supply
voltage (85% of 12V).
4. Repeat the experiment for three values of R1 and Rf.

R1 Rf Vin Vout
Sl.No AInv
(kΩ) (kΩ) (volts) (volts)
ii) Non Inverting amplifier with a gain of 5

Design equation:
Voltage gain =
Let the voltage gain be equal to ;
Assume R1 = 1kΩ and calculate Rf = 4kΩ ≈ 3.9kΩ (available); This results in actual gain = 4.9
c) Circuit diagram:
Figure 1c: Circuit diagram of Non- Inverting amplifier

Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1c.

as shown in the figure 1d.
d) Input – output waveforms:
Figure 1d: Input-Output waveforms

Observations :
1. The comparison of the amplitudes of input and output waveforms shows the output is
4.9 times the input.
2. There is no phase shift between the input and output waveforms.
3. The gain can be changed to any value as long as it results in an output whose p-p value
is less than the saturation voltage of the op-amp which is about 85% of the supply
voltage (85% of 12V).

R1 Rf Vin Vout
Sl.No A Non-inv
iii) Voltage Follower- Non Inverting amplifier with unity gain

Design equation:
Voltage gain =
Assume R1 = 1kΩ and therefore Rf = 1kΩ.

e) Circuit diagram:
Figure 1e: Circuit diagram of Voltage Follower

Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1e.
as shown in the figure 1f.

f) Input – output waveforms:
Figure 1f: Input-Output waveforms

Observations :
1. The comparison of the amplitude of input is equal to the amplitude of output.
2. There is no phase shift between the input and output waveforms.
R1 Rf Vin Vout
Sl.No A Non-inv

Experiment No 1b: Differentiator and Integrator

Aim: To design,
i) Differentiator
ii) Integrator
i) OP-AMP as a differentiator:-
Design equation:
Figure 2a: OP-AMP as a differentiator

Design steps:
1. For a given input frequency f, calculate the time period T.
2. Assume C and calculate R.
For example, given input frequency of f = 1 kHz, assume time period .
C = 0.1µf and R = 10kΩ is one such values. Try other values.
Procedure:
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 KHz and amplitude 2 volt (p-p).

as shown in the figure 2b.
Figure 2b: Output of differentiator for sine wave input

6. Apply square wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude 2 volt (p-p).
as shown in the figure 2c.
Figure 2c: Output of differentiator for square wave input

ii) OP-AMP as an Integrator :-

Design equation:
Figure 2d: OP-AMP as an integrator

Design steps:
1. For a given input frequency f, calculate the time period T.
2. Assume C and calculate R.
For example, given input frequency of f = 1 kHz, assume time period .
C = 0.1µf and R = 10kΩ is one such values. Try other values.
3. The resistor RF is used to provide dc stabilization and to maintain finite gain at low
frequencies. Usually RF >> R. If R = 10kΩ, RF = 100kΩ can be used.
Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2d.
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude 2 volt (p-p). Observe the input
and output waveforms on CRO. The input and output waveforms are as shown in the
figure 2e.
5. Apply square wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude 2 volt (p-p). The input and
output waveforms are as shown in the figure 2f.

Figure 2e: Output of integrator for sine wave input
Figure 2f: Output of integrator for square wave input

Note: i) Change the values of R and C and observe the change in output.
ii) Change the frequency for a fixed time constant and observe the change in output.

Experiment No 1c : Precision Rectifiers

Aim: To design,
i) Precision Half wave rectifier ( +ve and –ve half cycles)
ii) Precision Full wave rectifier ( +ve and –ve half cycles)
i) Precision Half wave rectifier-1:
Figure 3a: Circuit diagram of half wave rectifier-1
Design:
Choose RF = R1= 10kΩ. Then Vout = - Vin ; Use BY127 diodes.

Procedure:
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude Vm < 0.7volt. Observe the input
figure 3b.
5. Set the CRO to X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic as shown in figure 3c.

Figure 3b: Input – output waveform of half wave rectifier-1
Figure 3c: Transfer characteristic of half wave rectifier-1
ii) Precision Half wave rectifier-2:
Figure 3d: Circuit diagram of half wave rectifier-2

Procedure:
1. Reverse the directions of the diodes of HWR-1 to get HWR-2 shown in figure 3d.
figure 3e.
4. Set the CRO to X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic as shown in figure 3f.
Figure 3e: Input – output waveform of half wave rectifier-2
Figure 3f: Transfer characteristic of half wave rectifier-2
Note: a) Understand the working of the circuits.

b) If RF > R1 , then the output is amplified form of input.

iii) Precision Full wave rectifier-1 (FWR-1):
Figure 3g: Circuit diagram of full wave rectifier-1
Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 3g.
3. Apply +Vcc and – Vcc from the preset power supply to pin 7 and pin 4 respectively. The
+Vcc and –Vcc for the two op-amps can be applied in parallel using a single power
supply.
4. Choose R = 10kΩ and 2R = 22kΩ (available values).
and output waveforms on CRO.
6. Observe the waveform at point A and at point B. The input and output waveforms are as
shown in the figure 3h.
7. Set the CRO to X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic as shown in figure 3i.

Figure 3h: Input – output waveform of full wave rectifier-1
Figure 3i: Transfer characteristic of full wave rectifier-1

b) Use different resistors and observe the changes at various points of the circuit.
c) Reverse the directions of the two diodes and observe the changes ( FWR-2).

iv) Precision Full wave rectifier-2 (FWR-2):
Figure 3j: Circuit diagram of full wave rectifier-2
Procedure:
1. Reverse the directions of the diodes of FWR-1 to get FWR-2 shown in figure 3j.
2. Apply +Vcc and – Vcc from the preset power supply to pin 7 and pin 4 respectively. The
+Vcc and –Vcc for the two op-amps can be applied in parallel using a single power
supply.
3. Choose R = 10kΩ and 2R = 22kΩ (available values).
figure 3k.
5. Set the CRO to X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic as shown in figure 3m.

Figure 3k: Input – output waveform of full wave rectifier-2
Figure 3m: Transfer characteristic of full wave rectifier-2

b) Use different resistors and observe the changes at various points of the circuit.

Experiment No 2a: Comparators

Aim: To design,
i) Zero crossing detector (Inverting and non-inverting)
ii) Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit
i) Zero crossing detector - Inverting :
Figure 4a: Circuit diagram of inverting zero crossing detector
Design: Choose R = 1kΩ. It is used for limiting the current.
Procedure:
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude Vm. Observe the input and
output waveforms on CRO. The input and output waveforms are as shown in the figure
4b.
5. Next, change the circuit to a non inverting zero crossing detector shown in figure 4c.
6. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude Vm. Observe the input and
output waveforms on CRO. The input and output waveforms are as shown in the figure
4d.

Figure 4b: Input- output waveforms of inverting zero crossing detector
ii) Zero crossing detector - non-inverting :
Figure 4a: Circuit diagram of non- inverting zero crossing detector

Figure 4d: Input- output waveforms of non- inverting zero crossing detector.
Experiment No 2b: Schmitt trigger circuit

Schmitt trigger is a circuit which converts any time varying input to a square wave.
Design:
Case 1: Given UTP = +2volts and LTP = - 2volts
Subtracting LTP from UTP,

Or,
Adding UTP and LTP,
Example 1:
Given UTP = + 2volts and LTP = -2volts.
Choose Vcc = 12V. Hence VSAT = 11V.
and
Therefore, 4(R1 + R2) = 22R2
4 R1 = 18 R2
Or, R1 = 4.5 R2
Assume R2 = 10KΩ, then R1 = 45kΩ≈ 47kΩ (available)
Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 4e. Use the designed values of R1, R2 and
Vref.
4. Apply sine wave input of frequency 1 kHz and amplitude Vm. Increase the amplitude of
the input signal to get a square wave. Observe the input and output waveforms on CRO.
The input and output waveforms are as shown in the figure 4f. Measure UTP and LTP on
CRO.
5. Set the CRO to X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic as shown in figure 4g.

Figure 4e: Circuit diagram of inverting Schmitt trigger circuit
Figure 4f: Input- output waveforms of inverting Schmitt trigger circuit.

Figure 4g: Transfer characteristic of inverting Schmitt trigger circuit

b) Design the Schmitt trigger circuit to for UTP = +4volts; LTP = +2volts. Observe the
changes in the transfer characteristics.
c) Design the Schmitt trigger circuit to for UTP = -4volts; LTP = -2volts. Observe the changes
in the transfer characteristics.
d) What is hysteresis voltage? What is its significance?

Experiment No 3: Sine wave generators

3a: Weinbridge oscillator
Aim: To design a Weinbridge oscillator and a RC phase shift oscillator:
i) To design a Weinbridge oscillator for a frequency of 5kHz.
Figure 5a: Circuit diagram of Weinbridge oscillator
Design:
The frequency of a Weinbridge oscillator is given by ,
For a Weinbridge oscillator,
i.e., or =2
i.e.,
If R1 = 10kΩ, then RF = 20kΩ ≈ 22kΩ (available). Connect a 1kΩ pot in series to adjust the gain.
Given f0 = 5 kHz, assuming C = 0.01µF, R = 3.183kΩ ≈ 3.3kΩ (std)

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 5a. Use the designed values of R and C.
3. Observe the output waveform on CRO. Measure the frequency of the output on CRO.
4. The output waveform is as shown in the figure 5b.
Figure 5b: Output waveform of Weinbridge oscillator

b) Design the circuit for a different frequency and verify the result.
c) What is range of frequency for Weinbridge oscillator?
d) Design the circuit for a frequency of 2 kHz and verify the result.

3b: RC Phase shiftoscillator : To design a RC phase shift oscillator using op-amp.
Figure 5c: Circuit diagram of RC Phase shift oscillator

Design
The frequency of a RC phase shift oscillator is given by ,
Given the frequency f0 = 300Hz. Assume C = 0.1µF and calculate the value of R.
R value is found to be = 2.17kΩ ≈ 2.2kΩ(std).
To prevent the RC network from loading the amplifier, it is selected such that R 1> 10R.
For R = 2.2kΩ, R1= 22kΩ
Also, Rf = 29R1 in RC phase shift oscillator. Therefore, Rf = 638kΩ ≈ 680kΩ (std)
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 5c using the designed values of Rf and R1
resistors. Use the designed values of R and C in the feedback network.
4. The output waveform is as shown in the figure 5d.
5. Measure the phase shift of the feedback network using CRO in X-Y mode.

Figure 5d: Output waveform of RC Phase shift oscillator

c) What is range of frequency for RC phase shift oscillator?
d) Design the circuit for 6.5 kHz output frequency and verify it.

Experiment No 4: Active Filters

Aim: To design,
4a: To design a first order active low pass Butterworth filter:-
Figure 6a: Circuit diagram of first order low pass filter

Design equations:
The output voltage Vo is given by,
where is the gain of the low pass filter which is the function of frequency,
is the pass band gain of the filter,
f is the frequency of the input signal and
is the upper cut-off frequency of the filter.
The frequency response of the filter can be determined by using the magnitude of the gain of the low
pass filter, which is expressed as,

At very low frequencies, f < fh, the gain is ≈ A
At frequency, f = fh, the gain is ≈ 0.707 A
At frequencies, f > fh, the gain is < 0.707 A and decreases at the rate of -20db /decade
The frequency range up to fh is called as ‘pass band’ and the frequency range beyond fh is called ‘stop
band’.
Low pass filter design:
1. Choose the value of upper cut-off frequency fh.
2. Select the value of capacitor C such that its value is 1µF.
3. Calculate R using the equation,
4. Select the values of R1 and RF depending on the pass band gain by using,
Example:
To design a first order low pass filter at a cut-off frequency of 2 kHz with a pass band gain of 2
Assume C = 0.01µF. Therefore, R = 7.97kΩ
Since the pass band gain = 2 , RF = R1 = 10kΩ
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 6a using the designed values of RF and R1
resistors. Use the designed values of R and C in the filter circuit.
4. The output waveform is as shown in the figure 6b.
5. Record the readings as shown in the table 6.1. Plot the frequency response of the filter
on a semi-log graph sheet which is as shown in the figure 6c.
6. Compute the roll-off factor of the filter from the response.

Table 6.1
Gain Gain in dB,
Frequency f
(Hz)
100
100000
4a: To design a first order active high pass Butterworth filter:-
Figure 6d: Circuit diagram of first order high pass filter

Design equations:
The output voltage Vo is given by,

where is the gain of the low pass filter which is the function of frequency,
is the pass band gain of the filter,
f is the frequency of the input signal and
is the lower cut-off frequency of the filter.
The frequency response of the filter can be determined by using the magnitude of the gain of the low
pass filter, which is expressed as,
At very low frequencies, f > fl , the gain is ≈ A
At frequency, f = fl , the gain is ≈ 0.707 A
At frequencies, f < fl , the gain is < 0.707 A and increases at the rate of +20db /decade
The frequency range beyond fl is called as ‘pass band’ and the frequency range up to fl is called ‘stop
band’.
High pass filter design:
1. Choose the value of lower cut-off frequency fh.
2. Select the value of capacitor C such that its value is 1µF.
3. Calculate R using the equation,
4. Select the values of R1 and RF depending on the pass band gain by using,
Example:
To design a first order high pass filter at a cut-off frequency of 2 kHz with a pass band gain of 2
Assume C = 0.01µF. Therefore, R = 7.97kΩ
Since the pass band gain = 2 , RF = R1 = 10kΩ

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 6d using the designed values of RF and R1
resistors. Use the designed values of R and C in the filter circuit.
4. The output waveform is as shown in the figure 6e.
5. Record the readings as shown in the table 6.2 and plot the frequency response of the
filter on a semi-log graph sheet which is as shown in the figure 6f.
6. Compute the roll-off factor of the filter from the response.
Table 6.2
Gain Gain in dB,
Frequency f
(Hz)
100
100000

c) Measure the roll off rate of the filter.
d) Learn about the order of the filter.

Experiment No 5: 555 timer

5a: To design an astable multivibrator using 555 timer to generate a square wave of
frequency f kHz with different duty cycles.
Figure 7a : Circuit diagram of 555 astable multivibrator
Design equations:
Case 1 : Unsymmetrical square wave of D > 50%
The period of the square wave of the astable circuit is given by,
where , and
It is observed that the duty cycle of the above circuit is always greater than 50%: RA , RB and C
are called as timing components; The 0.01µF capacitor between pin 1 and 5 is the by-pass
capacitor.

Design example: Design an astable multivibrator using 555 timer for a frequency of 1kHz and a
duty cycle of 70%. Assume C = 0.1µF.
T = 1ms; TON = 0.7ms and TOFF = 0.3ms
RA = 6.8kΩ and RB = 4.7kΩ
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 7a using the designed values of R A , RB and C.
2. Apply +Vcc = +5volts (range of +Vcc = + 5volts to +18volts for 555 timer) from the power
supply.
3. Observe the output waveform at pin 3 and capacitor waveform at pin 6 (or pin 2) on
CRO. The waveforms are as shown in the figure 7b.
4. Measure the frequency and the duty cycle of the output on CRO.
5. Change the values of the timing components to get square wave of different
frequencies.
Case 2: Unsymmetrical square wave of D < 50% and Symmetrical square wave of D = 50%

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ECE department, BMSCE Analog Integrated Circuits (15ES4GCAIC ) IV semester, ECE

Sl.No Preliminary Experiments Unit

a Inverting amplifier , Non Inverting amplifier and Voltage follower 1

a Zero Crossing detector - Comparators 2

2 b Inverting Schmitt trigger circuit ( with Vref and without Vref) 2

a Weinbridge oscillator for a given frequency f 2

5 b 555 astable multivibrator (symmetrical square wave - duty cycle= 50%) 4

a D to A converter - Staircase generator 5

Dr. HRB, AIC Lab co-ordinator Page 1

Offset Null No connection

Inverting input 2 LM 7 +Vcc

-Vcc 4 5 Offset null

Typical characteristics of LM 741 op amp

Sl.No Parameter Symbol Ideal Typical for LM 741

1 Open loop voltage gain AOL  2 X 105

2 Output Impedance ZOUT 0 75Ω

3 Input Impedance ZIN  2MΩ

4 Input offset current Iios 0 20nA

5 Input offset voltage Vios 0 2 mV

7 Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR ( )  90dB

8 Slew rate S  0.5V/µsec

9 Input bias current Ib 0 80nA

10 Power Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR 0 30µV/V

Dr. HRB, AIC Lab co-ordinator Page 2

Experiment No 1a: Basic applications

i) Inverting Amplifier with a gain of 5 :

Design equation: Voltage gain =

4.7kΩ (available); This results in actual voltage gain = 4.7.

Figure 1a: Circuit diagram of an Inverting amplifier

Dr. HRB, AIC Lab co-ordinator Page 3

b) Input – output waveforms:

Figure 1b: Input-Output waveforms

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ii) Non Inverting amplifier with a gain of 5

Let the voltage gain be equal to ;

Figure 1c: Circuit diagram of Non- Inverting amplifier

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d) Input – output waveforms:

Figure 1d: Input-Output waveforms

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iii) Voltage Follower- Non Inverting amplifier with unity gain

Assume R1 = 1kΩ and therefore Rf = 1kΩ.

Figure 1e: Circuit diagram of Voltage Follower

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f) Input – output waveforms:

Figure 1f: Input-Output waveforms

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Experiment No 1b: Differentiator and Integrator

Figure 2a: OP-AMP as a differentiator

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Figure 2b: Output of differentiator for sine wave input

Figure 2c: Output of differentiator for square wave input

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ii) OP-AMP as an Integrator :-

Figure 2d: OP-AMP as an integrator

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Figure 2e: Output of integrator for sine wave input

Figure 2f: Output of integrator for square wave input

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Experiment No 1c : Precision Rectifiers

i) Precision Half wave rectifier-1:

Figure 3a: Circuit diagram of half wave rectifier-1