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SKILL DEVELOPMENT CELL

Logical Reasoning
Analogy

Logical Reasoning
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Analogy
The word “Analogy” means “correspondence” , i.e., similarity between like features as of two
things.
Questions on analogy test the ability of a candidate to understand the relationship/bridge between
two given terms (set of numbers/alphabets) and apply the same relationship/bridge to find the
missing term in the question.
Types of Analogies
In reasoning, generally we come across two types of analogies:
 Alphabet/Word analogy and
 Number analogy

Alphabet/Word Analogy

It is about finding similar relationships between pairs of words given to us as a test item.

Tips for Verbal Analogies


In order to score well in analogies, the first thing to be done is to 'find the relationship/bridge
between the pair'. There are a lot of different relationships/bridge that can exist in a pair; Some
of the commonly occurring relationship/bridge to find the missing term in the question on word
analogy are discussed below:
a) Part to whole :
o Battery : Flashlight :: Hard drive : Computer
Battery is a part of flashlight, similarly hard drive is a part of computer.
o Tree : Leaf :: Flower : Petal
o Dog : Puppy :: Cat : Kitten
Note : It is always important to make sure that the exact similar relation is to be maintained by
both sets.
Eg : Dog : Puppy :: Kitten : Cat [ ]
Dog : Puppy :: Cat : Kitten [ ]
In the set of analogy, if the 1st term of first set is animal and 2nd term is younger one, then the 1st
term of second set should also be a parent and 2nd term should be a younger one. i.e., The nature
of the terms should be same.
b) Cause and effect :
o Fatigue : yawning :: itching : scratching
Here the 1 words of both sets is the cause and 2nd words indicates the effect of the cause
st

o Tornado : destruction :: cut : bleed


c) Person to situation/dwelling place:
o Mother : home :: Teacher : school
o Horse : stable :: Cow : Shed
d) Synonyms & Antonyms :
Synonyms
o Obese : Fat :: Slender : Thin
o Happy : Gay :: Sad : Grief

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Antonyms
o Poverty : Wealth :: Sickness : Health
o Love : Hate :: Humble : Proud
In this case the bridge between the words of the first set is same as the bridge between the
words of the second set.
e) Miscellaneous :
Here many cases are included with different categories such as
 Symbol and what it stands for
o Flag : nation :: Heart : Love
 Measurement
o Distance : Meter :: Weight : Pound
 Time
o May : Summer :: December : Winter
 Person – Relevance
o Heart : Cardiologist :: Teeth : Dentist
o Doctor : Stethoscope :: Surgeon : Scissors

Number Analogy

The number analogy is mainly categorized into 4 different logics. Based on these logics, we
can deduct the bridge of the analogy. They are as follows :
a) Basic Operators
In this category , the bridge mostly comprises of addition , subtraction , multiplication
and division.
Eg.
 21 : 3 :: 574 : ?
i. 56
ii. 64
iii. 82
iv. 78
Bridge : divided by 7
 B : D :: S : ?
i. H
ii. U
iii. X
iv. T
Bridge : +2 positional value
b) Raising to Powers
Here the bridge can be raising to powers, it could be squares , cubes , to the power 4,5,6,
…. so on.
Eg.
 3 : 81 :: 5 : ?
i. 625
ii. 1025

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iii. 755
iv. 125
Bridge : raising to cube
c) Multiple Operators
In this category, we use multiple operators in a single bridge. For the second set, we use
same multiple operations in the same sequence to deduce the missing term.
Eg.,
 22 : 47 :: 33: ?
i. 54
ii. 69
iii. 72
iv. 18
Bridge : (*2) + 7
d) Nature of each term
Here we have to observe the pattern in the nature of terms in the first set and deduce the
bridge. Using similar bridge we can find the missing term. The pattern could be anything
like prime, composite, odd, even, product of 2 numbers, digits etc. Some of the examples
are as follows.
Eg.,
 42 : 56 :: 72 : ?

i. 87
ii. 58
iii. 84
iv. 90
Bridge : n*(n+1)
42 = 6*7
56 = 7*8
72 = 8*9
?=_*_

 7856 : 3927 :: 7963 : ?


i. 1235
ii. 5210
iii. 5678
iv. 2190
Bridge : a*b =cd ; term = abcd

Note : In analogy its always important that we need to consider options , because sometimes
options helps us to deduce the bridge.

6 : 36 :: 5 : ?
i. 25
ii. 30
iii. 35
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iv. 29

Here if we observe the first set , we can deduct the number of cases. All the 3
cases can be deduced and all the options are feasible. Now, the problem arises to
choose the correct answer. Therefore we have to choose correct answer using
preferential order.
Preferential Order :
The preferential order for Analogy and Series is as follows
1) Basic Operations
i. Addition
ii. Subtraction
iii. Multiplication
iv. Division
2) Raising to powers
3) Multiple Operations
4) Nature of terms

Practice Exercise:

1) Find a pair that is similar to the given pair of numbers:- 180:90


(a) 64 : 37 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 23 : 10 (d) 137 : 112

2) BCDE: PQRS :: WXYZ : ?


(a) EFGH (b) KLMN
(c) QJSP (d) TSUV

3) Which number is like the given set of numbers?


Given set: (5, 19, 37)
(a) 7 (b) 14
(c) 46 (d) 45

4) Which set of numbers is like the set given below?


(60, 30, 15)
(a) (44, 22, 3) (b) (46, 22, 12)
(c) (20, 10, 5) (d) (42, 21, 10)

5) 28: 4:: 343 : ?


(a) 23 (b) 113
(c) 97 (d) 49

6) 16 : 26 : : 25 : ?
(a) 34 (b) 57
(c) 59 (d) 37

7) RJPL : NNLP : : YAWC : ?

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(a) UESG (b) VEUS
(c) UGSA (d) SEUG

8) BH : JP : : EK : ?
(a)PS (b) KV
(c) MS (d) ST

9) BDF : GIK : : OQS : ?


(a)PUT (b) RVU
(c) TVX (d) UWN

10) EFGH: AJCL :: PQRS : ?


(a)SEUG (b) LUNW
(c) UGSA (d ) TMVO

11) AI: IQ:: FG : ?


(a)NO (b) NS
(c) KR (d) SB

12) CEG : HJL :: PQR : ?


(a) PUV (b) RVK
(c) MWN (d) UVW

13) Find the 2nd number of the 2nd pair:- 


 9876 : 7654 : : 4673 :?
(a)2637 (b) 2451
(c) 2351 (d) None of these

14) Find a pair that is similar to:- 512 : 64


(a)64 : 18 (b) 25 : 5
(c) 145 : 15 (d) 729 : 81

15) Find a pair that is similar to:- 3 : 15


(a)1 : 2 (b) 5: 45
(c) 11 : 65 (d) 2 : 14

16) GECA : JHFD : : QSUW :?


(a)KNMP (b) MPNR
(c) TSQT (d) TVXZ

17) Cack : kcaC : : XgmF :?


(a)EgmF (b) EgmX
(c) FmgX (d) GemF

18) FHJL : GJMP : : GIKM :?


(a)HKNQ (b) GJMP
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(c) JMGP (d) JPGM

19) Rca : aCR : : Rrb :?


(a)JBr (b) bRR
(c) RRp (d) McA

20) Find a pair that is similar to:- 11 : 77


(a)1 : 2 (b) 13 :143
(c) 11 : 65 (d) 2 : 14

21) Find a pair that is similar to 81 : 27


(a)1296 : 216 (b) 2401 :49
(c) 125 : 625 (d) None of these

22) 3754 : 5976 : : 7563 :?


(a)2857 (b)7536
(c) 2367 (d) 9785

23) ROBBERY: CRIME


(a)Truth : emotion (b) Painting : art
(c)Poem : sonnet (d) Trickery : wizardry

24) Errata : Books : : Flaws : ?


(a)Manuscripts (b)Metals
(c) Speech (d) Charter

25) TRIAL : JURY :: ?


(a)dispute : arbiter (b) poll : contestant
(c)championship : spectator (d)conference : speaker

26) IMPLAUSIBLE : ABSURD :: ?


(a)shadowy : illurninated (b) flamboyant : public
(c)surprising : shocking (d) superfluous : truncated

27) SEDATIVE : SLEEP::?


(a)challenging : knowledge (b) mnemonic : memory
(c) dramatic : story (d) vocal: eloquence

28) BACTERIA : DECOMPOSITON ::?


(a) volcano : eruption (b) antibiotic : injection
(c) yeast: fermentation (d) oxygen : treatment

29) If x = 3 and y = 27, then x : y :: y : _______________


(a) 19 (b) 196
(c) 1968 (d) 19683

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30) 11 : 121 :: 13 : ____
(a) 156 (b) 169
(C) 179 (d) 216
31) 144 : 23 :: 169: _____
(a)32 (b) 24
(c) 25 (d) 26

32) Select the pair that has the same analogy as the given pair: 9876: 12234567
(a) 34562: 89776 (b) 123: 122345
(c) 654321: 922346 (d) 9993: 8886

33) If x = 144 and y = 18, then x : y what


(a) 96: 12 (b) 13: 169
(c) 169: 13 (d) 256: 16

34) 19 : 361 :: 66 : ____


(a) 693 (b) 256
(c) 4356 (d)5346

35) 23 : 506 what 12 : ____


(a)132 (b) 123
(c) 321 (d) 312

36) AEI: LQV:: ACE: H_,_


(a) OP (b)DC
(c) KN (d)QW

37) Polio: virus :: food poisoning: __________


(a) Fungi (b) Algae
(c) Nematodes (d) Bacteria

38) Alzheimer’s disease : Dementia :: food poisoning : ________


(a) High fever (b) Bloating
(c) Bleeding (d) Running nose

39) 27 : 3 ::  999 : _______


(a)954 (b) 452
(c) 321 (d) 111

40) Cardiologist : Heart :: Chiropractor : ________


(a)Joints (b) Eyes
(c) Brain (d) Nerves

41) Geology is to Earth what Entomology is to ________


(a)Birds (b) Reptiles
(c)Insects (d) Engines

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42) 3131 : 9800030 :: 3 : ___
(a)9 (b) 6
(c) 666 (d) 66

43) 77 : 154  :: 88 : ____


(a) 176 (b) 128
(c) 182 (d) 136

44) Electron is to the beta rays what a photon is to _______


(a) Light (b) atom
(c) X-rays (d) Scan

45) Bombay : Maharashtra : : Trivandrum : ?


(a) Calcutta (b) Gujarat
(c) Rajasthan (d) Kerala

46) Barometer: Pressure :: Sphygmomanometer: ?


(a)Humidity (b) Strains
(c) Blood pressure (d) Thickness

47) Newspaper : Press : : Cloth : ?


(a) Tailor (b) Textile
(c) Fibre (d) Factory

48) Melt : Liquid : : Freeze: ?


(a) Ice (b) Condense
(c) Solid (d) Crystal

49) Muslims: Mosque : : Sikhs : ?


(a) Golden Temple (b) Medina
(c) Fire Temple (d) Gurudwara

50) Museum is related to Curator in the same way as Prison is related to….?
(a) Manager (b) Monitor
(c) Jailor (d) Warden

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