1) i:j;'ii.

-i
wt_.&L'
i 7 C i2 tj ., i. r i.-: .r;r.
f
-it _t ),) t) tj
r 1r. ,_ I Ji r,' r\ iV E.{AMINA,t. IONS LtO r-iNc-f1,
ADV Ai\ ClitD j,tOF _CTENC,
lrii.clil iAf ioNS

B fOLOGY

UNTT 2 PAPER 02

MARK SCHEME

2006
 .1 a' i-:. jj.r' j, - !l

,i
BI(, rr(l(ll
lJN .rlIl 2 - rjp.,l11:. C2
5:
- ARK SC}ii.I,il]

.\,
1uA ri KS
I
..1'_..
_:
KC UK x5
,JT1 :1

ur la 1
iiisirest vield with: 87. k s i{
1
Yield when :po1la has bee ledr ,5 per i3i1 t-
.:,;i
1
oi fference: f 212 kg ha-l .,J;

T\.ro other f$ctors affecti

fd .:.

,.i
r,isht lintensitY i' 4

CO2 availabilitY
Moisture/wat"t i.n = 4@
Tenperatrlre .
" 1
2 facuors 1

(e) Plant comPound requiriog

proteins/dmino aci 1
Nucleic aiids/nitr es

Ma-nure i4irroves c Ct of soil

(r) ents in soil
rncreases I imProves
Provid-es hurmrs Eo
Helps soil retdin er
NutTients in manurc-'' e*e sily leactred ,l
1
v acbed. from soil
Chqrlical'f er r-t|J i z e
%@ffir4"..*s l maf k.:
S.Lov '-i7
En:?," fu1r4,n;.
L1-bt- . t,
o.:* l-r--..d A"
(-c,) "Dr a', i-ng of leaf :
- *jE al'
.lr
CCrl:eCf- I)roPortions 1ma
1.
cleai, cl;.ar I ! nel 1 11r

lcy
l.c'Jur I
4
Corr ect tab=1,1-ins (( 4/
1

e-g. ePiderrnis . ,

pa1-:lsa c'.e laYer

s,.::,iy n. rrr-e;, irh.ir- I iayel':
r ._tt, .:r r-r'.; i- 11: .::, ,r
j- . , \ ,_.\
,_...!-. .. ^;\ .. -;7. f,- r..'.s-D
 C:.:l i-)'; !, :rCl,1 i!1::t
/,.!Ilj ;: 0il ;
BIO,,OG.i

.A,
u{rT 2 -- F..IPER 02
l" I.U1F.K SCHEME

Quest-1on :.1

14AI{KS
(a-) (i)
+50
KC IIK xs
+50 .l

+40 \
aa
Fr
11 +30
o
I
}]
+2o
H
E +10 I )
1
H I
J I I
d
I
H
H I d
2 1
1
L]
EI
E{
o
!l 30
0

I
I
I
I
It
rl
H I tB I

E
EI
40 I I
I

5o I
ll
- 50
*tad^l+ = 2. \\
-70
Q^ ra!-,." - z 0 o.2 0.4 0-6 o 8 1.0
TTME IN !{IILISECONDS L.4
T4l- t**"r 7
X axis data correct
*l= correcrly 1abeffed Y axis data correct
.T
! axrs coi.-rectly label Graph a correct
led Graph B correct
4 points correct 4 marks
=
(ii) 1 A .peaks at 6
0 mV, B peaks ilt +15 +5
mill ivol ts l
2 A peaks at 0.4 ms, B peaks I
at 0.8 ms
2 ciifferences = 2 marks )
1 oltterence = 1 mark 2

riLLe.jtrength of tle r
abiJ-iry ;.1-;";i,;";"j"esPonse is clet<:'rmined by the avail-. I

i ;.L ',,,j ".'/ tj .,

'lll:er e Jr- nl-,t,j
io(ll.-ur rons iir
r:ra,z;,'i r'cirLl.e,i-r;=.;_;::l'*' norm-t -l risar.rate.- rLan 5c:5 ojl I
I

r.11.'i-'.
ll .i,.;r-lr )

t.. i- ,--!,4 .. i
{

'- .,,)-.......-'
 1L.: ':'

LiOr-,( )Gt/

UNIT' 2 _ I'AI)dX C2

'(
IYI.^\ Sciir.ji,t9

.'L.r 'lKS

ue st ioI-1 2 ,'rlt ' 11- 1(tl i,K XS

(b) $,i.y wwel&/ol

dry; Labels: dend ri Les
Schawnn cel1/Schawnn cell nucleus
myelin sheaLh
node of Ranvi
3 -i- l:r r1s cor::eet = 1 rnark 1

I c^a^^-a^-e"re' -e'"'-"
1-
(l'.to)z, * vu*
^n*;
&i44fA'' - fL-4' - 'A''-z/-
-'4 G'-a'fu'('- c*^f'""' .fl'

t-44'L-o0 Ka,--;'('-L4, c"'* L

t\-@k r4O,tU'
 O22i.)? $-? 0;'a t.:.)i:j/.:.!.j .r,:.._
BI OLOG]I
LIN-1T2-!,ApIiR02
M'IIK SCIilj){E

Qu )sticn 3 I,IARKS

(a) Gene therapy

UK xs
1
(b) Restriction enzlanes
1
(c ) Benefits: Cure patient, relieve synptoms,
Iife improve qualj-ty of
Hazards: Trea tnent may not work
effects
as exp=cled, Unintended
2
, t 2 points, 2 marks
I F^6,\.la ruF*fiY".
/r 6,t
(d) No. Not incorporated irrto gametes
2
point for ,196,, oae for
0116
reaso!. = 2 Darks
(e) (i.) be4qxoN'-
I Use aDtlbiotic tetrac:ycline
,/resistance and kanamycin sensitivity
aProduc tion of corn probein
a by bacterja
B-tt oN
I If no DNA taken up then E. Coli. would.
ro -bottr antibiotics be sensitive
2
Darks
bGTszrr orr
(ii) I Use antibiotic tetra cycline and kanamycin
,/resistance sensitivity
f Production of corn protein by bacteria
o tt,eQ* *a to9
/- ff DNA taken up then bacteria
Letracycline and res is tant couid be sensitive to
to kanamycin
Q€<rcr ft^r.u w. r-liiN 2
?r--J{l
2 and produce corn pro Le j.n
2 trErks 2 poilxts

h"x-*; l(
.+ " tgbag^1rt^**" ,[-z-*r;-. L,
.twro,u*-ra.
oil T* r..,,^n ..,,-r..-T "2,,i:^., -..!, it, ;-
u-,1 I -(-r--l--,-,..,-, -.(",'-L ()n I

"\Q-^iY^,a-':..
,-,' ..
-, c;, zz-- I

i
I

l {

l
I
/
I I
I

I
 tl ll ll ili'i2 rl,,j! . . .r,,'.,
,9 (tLric\
Lri\iT't 2- t'APlt-). 0_l
Irl', 'U.- (lCI' lilil i;

I i: ,i)r'
I4AR1<J
.,) (i) AC'IIOIT Rlruvate lirarj CO, 11,,r,1s6:d decar:boxyl atj. on
KC UI(
PLTRPOSE To reduce it from a 3-carbon compound Lo
a 2-carbon comlrorlnd t
ACTION Hydrogen is removecl (from pyruvate)
(collected bw NAD/ !-AD)
t'
PURPOS]1 To be use,l to procluce ATP by the Erc
ACTION Reduction to a 2 ,:arbon compound Acetyl CoA

PURPOSE Facilitates incorporation of Acetyl CoA

into Krebs cycle \
2 actions aD.d. 1rurpo. ss 4 Earks 4
1 action atral tr:urDQse 2 Darks
(ii) " ACTION Acetyl CoA (bhe product of oxidation and
decarbo:cjrlation), cogl:ines $rith a 4 carbon
cotrq)ormd .

PURPOSE Forms a 6 carbon compcur.d which is a sub-

stantial molecule, perl[itting repeated
oxidation and decarborclrlation (i.e' builds
us the munber of C bonds and attached H2OH
ACJTTON Decarboi<lr1at ion of the 6 carbon compound
removes CO,

PURPOSE This facilitates oxidation cf the group

ACTION Oxidation of t'tre 6 carbon compound removes
hydrogen i

PURPOSE The lrydrogenis used by the ETC to make ATP

(collected by 1\AD)
i\CTlON The resufting 5 carbon cornpound is decar-
boryl ated
PIIRPOSE To refuce the comporrnd i-o a 4-carbon com-
pould, ald facilitaLe removal of H
ACTION oxidaLlon of 5-carb<.rn ac-i- - ccmpot'rrd Lo
4-carbon
Provides Il fL.r ATP -,rodLrction
I

PUR]?OSE
ACTlON 4 carbon acid cornp,-:-.rnd. is .rbl:: t-o corrLb:i i.le
,,i. L-b a ce i:r*l Co:\
.ErjRi')ossll Tilis r--..r:no i- L-s th: t:'(il.: Lo r:olrl--ilu..,- I

3 :\i a-i ,.r;-; r. ni], i_:'u -:1i.). -:i 3 .ri;r,-r:il: -i I

J.).il!-:.; if,1n1: l- 1;r. -;;;-r,-{;;t_:!..r.. q:'; .1,1'-'1j'rq.r.ii, rt ':': ;l I

I
i

I
 ilir2iJ 7ii_:.1..,, f.,i: rr,i. ,,,) (]:
B l Ot,oc g
TTN1T2_PAPER02
MARK SCBi]ME

Qrres tion -d cont'd- I\iLRi<S

(b) Electron Transport cha KC
(Diasram shoutd ir,.t"J:"/:"=pira tory chain UK
Le these features)

NA-DII2

TAD
2E'
2s-), ,^€-
Fr+ o .iE. o

i ii ':l e-
t :rl

ADP+P, -----..:+ ATp

DP* Pr,---> afp

Hydrogen released bw ,
is raken up by NAg;, Tif"tt"" reactions .in the Krebs ercle :.
The reduced carriers
are moved to the electron
?hese are located on the transporL systejns
cristae of the rdtochondria
They are composed of
co- enz).mes and
cariers) cytochromes (cafled
9i?ren the hydrogen
is passed from one carr-ier
energ.y is liberated to another,
rhi s ej1ab]_es ADp
to cornbine with p (a phosphate)
The hydrogen is split into , and fonn
protons ald electrons
The electrons pass
along. a series of ca.rrier;;
Ate ach excha[ge of efectr (qytoc hrome s ):/
libe rated and ADp oans o!.s betwee r carr ters energiy is
J wi th p Lo f o].lTr --j'i,
At the end of the AT,p
re j oin co f r>r.1 H (
chain Lhe 2 p::oi_or.s (Il)
or ZH) anil the electron
Tllis joirrs r,ritLr oxygsn
Lo flriir irinLer

I
I
I I

L.
 B l ( jr,o(iY
urv r-,.,, 2 _ PAPER 02
t4Aitl(,scHl-lr4E

a). ,':r.l i .ir't .1 ,:()ri i. ' ii

.r"\]. is
role of oxlg en is Eo accept the 2H* and the e-
ll-'he KC UK
actions can ccntinue so the

The enzyme controlli:, E this is cytochrome oxid..ise

Approx 3 mol:cu1 )s of A1.p ar:e made per respi:-atory chaii1

4 saLient points frco illustratioD,

6 Poiats trdt account = L0 ,oarks
duplication of poi[ts is accepta-bIe
10
 9

i)2:i$i ",t2i.'./ i":a, j..Jf ;..?0i,,rj

Bf or,oeY
I,[NII' 2 _ PAPEii o2
MARX SCHEMIi

llues rton 5

(a) . Ecosvstems are major MARKS

interacting sv
living orsanisms ,,d rh.i;;;;;;":i"ff1:,:*r involve both KC UK

or an (
,, eals, ..proa,JJ"l,,;'ffi":. and the place
. An ecoloqical
niche is g6" specific
wit hit t" t'i." -f
conditions "i"ln"^:::"orunent
. i;;i;i ";::" ":t=';:T;1"t"'
orsani sm 1 i..," ""
"
. The role an organism is
svstem or habitar adapLed to o in an
*. or particularecolosical
".n. . n.IJ.';;"":'-1" prey.
A food chain ,. _
producer i= .aa-t of linkag<
".,L,-*^-^-". in which a primary
'sequence
'en by a rr".oi""i""^'ses
A herbivore is
A secondarr,
""jf:.:T::=k ;:rTil :::rJ
I points 4 malks l poiat
for tgach, tern
(b) 4
EcosysterE are dl.nan-i c systems
-Ecosys tems
have bot
Ecosys rems
conrain J"fi ;::r":i::::.j"ctors inreracrinsr
Ecosystems support t"., ,.,-^- "^-".' species that interact
-ar-r-rerent
rood chains
Ecosystems
"," ..,.j;;;
Ecosys tems have rnanl
l::.:""

i::**:T;*iljT:yr :J;,T.T;' *
r ::i. ilH
organisms can contribua" a^"rf_-^'lurr ecosystem then other
ccmplex interacting -"o Lrrdrlges since ecosystems
t"rn-J are
"y"
(c) (i) 4
T".t, ffow begins
pholoslmrhesis wi. enersv being
and :"'"trnake
,rrll:d to c;;;";;il:t:.ptured in
carbohvdrare js used )y
decomposers consumers arrd then
throug,h to
At a1J stages of a food
heat we]: or chain energy
is l-ost as
Energrl .losi_ as he.rt is
r ;.i t o r ir e p :,,,rLl
o,.., t*. r'i"lit.,l,,'t,"nlX."11,,"".li .InCDr--DOra i:ed
able t.o crzc,. r.
n

i
!

I
I
I
 r, tor.OC 1

In{I? 7 -- trAPl,'Il C2
I\aGiLK {;C:Jr'.yll

)i ;"1 I a:cnt'J. ]\LARKS

Each orgarrism in the food chai-r: c: lr:sipates some o! the KC UK

energry molecules that. it consumed as heat

This energ-y is Iost and not ava:i labl.r to the next consumer

The energ.y as you go up the food chain is limited 3

3 points 3 raarks
r-t:tl
j $, ;r"t6''t+"1t
lYra
l' mo,L $d.t'-Y anar I

t.i) Td
-9f--lX}I.nbers' 't ;f d."'t'"-"4 rt-^r'\' ia,zel
1 tree supports 500 caterpillars, 200 sn.ails 5 sparrows
alrd t hawk
,th," greatest numl:er of individuals are the caterpillars
The Dext greatest are the snails
The one individual tree is supporti ng maq' hundreds of herbj wores
:1.h,= herbivores are support ingi a f ewer r-rumber: of primary carnivores
primary carinivores are supporiing only olle tertiary consurner
'7,^-',ta^*i"l
Th,=
'
;",t\+ztl f "iyz3"'t'r
g "t s
=a,L:'d--ol-&io-rlas
T 3 tree has the Largest biomass
The caterpillars hawe a low biomass cornpared to the tree
'fhe biomass of the snails may te simifar to the biomass of the
ca cerpilla::s
The 5 birds also trave a low biomass
The hawk has t-he lowest biomass of ,rI1 in the pyrarr.id

rE4ryj d " i--eErsY

TLe energy producecl ald passeC on by tho tr:ee would be the h-lghest
iome gf tbe energ-y -Ii.om th-- tree is passed on to both tbe
cAterpitrlar$ and the snai-'.s
t,
energ-y is passed (sone) pass:d to Ltre sparrows
i::
e of thris energy is passed to the h'!"k

i i).-'i-:'!..1s fi .1 actr I
': --,
6 i.),ri:,ti: s l::r ,::,'-r'1. a, 6 i ;ir.s I

.".r).j-i:l:r. rr--i. 61;.-:1 1 : 4 :r r.::!;.; ,.,

I

i,'
iir.
 0 ):) L)'/ il2i,.,iir- Li,;.,/ix;i
i!ri)ri
BfOi,OG trl

{INfT 2 -. pApl:tR 02
}4ARK ,SCHI.i,IIIE

Ques ti.(rn

ta ) Not e: Definition requireLl, and reference }4AE{KS

to Liver: AND/OR pancr !as
(i) Homeostasis - maintenance KC UK
environment (of b.lood a-od of a constant .lnterna.I
I evel s / concentrat ions
body Ftuids) within set

?he liver regulates the

concentration
lUnder the inf .Iuence of the pancreaaticof blood sugar
rnsuline and glucagon) hormones

ft stores reserves and can

back to normaf when requir:dtherefore adjust fevefs
a 1
2 f!o:[D.ts 2 :aarks
(1 lor clefiEitioE
",,1 1 other poiat)
(ii) Set point _ is rhe specit'ic
a tacEor or su-bstalce which leve1,/concentration of
fr:rrct i on effect.ivefy the body requires to

The set point of glucose in the

blood is 90 mgl100 crn3
Deviation from the set point
fan:r:as to srcrete }ormones, cause reactions in ttre
rnsulin
to bring it back to normal and glucagon

These hormones cause the

liver's meta]3of ism to adjust
the g:lucose content of the
blood
L a
.points 2 marks
2
(L for defiaitioD and
L oth6r)
(:lii ) Detectors _ celts witl
ttre tevels/c;;;;;.;.;;i_"urface proreins which sense
Lons of facLors or molecul-es
These cells/tissues re
an erfecrion bv aleri-ins
", ";;;#""ti"?."r1t"'*tons
DeLectors for blood glucose
conc occur -i.n the pa:rcr eas,
Islets of Langerhans
0 ce Lls are sensitive to a rrsc i.n qluco:;e
3nd scciete insulin i eve1:-;

Dei.er'.nr.: nrr t iro L jver

cells r ..p,--111 c i suli ttr- ;rlr
Lucagcn by adjusi_inci g,i,ri:,.
9-. I
;;1-- ('(,f,l,l ri- i tr the l:.i.oor l

e r:cLl s ...r: gr_r1Sjfl.-r/.:- i-o ,r- ri,:r,yr tr- cr lr:c.:r, ,e r]]al

!Tl.ur.,,: ,,-L ;r:lla I.tr..l
 .''i'-r._. \ / i .. i:rj
.,: :.:, 1..r

;lrOi,OGy
TI{IT2_r]AIER02
u,\R1 ,.icHEltul

Qrr-ll--- t. i orr 6 coilr: ' c1-

-Nl A_R ,'?.!l
(,iv) Reg.r1.;or. - ce1ls which are caused (by detect:or
mechanisms) :o reinsl_.te the ;.,ei: poinL and r.: jDoncl u;<
according t.o a stimulus
Liver cefls rrnder influence of ilsulin Lake irr rnore
glucos e
Ciucose fevels in blood return to normal
under inffuence of glucagon, fi..,,er cefls provide
Glucose from their qlycogen source.
Glucose fevefs rise to normal

NOTE: For l-art (iii) :::-:til (iv) th \!s are 3 KC ardl 3ER marks
iD. totaL 3 3

2 def init j.oss . ( iii ;rnd i_v) = 2 marks

2 other points for aacb = 4 poilts = 4 marks (3+3)
(k,) The liver carrnot store excess protein so it must
metabolize it
imalJ prroteitts ar..r collvel:ted by enzl-mes to ttreir
comporrent amino acids
Excess amino acids are de--1(Ianated by the removal
of the -
NH2 group
The 'carbohydrate', Lrortion can be used in respiration
The aruino grouD can be used to slmthesize other
aurino acids (r^rhich the body needs ) (poo1)
The. ammonia cal be used to mak,: nitrogenous bases
for nucleotides
Arrmonia can enter the Ornithine cycle
.Arru-nonia cr.r,n be converted to urea, which .i.; Ir:ss toxic,
and this .is excreteo by Lh:: lcj,dneys
In 'irans2pinati.-rn tbe ', carbohydraLer and amirro groups
can be in1-br,:.,,ranged
This ensures t-hat the liver has. a pool of varied I-A
fcr proL :in fcr.nation I

?Ilj- s pool. is used to buil I o-i u sma I)r,rteins

I

F-|.:sna- protr:ins are esseni_iai for carryinq minerals,

l:irnron :s e1,::. in t-he blocd I
I
. -.i-..li:t.', ::!..:6..i:i..-
1i i - r: - rl:nLoi, a I of bacteri. . ;,itr,l I

rLi.'.Ee.lJ a! 1.-l:l a protein base) , c_1.one by iugtf rer

I
r 1()eb.)id/-r. rqocytes, ancl meL..l:olizecl IJ

' ,, r,-,. . r.::-l__-r:-, .i i ..l :., . L r:

I

.., . ,, ii ., . _.:,:=
 D,l l? l,r'i lj2 U II _.:::...,'-.,.
1l:r.OLOGy

lrNf 'r 2 - PAPER 02

}LAR]< SCiJE}IE

Q',esLi on '/
(a) 1 Baa!-Drqs_qllre_: .rs created because ions MAR I(S
the x1r1em of the root and are naintainedare secreted into
there
endodermis due to the UX

They reduce the water potential at Lher

base of the xylem.
Water moves across the cortex to the vascular
tissuel
The root }air cefls pump ions rn, and absorb
osmosis. water by
The large catchment creates an inward
of water movement

2 Caoillaritv: is the property of water molec.les clirnJcinq

in aarrow tu-bes due to coiresion and adhesion
Water can cfimb one metre by this method,
in the lower stem
3 Cohesion: Watel molecules are cohesive.
changes, the molecules stick to Due to tlieir
unbroken eolun[r of water - "."i-oit "r] torminq an
4 Athesion: Water mofecules stick to other
the walls of the x],fem efer.ents sutrsta_nces in
5 Trarlspiration pu11 : Water is fost from
ration, creating- a lower $/ater potential the -leaf by evapo_
in
*". rhe xt fem moves by diffusion ro the leaf cel-1s.
Ilii:. rhe mesophyll
Cohesion and Adhesion of water at the
top.of
pu1ls an unbroken column of waterupraaa'= - the xyL em
-
6 Stomata: Wtren opelx. allow water vapour
This .lowers the water potential i" ii"-f"Jtto pass out.
Surface water on ceLls evaporates. It spaces.
from the ceff, reducing the vacular *u* is replaced by water
initiates tlre transpiration pull ].'oa"rraial, which
-

5 tr)oints from each se.:tica arrd 4 poinLs frm aay

sectioE = 10 ra=.:hs
6 poiEts 3
d points 9 rEnrks
2
B lrashs
6 poirats t
6 points ? narks
0
6 rnarir;;
5}2oints 0
5 me';ks
4 T.oinLs 0
3 iloiiats 4 marl<s
0
-3 rr^e:d.: ::
:2 r,oint s 0
i- 1 ,r-,:'-xri
0 j' r::.;i li ;
i
I
I

-11 I

l
i i'r
I

i_
 i..

C220, i:0 / rl A " l./j,.rj :0tr,.r

B.I,CI-OGY

UN LT 2_ PAPER 02
i'lr\Ii( SCEEIIE

Question I MA]iKS

KC Uj(
(a) (i) PhagocYtes i

are annoeboid celfs produced in rthe bone marrow artd

they circulate in the blood
They move rapidly to the site of an infection
They can squeeze through capillary wall-s and directly
invade the infection site
They engulf antigens (large proteins /bacteria etc
<2 5 0nm)

They digrest and kil-l the pathogens in a celLular

vesicle
They remove alien/foreigm moLecules whic-.r may cause
harrtr to that orgiarr, e . g. J.ung, liver

Ary 4 staterne,1ts = 2 uarhs ')

2-3 stsaLenoD.tss = 1 mark
(ii) Pfasma cells - formed from B cells (by di f ferenti atj-on)
Secrete,/ slrrrthesize antibodies (against specif ic
antigens )
Each tlpe of plasma ceil producbs a single t].pe of
a-rrtibody
The antibody agglutinates / traps, inactivates the
arlt.igen
They are 'effector" cells - carry ouh the 'end
reaction" of the imrmr-rre response
They increase in number rapiclly during an infection,
and decrease after the anti,Jen is controlfed

.AEy 4 poirrts, 2 marks 2

2 - 3 :poiraLs 1 rlitrk
J- point only
-.:.
:r ,.rk

If canditlata has :1- poi:rt c:rli.ir !.1 :)ot1r . j.) -trd iu (ri)
"
:r l.na.rk ray be giv :rr
 r /.)C7,J.til/l: \...p./ir:s ._..
:,
l-l li )Ltl, j Y

LI,ITT
'l - PA j?En a,)
-l
IIAn.'{ aLfir.iuj

Q,res t iori 'I coni. '11.

MAiil(S
(b) Vessel elements are elongated ceffs KC UK
Ve:tse1s have no protoplasijs

;::::i: ::::J:;'f i:":J..:n;:;.:3,H:"'

j;i#".;:_,i;n;.
i.3ii!:irH":J:':,ffi:L.i:",T;li:,j:
Xtlern -f s.:> contains fibers t". ."."n
=to..gf*.iA.,rpport 4
4 poirres, d Ioarks
3 3

(c) Pl:::t i?-

KgN is a metabofic poison

Uj-nera1 up take, maiaf.y an active
is i r:hr'-b, t process (reqt _i,r:lng energry)
,
Uptr.ke of tter Dot affected by
r/v,
KCN because it _Lnvol,t es
rchysical processes
(but indirectly, acti_v: transport
when active pumpins involved
""-r";esin wat"r uptake
gtradient for wat,:r to "f foLLow
_i9:: i";"-;.i; a concenr.rarion
n".;i;;;r;-=''
Tran_spiration, physical process,
1,>w hu.rnidi tyu rriin'*" i", porenriaf
continues by
"f "a.".n;::"enhanced
3 points, 3 marks
3
P:[a:1t 2

Ler upt.lke ar:d mineral iorr transport

I,!Ia
occurs
1::a:nspiration sfows because of
of almosphere high humid/f ow wat-er potenti_dl
lli f ftsion of water irom interce,Ifular j i:
spac rs to -tao"ri
';ould be slow =..
I

liineral ions c.trried in transpiratLon

i :anspiraLior slorvs rniner.-L stream- ! ten
i"" ..r".=p"ri-]r"r=.'
=.,
I
3 p_.i.:t.- i i!rjz.:\:s

,t
II
ll
 :-, rr-lC-rj'-,.,..'.t .i-):. r

,-. roi{x,Y
Ii1\ 'i- 'PAP!t1 02
j( rlii,l0

/) 1ai l:iJ4 ,' coni:'d' lriTul .l S

(o) " B cell-s o::-igrinate in bt,ne rla.r'row from stem cel1s by mitosis KC LIK
- lnature in bone marrow
D genes are rearranged to giive m;iny (10 millicn) varying
protein codes
. These varianEs code f<;r differ:nt antibody surface receptors
just
" Eactr B cell is programed to extr)ress driring maburation
one t)4)e of surface receptor
" 'lhe aange of B ce11s will th'=ref ore, between them,
have an
immense nu:nlcer of different receptors
for any'/ every
" There will theref,ore be a B cel1 with receptor
antige;r
5-5 DoiDts 3 :Ea.rhg
3-4 poiDts 2 sarks
1-2 poiats i mark

'l' cells:
Form in bone marrow from s Le^rt ce1ls by nritosis
I.ligrrate to thlzmus
Differentiate genotl4)e to form lhousalds of wariants
t7aria;rt genes code for Specific surface receptors
T cel 1s have a wide range of individual surface r'rceptors' so
,'cellstravethebodlr'sovna:ni-igenspresentedtotherbyMHC
ff a T ce11 binds wit-h and reacts with one of Lhe bocly's o}\n
protseins i-" is kil-led
'Ihis prevents bavingr T cells that' attack the bodY's own cells'
i-e. a-n auto immune attack on the bcdy by ir-s own
'I mature cefls
5-5 points 3 marks
3-4 Doints 2 La r",':
!-2 Poi:at '- 1 m. rir
 t

02 2 0:i,? 0,/r.:1.I:iI-:.:,.-_:
B TOi,OGY

TIN].I 2. PAPE11 C2
I4ARI( SC}Iq1E

MARI(S

Questiorr I cont'd. KC (IJ<

(c) When pregrransy occurs, a protein (called

Tiri s can be detected in the t]CC) is produced.
urine
The monocfonal pregmancy
test i dent i fies HCG exactly, with
no errols

The body has i:rrnunt= cells calfed

There are thousands ot varieties B llmphocytes
of them
Bach varialt B cefl
=::";::3"::==;::,
o:
rF: ". ; ;;;i": :[ antibody
proteln) is aa antis,-on,f". .b;;;-;;;
which the bodv has ;#;ril:
=:i;:." ""3S"jfii:"."*
-

ilj'X"jlr.t"' ",n";;;i"';ribody-produc-
These B cells can be cfoned
identical B cells in t}.e lab to make r+ilLions
of
These B. cefls are "monoclones ,,

They produce
1:r9",
Ttre ant ibody Ls T:,-as of a parricular anribody
called a "monoclonal antibody, ,
The antiboey (fAB) is manufactured
i-n large quantiLies in pL-:rrmac eutical corpanies
The monoclonal antibody which
pregmancy matches IiCG is used. in
test. tihen rhe tesr strip, the
is dipped i-n urine containing I{CG ll*II ,ran rhe monocLonaL

lt reacts and the results can

?he antibody reacts only with 1:: s een
protein I)regnancy protein and no other
so it is very e].act, specific
and acc,.rrate .
4
7-a points 4 rilark i;
5-6 ,-)oi]].ts 3 la:rh=
iloi!1;:: j
2 ::-:i::<.,;
]:.i T r -..1.
 .l
il
-r Ii ] 7 r.; J r'i t;\ :. t,..rr:i.i ._.
(r I,,

rll.OLOC',

Ln{:iT l - I'Ai'ilt 02
IvLAi?j. SCIIlllilrl

}IAJIKS

uesti,on B conL'd- KC UK

cl) EXAMPLES: POLIo, Mlv-R, TUBERCULOSIS, SMA]TI' POX

Act a f (AAI) uses weakened/ki lled/

attenuated antig:ns
ttre
They simulate the disease epitopes, but camot cause
disease
The immune system responds and produces antibodies in
the
normaf wa,
Ttlen memor1r cefls are rnade for a secondary :reaction
when
needed, in future
The AAI antigen may need to be re-introduced as
a booster
to maintain the resPorse
ttrey
Antigens for Polio/MMR/BCG can be giwen in chil-dhood;
confer .Iong term imnmi ty by stimulatinq the body's
orrm

responses
AAI is call-ed'vaccination/inrnr:Iisation'
rare'
It can proLect tbe wbole populat'ion and make Lhe disease
or eradicate it (smalltr>ox)
EXAMPLES SNAKE/ SPIDER BITES' TETA}IUS

Passive Arljlieiel-IEEuljlJ. (PAr) is very silort Lived

It only.lasts for a few daYs - 1 week
Does not stimul-ate natural- immune sYstem
Actual antibodies to the antigen are giwen
These come from another person (or an anj-ma1)
It gives immediate protection in an e:nergency
an immune response
Or when a person is too ill to carrl'/ out
an ti toxins / antibodi es
Snake or spider toxins need immedial'-e
pathogen inj:cted
Tetanus, from a wound - in soil is a:r active
protein
tetanus antitpxin countel.acLs the ietanus
mad'e by the rnoi:trefi '
Antibodies which pass throug:h the p1' 'enta '
Thi s is also P'AI
can pl:ctect the baby f or a sLrol-t t:in': '
!-or )-ictr pa-.-t l.1ot 3 na::ks, :'!il : ''' L('r"l;j
"
E:r..:.l'rP 1e:: ,/ S i- iuari: j' c' l i r l:k
5 :-.oi,rt'r
:- :? .ir ' '{' I

i :' :'oj-::ri: ' ' '"'' -:

..i I :, J .'.:
 1:)

lj_r(_,I,Ocy
ijN r:T 2. itApt=.1 02
IIARK Sr"fiEME

!.)r-r e.r ii on 9

(a) (i) LacLating hother: /-AR{s

KC UK
Ca-Icium reguired for
P::oductions
jlrbohvdrare; ;; ;.::k
Vitamjns, Iulinerals
MiLIk, vegetabtes
yyaEer _ essential. truit cere. rf
to rlrin.k lienty
(ii) Grandparent r

Aged require less ener:g-y

Minerals for bones due Lo s )dentary
lifesty.le
Dark grreen vegetabl.es,
Cerea.l , frui t
f i.sh (easily
diErested)
( i ii) tabourer:
t""t-* requirenenr
.3]:l
*Ls, carbohydrate.
6s61, ./egetable
6 points 6 r1arks
(rr) ALD.S
6
(i) Chronic disease
if medication being
s-asiel, caught during taken
Acquisition can unprot cted sex
lead to rne.'r-tal
r eL1: ,genac , iisease
caUsed by a pathogen due co depressio4
{Passed by contact (virus) _ ldes:=Lous
}
F i. bctes
--

-bheEJLrLe,d
Ci --o-qi s. can be m.inaqed r_..
.cel_r _1:_r.rictrd nr; ;;'..:v
rl :estv]e changes ,

dieL I
4 Joj.xrs o ,r._T"'-nced i

.:i-r,r -'r-'.
"..rrr:-- ; LlrtabJ.e , . .,+ r.i i
( iir i\ r.r S prei.al:i ri_ ln , f: i ca ai. -l ,1,: I
.'. ; eacly L-rr. d..:(r.-t .
rnrng in Al tJ,S t_it weJ oping countri.,l
i

I
zi.v:u lat_.i ii r _r, :eweJ oped courll
L- i l-reai ,15,6;- lioi:-a i il .lt t.,l^D r i o-
,rL :Li : i: , -, 1.,,,,.,,:,,. .,.,. I
i '.1 \, :,-,- i. / I

I I

L' i i. i
 .j.: r r:).1 .-/a-..1-1.1./ :'r.-,
I l. 1_r i_ ari:,Y

IJtr l-'r'2 - Pi'rlpLli 02

l (-q( SCAEI!1L

I(Ar (jj
(.)rrestioil I :o,:r t 'c1-
.|,.C UK
l:La-beleS due to h j..'rh carbcirydrate diet in poorer develcpi.Lrg
countries
Shift of diet fio,rr tradiri.onal to fasl- food rfi,et
.Uove away f rom root crops as s Lapl -- diet
Less r-ime to prerrare food,;
Cbanging li f esr;y1--s more sedenta,i.,,

lrty
.1ov prsvel].t persoDii seeking
Lack of Ed rcation madllcal attentsiotr
Stigma ancl diserj,mirrat ion ald. atlhering to treatE.e]lt

5 points(2 fr@ €ach section) 5 marks

(c) ltalnutrition lre rults fr6m deficiency in the necessanlr rn';l-ecul.es

requirerl for metabolj.srt rriid maintenance of proper body fulction
Bet,ty is ea,ting more food than j'; requiretl for her energy demands
resulting in excess energry stored as fat
Betty's diet is not balanced witfr r.'spect to minerals, vitanrins
anl p::otein
Betty's diet b.as aI1 over abundance of fat and carbohydrate

She reguires the inco::po::ation of fruits, vegetables, fish/meat

,1) her (tieL

A ba1;:nce iliet r,.,ouLd contribute to optimal body fu.nction for EetLy

'4,.al'.tiy ineans optimal body functions in the absence of disease J

rrazk 3ach pcillt up Lo 5 na riks

j.,
5 L:oiEts , in ;lud.ing mea j-ngi of tej-Tl '1. .althy' , 5 mar:i:s
 '.'ri0,.41),:./ -.
. ,l
tiioLOG!:
urvr.r 2- PAPT]R 02
i,At?]< SCHEME

tl', es; t i- on 3 cont ' d }LARTTS

KC UK
(d) nXATPLES: pOLfO, MMR. TUBERCULOSTS, SMALL POX
t
Actiwe 4.rt IC iaf r n-t .tv (AAI) uses
attenuated antigens weakened/kil led/
They simulate the disease epltopes,
disease but carxtot cause the
Ttre immr:Ie system responds and produces
normal way antibodies in the
Then memory c:I1s are made for
needed, j.n futr-re a secondarfr reaction when
The AAI a.rltigen may need to be
to rnaintain the response r:e-introduced as a b3oster
Antigen,; for polio/MMn,/BCG can be g,iven
in childhood; they J
tern i-uununitv br..stimulatine
:::jff"::"t the body,s own
eAf is c:rfled'vaccination/irmnirnisation,

i: :="1:::""".ti""J3"rt;""ffo"r'tio" and make rhe disease rare,

EXAUPLES SNAXE,/SPIDER BITES, ?ETANUS

PesslYe_t c! f ac al tnitv (pAr) is very short I ive:d.
ft onLy 1asts for a few days
- 1 week
Does not stimulaEe n
immr:,e system
Actua.f altibodies aot!"t'
the antigen are given
Ttrese come fr-om ,rnotr
rE sives ir,nedi..Lre
Or witen a persorr is too i1]- to ".'::.IX"rJ":H.rT:l
carry our all jmmr:ne responsL.
snake or spider toxins neea inmrcciiate
T(,jtanus, from a wound in
anti toi: j rs,z antibocri es
- .;oil is nn active. ;".;;;;;"";""
tetanus antitoxin cou
Anriboci-s which pass :::.il=i:"",'"::n:.
can piiot€rc;t Lhe babl, f(-,r T."."":] the mo.',e,:.
a short :i,io,r. rlhis i.; a1r,l pAll
_"_,'c:- rr_t r-l-._,-. .rlai--it a.i _,.ri..
: i tf :i-;: , r: .,.:t.J_1.i_rs
i'{ .:. .,,1 .S../l ii-.ir-.r .-.-,r -. -i:
-.,.,,1...-t,,,