2

02207 020 / c".PE /MS / 2008

tslOLOGY
UN1T2-PAPER02
MARI( SCIiEMI
SE TION A

QueshioD. 1
KC llK xs

(a) (i) The resDi-rometer is used Lo estimate

.":- r"i"i-i"=piration in organisms by
;;;;;;;;q-;;; amount or oxYsen they take uP
over a period of time'
Pressure c}.arges in Ehe apparatus-j n are-
ai;;;i; pi"pJrt:"t'"1' to charses the - -
provided-
Jiii^"-i,r'n"'" in thein respirometer
the apparatus ano LIrc
tl:+.!-. vofrme of air
i!^Jir"cr=. relnain constart' '
orqLisns in ?ube A respire' using oxygen
al6 prodlucing carbon di oxide
,unv carbon dioxide produced by the.
til"rrlt.= is re:noved by the Potassr'um
frvdroxiae solution in Tube B'
li-ry g" in Ehe volume of gas is to the
irr'eretot6 directfy proporLiona]
"h-t
bv the orsanisms '
;;;;";; i"i'""- up
"ovq""
These chariges can be estimated by measurang
iiiJ-Jlii"t3."e in che 1evels of the.
coloured liquid in lhe nanometer usang a
calibrated scale '
The svringe and screw clip are.used- to
Ehe aPparatus is airtisht'
"r""ii,-lirit
Tube B is used as a conErol to comPensate
for anY a-.mospheric changes '
Any 5 Doints well oq>lained 6 rra.rks
Any 5 ioir,ts well oq:lained 5 nErks
-ooinLs 4 Itrarks
An]l' 4 well exPlained 5
ArIy 3 points well explained 3 rDark6
AIy 2 ioinLs well exPlained 2 Ea.rks
Any t iolnt well explained 1 aa.!k

a thrrd set-uP. I
(b) (i) cfass beads could be used in t.e . aoi caPable of
eccepu anYthing non- iiving '
respiring.
(ii) x-axis correct (independent variable - time an
minutes) and ProPerlY labelled ' 1 na.rk

Y-axis correct (dependenE variable orygeir

1 ma.rk 4
and ProPerlY 1abel1ed '
"ons*n"al
Points plotted correctlY 1 ma.rk

Appropriale i1L1e 1 tnark

 3
02207 020 /CAPE/tls/ 200a
BTOLOGY
TINIT2_PAPER02
MARK SCHmr'lE
guestioE 1 coEt, d

KC ux xs
(iii) AE 10 oc rate is 0.33 cm /m.In l rark
At 25 oc rate is o .'12 cm!/min 2
1 uark
(iv) a) The.rate of oxygen uptake increases wiEh
drr Lncrease Ln temperature (almost
double) 1 rlark
-"15) cerIninating seeds ttawe a.hiqher rate of
respiratj-on than non-germinating seeds 2

1 Dark

6 5 4

S.O. U1: 2.8

 4
o22 0'7 020 /:ADE /MS / 2004

BIOLOGY
UN]T2-PAPER02
}trARK SCHBG

QuestioE 2

KC I'K xs

(a) (i) JunaPer ouercus

Ba_,5

t LI-a;B 22 -Y-
ql'-.1r e6 tOl-t8
,1. ..t- 6 5 ,rh^+c 48 +q
n-2L"1, 22* * *e-:D f, 50* qg - tl5

Correct fiqn:res for Junil)er - 1 rDark

Correct iiil;;; ior guercus - l roark 2

(N-8. Answers for sizes must

be close to
those given ' )
to the
(ii ) . The ti:'Jnk l'essels are closest
transPiri-ng leaves
. ;;;;";;r"t-ion Purt is sreater in Erunk
xyl em the trunk
. There is less waEer voh:-me in
vessels vessels -
.' ;";;;;= -.1"i' in tshe trunkwidth
volume must 'be
;:";;;;;', caPil1ary
reduced bY
. ;;Jl;; rooLs are in soil su=ounded
waLer
. ;;"." is rnore water volume available
. Lesis water stsress 1rr the root Xylsn
2 PoiDts - 1 for trullc' 1 tot 'o-oti ;rtt 2

(iii) o capi)-larity ''''i1i 'alc' 'll' ':'..' " -ll

. apoPlast mo!'emenis 2

2 r,oi-!:E1 - 2 Ee rks
(b) (i) 1 x!'Iem
2 cambium t
3 phloern
2-la-Ll; I
 5
o22 07 0 2 0 / cAP E / r4S / 200S

BIOLOGY
UNIT2_PAPER02
MARK SCHB{E

guastiou 2 coDt'd
KC I]K xs
(b) (ii)

correct magnification l Eark

3
CorrecL proportion of cells ]- Eark
Neat, clear lines 1 ua.rk
o i- - rt. ni^ frt r.r
<a
.1* --'" (iii)
Lrx 9- 3 .n'fl
s3 pm -r. r,. . ?i) !-:'t IO O ,O -- 5,O ]n'q 1
; C.L: "
(c) ' (i) x sieve plate 1../

Y companion cell
do = 'cob \'\ctt,D: C, ' '?

Z lumen, vacuole, sieve tube 1

o.nq q. La.k-k = I
(ii) X . Ferforated plat.e '(cellulose) to a1low
passage of mucus /photoslmthate/ food
materials SuL'={aacaf
. supporl sieve tubes at. each end
Y possesses nucleus to produce enzymes for
sieve tube cell
has rnitochondria to produce and supply -LTp
f,or siewe ceIl
has RER and SER to produce materials for
repair of sieve tube cell
possesses plasmodesma t.o pass maEerials to
sieve t.ube cel1.
Z conduction of mater:ia1s
no ER/ceLl- contents to ampede flow
elongated - ::educe taes istance
smooLh wal1s - reduce resistance
1 porni f.om X, Y+Z 3 ma.rks 3
s O. }{2z 1,-4, 2.L 4 5 5
 6
o220i o20 /cArE/MS/ 2 00 B

BlOLOGY
UNIT2-PAFER02
MA.!X SCHEME
-!L -r-,!i-]J r rl-l-
OuestioE 3

40 -T-]; fr-x-ri-T-rr
(a)

35

30
o

a
x 25
o
o
!
o

o zo
d
E
rd

a
to
15

EI

10

2000 2005 2 010 2 015

1985 1990 199s
YearE

X FFO - TEOUSANDS
. OBESTTY - MILLTONS
lilarks : -
:i;f ;, years, 1abe11ed wiEh cLass intervals- 1 ,!E rk
intervals
Y axis, F-F'o. (thousands) with class rnark 5

Y axls obeslty (m:1lions) wlih class intervalsl

Io.ark
F-F.o- tine, correci- and fabelled - a ,Eark
b1".i.1,-iit", correct and labellec - I roark
i.r,-"-o..""a and clear:1y plesetrted - a mark
 'l
O22O'l 02O / CI\PElMS /2 008

BlOLOGY
UNIT2-PAPER02
MARK SCHE}IE

OuestioD 3 coDt'al
KC I'K xs

(tr) There is a positive relationship beEween FFO and

Obes ity .
fn 1985, both were lower: FFC aC 6 000, anil
obesity was 4 million
By 2005 both had. increased: FFC at 23 OOO, and
obesity at 20 million
The pattern/ratse of increase is aLmost. parallel .
o There could be a 'cause and effect, relationship
R Obesity is cffidected/associal-L.ed with_ fasts food
awailabil ity -
3 good points - 3 Da.rka 3
(c) FPO, by 2015, approx. 32 { thousalld)
Obesity, by 2015, approx. 37 (mil-1ion)
Increase in prewalence of obesit'y exceeds
comparative increase in FFO.
cause and effect relat.ionship of FFO ar:d obesity
is no longer evident/interrelatsed.
3points-3marks 3
(d) r ]-ack of exercise - since exercise reduces
weight/tones up muscles which use rnore calories
. cluttony/overeat.ing of frozen foods, packaged
chips, ca-ndies, pastries etc.
o Stimulation - too many gourmet and cooking
channels on I\/.
. Advertising and markeLing of foods have
increased, and like smoking ads, should be
banned
. Longer working hours for parent
. Efficient transport syste$s/vehicle sales - no
incentive to walk
. Lack of education in sctrools and public _ a need
to choose foods carefully while still enjoying
variety
. Alternative to exercise - internet, electronic
gaj'nes
. Potion sizes hawe increased (due Lo competitive
marketing)
o (any similar staterent approved at marking
exerci se)
NOTE: This is an open enC.ed guestion, and unusual
answers must be evaluated
3 approoriate answers 3 ma::ks
3 3 9
 8
a2207 020 / cApE/MS/200 B

BIOLOGY
UNIT2_PAPER02
MAR-K SCHFtr'G

SECTIOIiI B

guestioa 4

KC I]K

(a) SEructure
me--Iibranes
- al:e located iII chloroplasLs - each is a
pJi. i=""ari.h) with stoma irr between
-^"Jt^."" holding
ar.e of phospholipids and proteins pisments
i;:;";ryr""", iAlP-'c ''='riers etc ' a-nd
( chlbioPhYlls, etc')
circular in s}.ape, 600 nm diameter arranged in sLacks
-rr'"r=i,,at
i;;;;i. in eactr chloroplasE
2
2 points, well explained - 2 ''E!ks
ted to Fun ct icn
. carriers are treld
Esseatial pigmerrts, enzymes andefficient
in-place to facilitate
""".llV
interactions
. VerY larqe surface area for light absor+)t1on ' to
.- Pro;imity of mefnbLanes to stoma allows.access
;;;;;i.i i,pprv rt="t"oir' an'l there is doubre-
sided access to stoma
Creatres system of H' gradients to facilitate
NADP
.
reduction.
2 points, wel-l explained - 2 Ear,rs 2

(b) . Incident light at 700 nm excices electron

. Electron displaced Eo acceptor' ferredoxin
. Ferredoxin transfers electron to NAD water join
. Hydrogen ions from the photolysis of
to folm hydrogen *atcm"
. "i""ti""
Hyd.rogen is incor:porated iDto NAD to form NADH '
4
4Points-4rnarks
(c) Ar] ecologrcal pyra.Tfd is a diagraratic
or quantitative
aooroach used to "r *u'Itt the-path oi en:IgY".f lov/ and
- Jt.1s u:Ylllvor trophic
;;;;i;;; cvclincr in aof il'aini relationshiPs
communi tv
::;;;=;t;a'ir,--2"t "
lewels.
1
Pcrnt welt eq>lained 1 aa.rk
 9
o 220't 02 0 / CAPE / r1S /, 2 0 0 I
BIOLOGY
UNr-T2-PAPER02
I'IARK SCHEI"E

Quest-iora 4 coEt'd

KC UX
(c) Energy flow and nutrient cycling may be estimat€d using
one of three rnain methods which is represented in the form
of a bar diagram.
A plrramid of nurnlf,ers is a record. of the r€lative
munbers of or_oalisms at each trophic leve1 for a
particular ecosyst.ejtr.
A pyramid of biomass uses the weighf (usua11y dry
weight) of organisms aE eactr trophic 1eweI.
3 a pyra^ia aif.i5neir!]. is. aI estimation of the erreigy
content of the orgarrisms at the diff,erent troptr.ic
Ievels.
1 mark for each pyramid wel1' eq>lained - 3 Earlss 3

(d) Energ1, from l'he srJl (so].ar energ-y) is converled in

photosynthesis, by autotrophie orgarrisrns (primary
producers), into gross primary productiwity.
The energ.y-containing organic molecul-es produced by
autotrophic orgalisms are the source of iood for
hetserotrophic organisms (primary collsumers or
herbiwores ) -
Primary consumers may in turn be eaten by other
animals ( secondary consumers or carniwores ) artd in
tshis way energ.y is transferred through a series of
org'alisms each feeding on Lhe preceding orgalisms
(tertiary aIta Lop consumers )
When organisms die their todies form a source of
energ.y for other orgaJlisns as do.es wastse from
material for 1i-wing organisms (decornposers and
detritivores ) .
Energl/ trarsfer from one lewel to another is not
100$.
3 or 4 points well o<plained 3 Darks
2 points well explained 2 llE rks
1 point \a,e11 e)<plained 1 mark

I 7

S.O. MI: L-L, 7-.3, 3-2, 3.4

 10
O 22 01 o 20 i CAPE / ttls / 20 O a

E] OLOGY
UN]T2-PAPER02
MARK SCiiE4E

Questio!.5
RC I'R

(a) ed o Ce s

. Numerous (5 rnillion per mrn' of blood' )

. snall - 7 dia$etqr
pxo - to fit narrow capillaries of
lungs and tissues
. Biconcave - reduce size by folding while maintaining
surface area of a sPhere to
. No nucleus - all internal space is dedicated
. c.rrying 250 m.illion molecules of Hb
iiJ"'f ac.l-s ,.,'lcchenir;a for r^ort-room
Haemod '
()bin .':-- ,

.fi-4-
4 polypePtldes hold haem grouPs ln secure position
i,-e at !",1.. ,.,- ./ .
r^',,,b,i.t ., !. f or loading/of f Ioading
t- mo.lez-lc, ci C><j haem contains iron whi ch holds oxlzg Hh en looselY - no
-. pemanent oxidaEion re leases ic Il7n bn"lZ hty'o. [.1
,- -'!: j,. ttuolzc-lL Lhat
dlz . 4 haems per Eb molecuf e meaJl
per
1000, 000, 000
4 L ro,-n b, oz-s Z o)qagen molecules can be carried RBC .

.f1rlx. njr Haem underg'oes lsomerlc change when firsu Or j-s

I A>
loaded, speedj.ng uP the loading of the other 3-

5 pointss (2 from RBC + 2 fromfron' Hb) - 4 marks

lfirn,!!tc,: ,nc ht^ ra -- i ooincs (2(1
from RBC + 2
+ 1 from
Hb)
fib)
- 3 Earks
- 2 Earks
4
5-. - i to:.r.ct from RBc
'r.r.j,.""r..r.r
cJ H'6 ri1 1 p e1 : ?-
2-";i;;;- fn.i'.*L l park
(b) . The Bohn Effect scates t:hat in the presencewith of Co"
iit"sl;ui. is less efficients at combining o"
ioa efficienE aE releasing it'
. ^5t"muscle Eissue p!'oduces more Co,'
Act.ive
. Co, diffuses inEo P,BC where Hb is'
. CO. + HiO -+ H, CO] - H' + HCO!-
.1. H' ions cornbine ti.r, ,u, .uT=1,".iin
", i#?;/iS:{tl,
o, released fron RBC + blood --) Lissues' init..oblrn,.'
il c+ 1 *tk lt,tt *o /, A
x SLate tsohn Sf feci nrinii, Zt 1

3 obher good well e)q)]-ained points - 3 tI|arks 3

3ol " i-ctc.t

+ C4- nz/.t<-sa+k a,a1)ni1- ,/ lA
frr
t Ay ,; il!- le+, L.'i :,.;,,.-t.i
77*, sluy -tfu r,zu';, . ^i., - ' ,' '1t'ik
,i,;"!,;;:,:..: i:;:
"'i-;;;1; ;:,,3_
ti .-) lL 0t -.,
.- i*;",.. :!; t.:, :'t..,2 j: >-, :

V
4C, l1t ,, . /
,;.,1e .y.t
-tn/i/., + "7
li
 11
o220't 02o / :APF /Mi / 20a?
BIOLOGY
I'NIT2_PAPER02
MARK SCHE!.,IE

Questiou 5 coEt, d

KC UK
(c) . Reg,ulaCion of glucose in human blood is underr the
control of seweraf. hormorles of which the two major
hormones are insulin and glucagon. ifr""" hormones
operate through a negatiwe fee6back .e.franir-.
. If the_blood glucose rises (hyperglycaelnia) e.g-
-af
ter disesrion of. a- caruonyaiii.-iiii*i""r, ur"
beta cells of the islet
"f i.r,t".ir"iI"irr'
pancreds..+iecrete insulinj:_- -----'- ^: tt.
*
. Insulin circulates in- the blood Lh:.oughout- Ehe body
and promotes thc l'Dtake .t Sf"""r;-by=.iio"t
V its cef Is where ir.'i= ot
"ff
. "t.i"E-II";ir;L:;:
t{}ren the blood tras returned to its threshold
insulin product.ion is switcfrea ;i;. **--" lewe1
. IF tlr: blood glucose 1eve1 falls -.:;
g e.rel hr@o gly.;;i; t ";";;"n
belot^, rhe
:::f :l: 1 _rperiods
pro-Longed. _
(
:
of. abst.rnence from food,sttris
trisgers the producEion ot gf"""g"ilili" .rnrr.
cel1s of the isler of langeiha:r=-i., fil."p"o"."_=,
. As the g,lucose concentraLion fa1ls g1r"a-go.r,
. .together with other hormoi:es, iacluEing idrenaline,
s Linulares rhe conversiol
acids ro glucose mainly_ in "i'th;si;""sil^'Lrt-b;-may*ino
target cells a1I over lte Uoay. iiv;; atso
. Wtren the glucose concenLration has returned
thre.shold value rhe secrerion to tbe
inhibited (negat.ive feedback) - "i-stiJii";" j,=
I mark for each point well e><pLaineci _ Z larks
1

8 7
S.O- [2: 3.r0, 3.L2, 4.3
 t2
02201 020 / ]APE/MSi 2008

BIOLOGY
UNIT2-PAPER02
MARK SCHEME

QuestioE 6

KC UK

(a)

acEive 6ite, Protein

EeqlueDce with 3-
wariable regioE dluea6ioaal EhaPe uo
6pecific Co eacb biDd exacL)-y with
tylre of antsibody epitoPee or recePtor6
pEoduee bY of a-EtigeDs
B I,IaEEa celli'----
hiDge regioxr- allov'a
dieulphide flexibilitY to bend
bridge6 - E ecure aroutrd aDgigen'a angleE
DolecuLe iu
E1>ecific EbaPe to loDg and E}.orts Poll4)ePtide
olienEaEe itE drains which Provide
active regionE Eupport for actsive Eite
aIla coD.nectiorr to ottrer
a-Dtibodiet

Each 1abe1 -"-t- rofcy lo a part of the molequle which is

well dra\tTl . "'";;;i-il=;-u" aaeeuaeetv descriptive of
funcEion
{ Earkt 4
4 qood annotated labeIs 3 Darks
3 iood arlnotat,ed labels 2 DarkE
2 iood annotated labels
1 annotated label ]. aark
6cod
1 rna.rk
4 fair labels L mark
2 fair laleel s
(b) B Cel1s
'humoral'
. Are effecLive in the blood - hence the term
. EncounEer a sPecific artigen
. C1oDe, Produce Piasma cel1s
. SecreLe sPecific artsibodies
. These adhlre to antigens and c lu-rnp thern
. Inactivated aniigens are enquifed bY phagocyEes'
3 4 points 2 marks 2
2 points 1 tna.rk
 13
0220'1 02 0 / 1API' / NS / 2 DO E

BIOLOGY
UNIT2_PAPER02
I'IARK SCHT}{E
QueBtioD. 5 cout'd.

UK
(b) T Cells
o Vlork directly on infected cells'or cause otber cells
to work/operate - b.erlce termed ice1l mediated..
. T helper ce11s recognize ant.igenic proteins (eith<lri
arrtigens then-selves, or surfaEe dnt-igens on infecteh.
cel 16 ) .
. T helper cells secrete cyEokirres, llmphokines aId
interferon to acEivatse T a.rrd a cell-s _-
. Tc (cytotoxic or killer) ce1ls enter and kil1. :
. Phagocytes arld :aacrophages are acEivated to engul f
cluq>s of +l:!!gens tratr4)ed. bF;,nt.ibodi€is, or
.
antr-geDs clirect.fy.
. ID.terferon makes rIE_infected ce1lE resistant
. T ce]-ls cause B ceIls to become plasna cells
r T ce1ls switch off acEions of other cells at end.
3 4 poiDts 2 EarkE
1 2 points 1. rark
2
(c) Drug deperrdence refers t.o addiction Eo a chemical
substsarrce
Addiction is definedl as uncontrolLed, computsiwe
be}.awiour to use a clrug despite the pot.eniial harm.
Physical dependence is characEerized ty Lbe 4
appearance of syrq)tons of withd-rarry:a] of a physicat
nature rden a drug is suddenly discontinued.- ..i
.!
Psycbological depelrderce is rea).ly more a question
of add.iction whictl affect.s the roind anA lealds co
psyc}"ological withdrawal synptoEs.
J

One mark for each point well o<plained - { ua.rto

t
t
t
ia
l,i{

E
:t

{
.-!

a{

:
t
-;l
:,i
''lE
s
 14
0220? 02 0 /CAPE/MS/2 00 B

BIOLOGY
UNIT2_PAPER02
MARX SCEEME

guestio!. 6 coDt'd
KC IIK

(d) Ttrerearettrreemajort}4)esofliver.damage.resu}tring
ptlL' of arcoho] over 'Lons
;;;=";:,:t;;e-""t'-tu
oeriods of time ' of- faE in the
;=;;it;"'; due to Lhe deposition reversible maY not.
r i,a; t^issue. ttr" "o,"riIlJi- is 'rnd
i;;;'.;^;;;; serious riwer Problems '
is characuerize4 by'widespread
-q1cohol hepatitls desrru-t
and i on of the liver ' 'r'he
i;;i;;"';i;; ;;t"; ible if one quits
condilion mav be tatal =-;";;'"
drinking . of live:- '
Alcoholic cirrhosis ts Lhe mosL "g"**?-f-:T
ei:;'#:';;-;; :lr#:="i3:1";:":l:"[i::':=:l:""'
i?Iil:l=l:Y";"!3iii"!"i"iiIiI=ii""-"i
;;;;;i;t".
-'he ^internal
fhe condition is not' reversrDre' :,.I

- 3 marks
1 nark for each condition well e><plained
3

S-O. u33 2-3,2'4' 2'6' 4'2' 4'l