Traditional Schools

Indian school:
India tradition in discovery of the most ancient and varied linguistic tradition to mention. One
comprehensively described the ancient Indian language. Pannini in the fourth century. His work
greatly influenced linguistic scholarship in India and aboard. A lot of various European schools,
which described and recognized his work some to millennia later the western world was impacted
by his work during Antiquity, Middle ages, and Renaissance. The need for preserving the religious
Hindu texts, made technical grammar more technical, Empirical, Elaborate, Accurate, and
Exhaustive more than any similar western grammar in the nineteenth century. Pannini defined and
described the concept of Morpheme and Phoneme and Root. His rules were playing to have
scientific reputation, as they described Sanskrit Phonology and Morphology fully with no
redundancy. He was the first who announced that:
- The noun has eight cases: normative, Accusative, genitive, instrumental, vocative, Dative
Possessive, Objective.
- The noun has three genders: masculine, feminine, neutral.
- Voices are three types: active, passive, middle.
- Form of numbers: singular, plural, dual.

Arabic school (Sibawayhi, and Jalal Eddine Essayouti)

In the Arabic linguistic tradition, Sibawayhi study of the grammar of classical Arabic is unavailable.
His work is considered as the earliest comprehensive and wild ranging treatment of the Arabic
language as a whole, and the sounds patterns in particular. He was the first who projected the
research on Linguistics in his book "El-Kitab", which was the oldest book is the Arabic Linguistics. He
analysed the structure of the Arabic language from the bases of Versified Quran, and The Arabic
dialect during that Abbasid era.
At the morphological level, he was the first to draw a distinction between Arabic vowels and
consonants. He analysed a lot of Arabic patters used in the concept of deep structure and surface
structure.

PSG Chamsky was criticised for that theory, as he explained language from just a grammatical sight.
TGG where he explained the meaning by using deep (meaning) and surface (form, active/passive)

For example: - John is eager to please - John is easy to please

- Same structure (surface), different meaning (deep)
Many western linguists today find Sibawayhi’s work to be close to modern generative grammar.
The grammatical sciences in the Arabic language are divided into five branches: Derivation, Syntax,
Morphology, Language/Lexicon, and Rhetoric.