TUTORIAL

c. pressure drop, tJp

VISCOUS FLOW
1. ll. Based on question 10, plot the velocity profile for the given flow.
Consider fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe. If the viscosity of the fluid is
reduced by half while the flowrate is held constant, discuss how will the pressure drop
change. 12. In a circular pipe, describe how shear stress, t vary along the flow direction in
a. Laminar flow
2. b. Turbulent flow
For a flow in pipes, is the entry length longer in laminar or turbulent flow? Proof your
answer. Provide appropriate illustrations and point out the locations for minimum and maximum
shear.
3. List down two components ofturbulent velocity. 13. Consider the flow of oil with p = 894 kg/nr' and ~l= 2.33 kg/ms in a 400 m long pipeline
4. at an average velocity 0.5 m/s, Determine the pressure drop, head loss, and subsequently
Do you agree when your friend claims the friction factor for turbulent flow equal to zero the pumping power required if the pipe diameter is
for smooth pipes? Justify your answer. a. 20 em
b. 40 ern
5. Fluid wifb density, p = 1000 kg/rrr' and dynamic viscosity, !.l = 1.3 X ]0'3 kg/ms flow
from one large, open tank through a 0.002 m diameter, 15 m long pipe at an average 14. Explain briefly the following terms;
velocity I m/s. Determine a. Fully developed flow
a. the length of entrance region b. Major loss
b. the pressure drop
c. the shear stress at pipe wall 15. A vented tanker is to be filled with fuel oil with p = 920 kg/rrr' and ~L = 0.045 kg/m.s
d. the head loss from an. underground reservoir using a 20 m long, 5 ern diameter plastic hose with a
e. the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop slightly rounded entrance (KL = 0.12) and two 90° smooth bends (KL = 0.3). The
elevation difference between fbe oil level in the reservoir and the top of the tanker where
6. Describe the definition of major and minor losses that occur when fluid flow in pipe. the hose is discharged is 5 m. For fbe flow rate 0.01 m3/s and kinetic energy correction
factor at hose discharge to be 1.05, calculate the pumping power required.
7. Explain why heating and air conditioning ducts are often of rectangular cross section.
T'll1k~r
1&ill'
8. Water with density 1000 kg/rrr' and dynamic viscosity 1.12 x 10.3 N.s/m is circulated
through a 30 mm diameter, 61 m long pipe, and back to the tank as shown in figure
below. Ifthe relative rouglmess (eID) of the pipe is 0.01, determine the pumping power '.
require to circulate the water at 1.4 x 10.3 m3/s. \/20m
I.
KL exit = Sill

KL elbow = 1.5
.0
1::;;;·:7~:"'''7'''''",.,."7f ( !
5,'m~t._I1~~~!~
Ptl~

16. With an aided of appropriate illustration, define the entrance region.

KL enl = 0.8

17. A large compressor draws in 0.6 m3/s of air at atmospheric conditions of 20°C and 100
9. Show that the equation to determine the velocity profile for laminar flow is kPa. The air is then compressed to a pressure of 900 kPa, and is transported through an
u, = (tJpD'/16/d)[J - (2r/D) 't 83 III long pipe of 7.5 em internal diameter and a friction factor of 0.02374. The average
temperature of compressed air in the pipe is 60°C. The piping system has II elbows with
a loss coefficient of 0.6 each. If the compressor efficiency is 85%, determine the pressure
10. An oil with a viscosity, jJ = 0.41 N.s/m' and density, p = 910 kg/rrr' flows in pipe of drop and the actual power required to transport air through tile piping.
diameter, D = 0.025 m with flowrate, Q = 2.5 X 10.5 m3/s. If the pipe is horizontal and the
pipe length, f = 9 m, determine; 18. Consider the same setup as in question 17, but with a pipe diameter of 15 cm, with a
a. Reynolds number, Re corresponding friction factor of 0.02060. What would the power required for this system
b. entrance length, liD be? Which setup is better?

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 19. With a help of a sketch, explain briefly the following terms; d. Moody chart,
a. Steady flow e. Vena contracta.
b. Laminar Flow
c. Turbulent flow 27. Water with a viscosity of f1 ~ 1.545 X 10.3 kg.s/m and density p = 1000 kg/rrr' is pumped
from reservoir A to reservoir B using piping system at 0.0057 m'/s through 120 m length
20. Water flow through a 3 nun diameter pipe and Table I shows the value of kinematic of 5 em diameter pipe. The different in elevation between reservoir A and reservoir B is
viscosity of water at different temperature. If the flow is to remain laminar, plot a graph 30 m. The piping system consists of sharp entrance, open globe valve, bend, regular 900
of maxim tun flowrate allowed as a function of temperature (OoC ~ T ~ 1000C). elbow, half-close gate valve and sharp exit and Table I shows the loss coefficient value
for each component The relative roughness ratio (dD) for pipe is 0.001. Determine;
Table I: Kinematic Viscositv of Water at Different Tem erature a. major losses,
Temperature Kinematic Viscosity b. minor losses
ioC) Im'/s) c. pump power.
0 1.79 x 10'"
20 LOO x 10'" Table I :Loss Coefficient for Piping Component
40 6.58 x 10· Pipe Component Loss Coefficient, kL
60 4.75 x 10· sham entrance 0.5
80 3.65 x 10· open globe valve 6.9
100 2.90 x 10· OJ-m bend 0.25
reuular 90° elbow 0.95
21. Derive an equation that shows the relation between pressure different and wall shear half-close gate valve 2.7
stress as shown below sham exit 1.0
!Jp ~ Tw 4L1D
28. Sketch the expected wall shear stress, pressure and velocity profile as functions of
22. With a help of a sketch, explain briefly the following terms; distance along the pipe for the laminar flow. Explain significantly features of the plots,
a. Minor losses comparing them with fully developed flow.
b. Major losses
c. Hydraulic radius 29. Can the Bernoulli equation be applied anywhere in the flow field? If so, explain briefly.

23. Two pipes in parallel connect two reservoirs (A and B) which have height different of
10m. Pipe 1 has diameter 50mm and length 100m. Pipe 2 has diameter 100mm and 30. An oil with density, p = 900 kg/nr' and the kinematic viscosity, v = 0.0002 m'/s flows
length 100m. Both pipes have entrance loss coefficient k, ~ 0.5, exit loss coefficient k: ~ upward through an inclines pipe. The pipe inclination is 40°. The pressure at point I is
1.0 and friction coefficientj= 0.008. Determine flowrate for pipe land pipe 2, and total 350 kPa at z, = 0 and p, = 250 kPa. The diameter of the pipe is 6 cm and tile length
flowrate for the system. between point 1 and 2 is 10 m, Assuming steady laminar flow, determine the elevation of
z" and the flowrate. Also verify that the flow through the pipe is laminar.
31. Discuss briefly the following terms
24. Explain briefly the following terms: a. major losses
a. Laminar flow. b. minor losses
b. Turbulent flow
c. Transition flow. 32. Crude oil flows through a level section of the Alaskan galvanized iron pipeline at a rate
d. Entrance length. of 2.944 m'/s. The pipe inside diameter is j .22 m, and its roughness is 0.15 mm. The
e. Entrance region. maximum allowable pressure is 8.27 MPa, and the minimum pressure required to keep
dissolved gases in solution in the crude oil is 344.5 kPa. The crude oil has SO (specific
25. Derive an equation for fully developed laminar flow that shows the relation between gravity) = 0.93, and its viscosity at the pumping temperature of 60°C is f1 = 0.0168
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velocity profile and pressure gradient as shown below. N.s/m For these conditions, determine the maximum possible spacing between pumping
uM ~ (R'14JiJ(dPldx)[1 - (?IR~) stations. If the pump efficiency is 85%, determine the power that must be supplied at
where dPldx ~ Sp/l each pumping station.

26. Explain briefly the following terms:

a. Major loss.
b. Minor loss.
c. Hydraulic radius.

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