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Hongseok Kim, Jonghoon Kim, Seungtaek Jeong, Seongsoo Lee, Yeonje Cho, Dong-Hyun Kim, and Joungho Kim
TeraByte Interconnection and Package Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Email: hongseok.kaist@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper presents the use of spread spectrum up to 7th harmonics of the resonance frequency of the WPT
technique to reduce electromagnetic interference caused by fast system, because almost 95% of energy of the square wave is
switching transitions of a resonant inverter and rectifier used concentrated in this frequency range.
for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. We investigate the
magnetic field emission from a series-resonant WPT system
having the resonance frequency of 20 kHz in a frequency band
II. S PREAD S PECTRUM F REQUENCY D ITHERING U SING
from 9 kHz to 150 kHz. The averaging spectral estimate (Welch’s F REQUENCY M ODULATION
Periodogram) of the simulated leakage magnetic field shows that The fundamentals of SSFD by frequency modulation can
a harmonic peak can be reduced up to 8.7 dB by dithering the be explored using classical frequency-modulation (FM) theory
switching frequency with a triangular modulation profile.
for radio communication as detailed in [1]. The effect of
frequency modulation on each individual harmonic of a square
I. I NTRODUCTION wave can be derived from the classical FM theory dealing
with a sinusoidal wave modulated with the desired modulation
The wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has been profile [2]. The general analytical expression of a frequency
actively researched and developed in recent years. The im- modulated sinusoidal wave is
portant thing we notice in previous studies is that the use of
switch-mode power conversion using an inverter and rectifier F (t) = Ac · cos (2πfc · t + θ(t)) (1)
is essential for efficient power transmission through magnetic
where Ac is the amplitude of the unmodulated signal, fc is the
coupling. What is important in this observation is that the fast
carrier frequency and θ(t) is the time dependent phase angle
switching transitions of the inverter and rectifier generate un-
defined as
wanted harmonic voltages which may cause unwanted electro- Z t
magnetic interference (EMI) as well as unwanted harmonic θ(t) = kω · υm (τ ) · dτ (2)
currents. Despite the bandpass-filtering effect of the resonant 0
tank in WPT system, it is hard to eliminate harmonic currents where kw is the factor controlling the maximum frequency
and the corresponding electromagnetic emission. Nevertheless, deviation, υm (τ ) is the function representing a certain modu-
little attention has been given to the electromagnetic emission lation profile.
by WPT system.
The instantaneous frequency of F (t) is affected by the
In many WPT applications, specialized magnetic shielding frequency of a modulation profile fm , and the amplitude of
structures are often used as a basic measure to reduce magnetic a modulation profile Am and the proportionality constant kw .
field emission. However, the passive shielding technique has its The frequency modulation index mf is defined as
limits due to the finite values of permeability and conductivity kw Am ∆f
and design requirements such as size, weight and cost. The mf = = (3)
fm fm
possible way to overcome these limits is to mitigate the
harmonic noise at its source. One of the common techniques where ∆f is the maximum frequency deviation, determining
to do so is a frequency modulation technique called as spread the bandwidth (BW) over which the signal energy is spread.
spectrum frequency dithering (SSFD), in which the switching According to Carson’s rule, 98% of the energy of carrier
frequency is modulated according to a certain profile as shown frequency component is spread into a BW. The general BW
in Fig. 1(a) or randomly generated sequence within a specified considering nth harmonics is given by
range. With SSFD, the resulting power spectral density (PSD)
BWn = 2 · fm (1 + n · mf ) = 2 · (fm + n · ∆f ) (4)
of harmonic noise as well as fundamental is spread over a
wider range of frequency, thereby having the reduced peak
values as shown in Fig. 1(b). Fig. 1 shows a triangular modulation profile and com-
parison of PSDs between square waves with fixed frequency
In this paper, we present the use of SSFD for a 1-kW- of 20.15 kHz and modulated frequency using the triangular
class WPT system having resonance frequency of 20 kHz. We modulation profile (fc = 20.35 kHz, ∆f = 200 Hz, fm = 1/Tm
also quantify the effect of SSFD on the PSD of its magnetic = 200 Hz, and the dwell time tdwell = 100 µs). The PSDs were
field noise. In particular, we investigate the magnetic field calculated from square waves sampled at 10 MHz for 100-ms
emission in a frequency band from 9 kHz to 150 kHz covering duration using Welch’s method. The major parameters for the
−∆
290 mm
245 mm
0 /2
Time
PSD, Reference 50 ohm, RBW 200 Hz
(a)
0
78 mm
Power Spectral Density (dBm/Hz)
Unmodulated
Modulated
-20
∆ = 1.5 dB
18 mm
5 mm
∆ = 6.3 dB 155 mm
-40 ∆ = 5.8 dB
∆ = 8.3 dB
< Coil Structure > < Isometric View >
-60
Fig. 2. The circular coil model taken from [4]; the geometry and dimensions
-80 of the Tx and Rx coils are identical. Each winding is composed of 3 layers
and 13 turns per layer. The relative permeability and the magnetic loss tangent
-100
of the ferrite shield, which is 4 mm thick, are 3200 and 0.006, respectively,
9 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 150 and the conductivity of the aluminum shield, which is 1 mm thick, is 33.9
Frequency (kHz, linear scale) MS/m. There are a 1-mm gap between the ferrite shield and winding, and a
(b) 156-mm air gap between Tx and Rx coils.
Rectifier
Inverter
tdwell = 100 µs).
20.45
20.35
20.25
20.15 P
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 (600 mm, 112 mm)
Time (ms) r
(a) (a)
20
, ,
Unmodulated
10 ∆ = 1.9 dB
-20
5
0
-40
-5
∆ = 8.7 dB
-10 -60 ∆ = 4.4 dB
∆ = 5.6 dB
-15
-80
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
9 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 150
Time (ms)
Frequency (kHz, linear scale)
(b)
(b)
20
15 Fig. 5. Comparison of the magnetic field emission from the WPT system
, ,
transferring 1-kW power to the load with and without the triangular modula-
Rx Coil Current (A)
10
tion, (a) The observation point of the magnetic fields, (b) The normalized PSDs
5
(ENBW = 200 Hz) of the magnetic fields observed at the point P indicated
0 in (a).
-5
-10
-15
IV. C ONCLUSION
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
In this paper, we expanded the possible application of
Time (ms) SSFD to WPT systems. We investigated the magnetic field
(c) emission from a 1-kW-class automotive series-resonant WPT
system tuned to 20 kHz for resonance. It is shown that the
Fig. 4. Simulation Results of the WPT system with SSFD, (a) The triangular triangular modulation profile with the small modulation index
modulation waveform, (b) Tx coil current ITx (%ma = 1.1%), (c) Rx coil (mf = 1) and modulation frequency (fm = ENBW) can be
current IRx (%ma = 1.5%).
used to achieve significant EMI reduction at the harmonic
frequencies below 150 kHz with negligible AM effects on
the coil currents. The simulation results show that 4.4–8.7 dB
be evaluated [1]. reduction in the harmonic PSD can be achieved.
Imax − Imin ACKNOWLEDGMENT
%ma = × 100% (5)
Imax + Imin
The authors would like to acknowledge the technical
where Imax and Imin are the maximum and minimum values support from ANSYS Korea (ANSYS, Inc.). This work was
of envelope of a current waveform. supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea
(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No.
The time-domain simulation results of the coil currents and 2010-0028680).
load voltage are presented in Fig. 4 for the modulated case
only. We see from Fig. 4(b) and Fig. 4(c) that the envelopes R EFERENCES
of the coil currents almost stand still, and thus, the AM effects [1] L. E. Frenzel, Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.
by SSFD are negligible. 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
[2] J. Balcells, A. Santolaria, A. Orlandi, D. Gonzalez, and J. Gago, “EMI
These waveforms of the coil currents are used to estimate Reduction in Switched Power Converters Using Frequency Modulation
the magnetic field emission from the magnetically coupled Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 569–
coils and the result is shown in Fig. 5. We simulated the mag- 576, Aug. 2005.
netic field distributions using the FEM simulation tool, ANSYS [3] CISPR16-1-1, Specification for Radio Disturbance and Immunity Mea-
suring Apparatus and Methods Part 1-1: Radio Disturbance and Im-
Maxwell, and estimated the PSDs at the field observation point, munity Measuring Apparatus-Measuring Apparatus. Switzerland: Int.
P, indicated in Fig. 5(a). The normalized PSDs of the magnetic Electrotech. Commiss., 2007.
fields appears in Fig. 5(b). We normalized the PSDs to the [4] H. Kim, C. Song, D.-H. Kim, D. H. Jung, I.-M. Kim, Y.-i. Kim, J. Kim,
maximum peak value in the PSD of the unmodulated case. S. Ahn, and J. Kim, “Coil design and measurements of automotive
We see from this figure that the magnetic field emission can magnetic resonant wireless charging system for high-efficiency and low
be reduced up to 8.7 dB by applying SSFD with the triangular magnetic field leakage,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 64,
no. 2, pp. 1–18, Jan. 2016.
modulation.