IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA

SUNDESA, LLC d/b/a THE )

BLENDERBOTTLE COMPANY, a )
Utah limited liability company,
) CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:20-cv-591
Plaintiff, )
)
v. )
)
GLEEB LLC, a Virginia limited ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
liability company, )
)
Defendant. )

COMPLAINT FOR PATENT INFRINGEMENT

 Plaintiff Sundesa, LLC, d/b/a The BlenderBottle Company (“BlenderBottle®”)

hereby complains of Defendant Gleeb LLC (“Defendant”) and alleges as follows:

NATURE OF THE ACTION

1. BlenderBottle® seeks injunctive relief and damages for Defendant’s acts

of patent infringement in violation of the laws of the United States.

THE PARTIES

2. Plaintiff Sundesa, LLC doing business as the BlenderBottle® Company,

is a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws of the State of

Utah, with its principal place of business located at 250 South 850 East, Lehi, Utah

84043.

3. BlenderBottle® is informed and believes, and, based thereon, alleges

that Defendant Gleeb LLC is a limited liability company organized and existing under

the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, with its principal place of business located

at 1456 Waggaman Cir., Mclean, Virginia 22101.

JURISDICTION AND VENUE

4. This Court has original subject matter jurisdiction over the claims in this

action pursuant to §§ 1331 and 1338(a), as these claims arise under the laws of the

United States, including the patent laws.

5. This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant because Defendant

resides in this judicial district, has a principal place of business in this judicial district,

and has a continuous, systematic, and substantial presence within this judicial district.

For example, Defendant has been selling and offering for sale infringing products in

this judicial district, and committing acts of infringement in this judicial district,

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including but not limited to, selling infringing products to consumers and/or retailers in

this district and selling infringing products into the stream of commerce knowing such

products would be sold in this district. These acts form a substantial part of the events

or omissions giving rise to BlenderBottle®’s claims.

6. Venue is proper in this judicial district under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b),

1391(d), and 1400(b) because Defendant is a company organized and existing under the

laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia and has its principal place of business located

within this district, because Defendant has committed acts of infringement by offering

to sell and/or selling infringing products in this judicial district, and because Defendant

has a regular and established place of business in this district.

BACKGROUND

7. BlenderBottle® revolutionized the way nutritional supplements are

mixed and consumed. Through the tireless efforts of its designers and engineers over

nearly two decades, BlenderBottle® has pioneered innovative technology and path-

breaking designs to create premium products that help simplify everyday life.

Available in more than 90 countries worldwide and in over 60,000 retail locations,

BlenderBottle®’s shakers have become the go-to products for outdoor enthusiasts, gym

goers, serious protein drinkers and more. Products embodying BlenderBottle®’s

proprietary designs and technology have been lauded by consumers and the media,

including Good Morning America, Reader’s Digest, Self, the Today Show, Men’s

Fitness, and others.

8. BlenderBottle® protects its substantial investment in innovation and

design from imitators with its intellectual property rights.

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 9. On April 15, 2014, the USPTO duly and lawfully issued United States

Patent No. 8,695,830 (the “’830 Patent”), titled “CONTAINER LID HAVING

INDEPENDENTLY PIVOTING FLIP TOP AND HANDLE.” BlenderBottle® is the

exclusive licensee of the ’830 Patent and has been granted all rights thereunder,

including the right and standing to enforce the ’830 Patent. A true and correct copy of

the ’830 Patent is attached hereto as Exhibit 1.

10. On February 2, 2016, the USPTO duly and lawfully issued United States

Design Patent No. D748,478 (the “D478 Patent”), titled “CLOSURE FOR A

CONTAINER.” BlenderBottle® is the exclusive licensee of the D478 Patent and has

been granted all rights thereunder, including the right and standing to enforce the D478

Patent. A true and correct copy of the D478 Patent is attached hereto as Exhibit 2.

11. On June 12, 2018, the USPTO duly and lawfully issued United States

Design Patent No. D820,038 (the “D038 Patent”), titled “LID FOR A CONTAINER.”

BlenderBottle® is the exclusive licensee of the D038 Patent and has been granted all

rights thereunder, including the right and standing to enforce the D038 Patent. A true

and correct copy of the D038 Patent is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.

COUNT ONE – PATENT INFRINGEMENT

12. BlenderBottle® repeats and re-alleges the allegations of paragraph 1-11

of this Complaint as if set forth fully herein.

13. This is a claim for patent infringement under 35 U.S.C. § 271.

14. Defendant, through its agents, employees and/or servants has, and

continues to, knowingly, intentionally, and willfully infringe the ’830 Patent, either

literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, through, for example, the manufacture,

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use, sale, offer for sale, and/or importation into the United States of Defendant’s gravity

bong (the “Accused Product”) which is depicted below.

15. For example, the Accused Product infringes at least Claim 1 of the ’830

Patent as shown in the claim chart attached hereto as Exhibit 4.

16. Defendant, through its agents, employees and/or servants has, and

continues to, knowingly, intentionally, and willfully infringe the D478 Patent by

making, using, selling, offering for sale, and/or importing products, including for

example the Accused Product, which has a design that infringes the D478 Patent. For

example, the side-by-side visual comparison of a representative figure of

BlenderBottle®’s patented design and an image of the Accused Product shown below

establishes that in the eye of the ordinary observer, giving such attention as a purchaser

usually gives, the design of Defendant’s Accused Product is substantially the same as

the claimed design of the D478 Patent, because the resemblance is such as to deceive

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such an observer inducing him to purchase one supposing it to the be the other. As a

result, Defendant infringes the D478 Patent.

Accused Product U.S. Design Patent No. D748,478

17. Defendant, through its agents, employees and/or servants has, and

continues to, knowingly, intentionally, and willfully infringe the D038 Patent by

making, using, selling, offering for sale, and/or importing products, including for

example the Accused Product, which has a design that infringes the D038 Patent. For

example, the side-by-side visual comparison of a representative figure of

BlenderBottle®’s patented design and an image of the Accused Product shown below

establishes that in the eye of the ordinary observer, giving such attention as a purchaser

usually gives, the design of Defendant’s Accused Product is substantially the same as

the claimed design of the D038 Patent, because the resemblance is such as to deceive

such an observer inducing him to purchase one supposing it to the be the other. As a

result, Defendant infringes the D038 Patent.

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 Accused Product U.S. Design Patent No. D820,038

18. The Accused Product is a gravity bong. Defendant’s website,

www.gleebtm.com, advertises that the Accused Product will “[c]hange your smoking

experience forever. The Gleeb provides the smoothest hits on-the-go … and no one

knows you’re
moking’ on that GAS.” “Smoking that Gas” is modern slang for

smoking marijuana.

19. Defendant touts that the Accused Product is discreet, claiming that “[i]t

looks like a shaker cup that you would use to work out with.” BlenderBottle® is

informed and believes, and based thereon alleges that Defendant intended to copy

BlenderBottle®’s designs and visited BlenderBottle®’s website, where BlenderBottle®

lists its patents, including the ’830 Patent, D478 Patent, and D038 Patent.

BlenderBottle® is informed and believes, and based thereon alleges that Defendant had

actual knowledge of BlenderBottle®’s patent rights.

20. Defendant’s acts of infringement of each of the ’830, D478, and D038

Patents were undertaken without permission or license from BlenderBottle®.

BlenderBottle® is informed and believes and based thereon alleges that Defendant had

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actual knowledge of BlenderBottle®’s rights in each of the ’830, D478, and D038

Patents. BlenderBottle® and its iconic designs are well-known throughout the industry

and Defendant’s Accused Product is an identical copy of BlenderBottle®’s patented

design. Accordingly, Defendant’s actions constitute willful and intentional

infringement of each of the ’830, D478, and D038 Patents. Defendant infringed each of

the asserted patents with reckless disregard of BlenderBottle®’s patent rights.

Defendant knew, or it was so obvious that Defendant should have known, that its

actions constitute infringement of the asserted patents. Defendant’s acts of

infringement of the asserted patents were not consistent with the standards of commerce

for its industry.

21. As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s acts of infringement,

Defendant has derived and received gains, profits, and advantages in an amount that is

not presently known to BlenderBottle®.

22. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, BlenderBottle® is entitled to damages for

Defendant’s infringing acts and treble damages together with interests and costs as

fixed by this Court.

23. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285, BlenderBottle® is entitled to reasonable

attorneys’ fees for the necessity of bringing this claim.

24. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 289, BlenderBottle® is entitled to Defendant’s

total profits from Defendant’s infringement of the asserted design patent.

25. Due to Defendant’s actions, constituting patent infringement,

BlenderBottle® has suffered great and irreparable injury, for which BlenderBottle® has

no adequate remedy at law. For example, Defendant’s continued infringement of

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BlenderBottle®’s patent rights, including the blatant copying of BlenderBottle®’s

designs creates the false impression that Defendant’s products are associated with,

sponsored by, originated from, or are approved by BlenderBottle®. This perceived

association is severely detrimental to BlenderBottle®’s reputation for health and social

responsibility, especially given that Defendant’s products are intended to aid in the

consumption of illicit substances, e.g., marijuana.

26. Defendant will continue to infringe BlenderBottle®’s patent rights to the

great and irreparable injury of BlenderBottle®, unless and until Defendant is enjoined

by this Court.

PRAYER FOR RELIEF

WHEREFORE, BlenderBottle® prays for judgment in its favor against

Defendant for the following relief:

A. An Order adjudging Defendant to have willfully infringed each of U.S.

Patent No. 8,695,830, U.S. Design Patent No. D748,478, and U.S. Design Patent No.

D820,038 under 35 U.S.C. § 271;

B. A preliminary and permanent injunction enjoining Defendant, its respective

officers, directors, agents, servants, employees, customers, and attorneys, and those

persons in active concert or participation with Defendant, from infringing any of U.S.

Patent Nos. 8,695,830, U.S. Design Patent No. D748,478, or U.S. Design Patent No.

D820,038 in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271, including, for example, through the

manufacture, use, sale, offer for sale, and/or importation into the United States of

Defendant’s products accused of infringing any of U.S. Patent No. 8,695,830, U.S.

-8-
Design Patent No. D748,478, or U.S. Design Patent No. D820,038 and any products that

are not colorably different from these products;

C. That Defendant account for all gains, profits, and advantages derived

through Defendant’s infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,695,830, U.S. Design Patent No.

D748,478, and U.S. Design Patent No. D820,038 in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271, and

that Defendant pay to BlenderBottle® all damages suffered by BlenderBottle® from such

infringement pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284;

D. That, if Plaintiff so elects, Defendant pay to BlenderBottle® Defendant’s

total profits from infringement of U.S. Design Patent No. D748,478 and U.S. Design

Patent No. D820,038 pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 289;

E. An Order adjudging that this is an exceptional case under 35 U.S.C. § 285;

F. An Order that Defendant’s infringement is willful and a trebling of

damages and/or exemplary damages because of Defendant’s willful conduct pursuant to

35 U.S.C. § 284;

G. An award to BlenderBottle® of the attorneys’ fees, expenses, and costs

incurred by BlenderBottle® in connection with this action pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285;

H. An award of pre-judgment and post-judgment interest and costs of this

action against Defendant; and,

I. Such other and further relief as this Court may deem just and proper.

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 DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL

Pursuant to Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, BlenderBottle®

requests a trial by jury of all issues so triable.

s/ Andrea L. Cheek
Andrea L. Cheek

Counsel for Plaintiff

SUNDESA, LLC d/b/a THE
BLENDERBOTTLE COMPANY

Andrea L. Cheek (SBN 80331)

KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP
1717 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Ste. 900
Washington D.C. 20006
andrea.cheek@knobbe.com
Tel: (202) 640-6400
Fax: (202) 640-6401

Paul Stewart (pro hac vice imminent)

Ali S. Razai (pro hac vice imminent)
Nicole Townes (pro hac vice imminent)
James F. Smith (pro hac vice imminent)
KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP
2040 Main Street, 14th Floor
Irvine, CA 92614
Telephone: 949-760-0404
Facsimile: 949-760-9502
Paul.Stewart@knobbe.com
Ali.Razai@knobbe.com
Nicole.Townes@knobbe.com
James.Smith@knobbe.com

May 26, 2020

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EXHIBIT 1
 USOO865983OB2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,659,830 B2

Brott et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 25, 2014

(54) OPTICAL FILMS ENABLING 5,035,486 A * 7/1991 Inokuchi ....................... 359/625

AUTOSTEREOSCOPY 5,175,030 A 12/1992 Lu et al.
5,271,968 A 12/1993 Coyle et al.
(75) Inventors: Robert L. Brott, Woodbury, MN (US); 5,558,740 A ck 9, 1996 Bernard et al.
Michael J. Svkora, New Richmond, WI 5,661,599 A 8/1997 Borner .......................... 359/463
. Sy s s 6,310,722 B 1 * 10/2001 Baek ............................. 359/455
(US) 7,165,959 B2 1/2007 Humlicek et al.
7.210,836 B2 * 5/2007 Sasagawa et al.............. 362/606
(73) Assignee: 3M Innovative Properties Company, 7,224,529 B2 5/2007 King et al.
Saint Paul, MN (US) 7,530,721 B2 5, 2009 Metal.
7,750,982 B2 * 7/2010 Nelson et al. ................... 349.15
(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 8,035,771 B2 * 10/2011 Brott et al. ...................... 349.65
patent is extended or adjusted under 35 8,068.187 B2 * 1 1/2011 Huizinga et al. ................ 349.15
U.S.C. 154(b) by 485 days. 2005/0276071 A1 12/2005 Sasagawa et al.
2007,0253.058 A1* 11/2007 Wood ............................ 359/455
(21) Appl. No.: 12/643,503 2008/0084518 A1* 4/2008 Brott et al. ...................... 349.65
2008/0259634 A1 10, 2008 Metal.
(22) Filed: Dec. 21, 2009 2008/0284945 A1* 11/2008 Schultz et al. .................. 349.65
2009/0316058 A1* 12/2009 Huizinga et al. ................ 349.15
(65) Prior Publication Data * cited by examiner
US 2011 FO149391 A1 Jun. 23, 2011
(51) Int. Cl. Primary Examiner — Audrey Y Chang
GO2B 27/22 (2006.01) (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Lance L. Vietzke
G03B 2/60 (2006.01)
F2IV 7/04 (2006.01)
(52) U.S. Cl. (57) ABSTRACT
USPC ........... 359/463:359/462: 359/464; 359/455; -
359/458; 359/621; 362/606; 362/607 Optical films used for 3D autostereoscopic displays include
(58) Field of Classification Search lenses on one Surface of the optical film that are registered to
USPC .......... 359/463,455,457,458, 621; 362/606, prisms on the opposing surface of the optical film. The lenses
362/6O7 may be a-cylindrical lenses or cylindrical, and the rotation of
See application file for complete search history. the lenses can vary with position on the Surface of the optical
film. The prisms may be contiguous or non-contiguous. The
(56) References Cited prisms of the optical film can have a pitch that is different
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
from a pitch of the lenses, or the prism pitch can be substan
tially the same as the pitch of the lenses.
3.213,753 A * 10/1965 Rogers ..................... 359.489.16
4,374,077 A 2f1983 Kerfeld
4,567,850 A 2f1986 Arthur 15 Claims, 14 Drawing Sheets

O O O. -01 -02 -03 -OL

4. 3- 2N |- Clos
611c - 611d 611e

612a 612b 612c Y 612d Y 612e

U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 1 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

Figure IB
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 2 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

234

Figure 2A

Figure 2B
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 3 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

Figure 2D
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 4 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

459
450

Figure 4
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 7 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

3. 653
Figure 6A
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 10 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

720

Figure 7A

-- 733
-- 734

730 -- 731
-- 735
-- 732

Figure 7B
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 11 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

-20 - 15 - 10 -5 O 5 10 15 20

Figure 8A

1200 856

855

-20 - 15 - 10 -5 O 5 10 15 2O

Figure 8B
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 12 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

Xum
t

10 30 40 50 60

980

990

Figure 9A
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 13 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2

140

1200

OO
U.S. Patent Feb. 25, 2014 Sheet 14 of 14 US 8,659,830 B2
12O
1053

-15 - 10 -5 O 5 10 15 20

-20 - 15 - 10 -5 O 5 10 15 2O

Figure 10B
 US 8,659,830 B2
1.
OPTICAL FILMS ENABLNG
AUTOSTEREOSCOPY
BACKGROUND
Displays that provide 3D images are advancing in technol
ogy and in popularity with consumers. Stereoscopic display
technologies include shutter glasses, polarized glasses, and
other techniques that require the user to wear additional
equipment. Autostereoscopic displays, which do not require
additional equipment, are of increasing interest. One tech
nique for achieving an autostereoscopic display involves a
spatially multiplexed approach that subdivides the number of
pixels in a display to left eye image pixels and right eye image
pixels. This approach halves the resolution of the display,
degrading the viewing experience.
Some autostereoscopic displays use an optical film with
features on both sides of the optical film. These approaches
involve time multiplexing of images, thus avoiding the
decrease in resolution required by spatial multiplexing. How
ever, some films have a wide Stereo edge that leads to image
cross talk and degrades the image observed by the viewer. The
width of the stereo edge and the amount of image cross talk
becomes increasingly important as the display size increases
and/or the viewer's distance from the display increases.
SUMMARY
Some embodiments involve an optical film that includes
a-cylindrical lenses disposed on a first Surface of the optical
film and prisms disposed on a second surface of the optical
film. Each lens on the first surface is registered to a prism on
the second Surface. The prisms may be contiguous or non
contiguous. In some implementations, the prisms of the opti
cal film have a pitch that is different from a pitch of the lenses.
In other implementations, the prism pitch is Substantially the
same as the pitch of the lenses.
In Some films, the a-cylindrical lenses are not substantially
rotated, whereas in other films the a-cylindrical lenses have a
rotation that varies with position on the first surface. For
example, the lenses may be rotated about a rotation point that
is below a vertex of the a-cylindrical lens and on a center line
of the rotated a-cylindrical lens. The point of rotation may be
the focal point of the lens. In some implementations, the
optical film includes both positively rotated a-cylindrical
lenses and negatively rotated a-cylindrical lenses. Each posi
tively rotated a-cylindrical lens is rotated at a positive angle
with respect to a center line of the positively rotated a-cylin
drical lens and each negatively rotated a-cylindrical lens is
rotated at a negative angle with respect to a center line of the
negatively rotated a-cylindrical lens.
Some embodiments involve autostereoscopic display
modules incorporating double sided optical films. The
autostereoscopic display modules include a light guide hav
ing a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a first light
guide Surface extending between the first and second sides,
and a second light guide Surface opposite the first Surface. The
first light guide Surface Substantially re-directs light and the
second light guide Surface Substantially emits light. A first
light Source is disposed along the first side of the light guide
and a second light source is disposed along the second side the
light guide. A synchronization driving element is electrically
coupled to the first and second light Sources and synchronizes
turning each of the first or second light sources on or offin an
alternating order. A double sided optical film is arranged to
receive light emitted through the second surface of the light
guide. The optical film includes a-cylindrical lenses disposed
2
on a first Surface of the optical film and prisms disposed on a
second surface of the optical film. Each lens on the first
Surface of the optical film is registered to a prism on the
second surface of the optical film. The a-cylindrical lenses
may be rotated toward an estimated viewer position. For
example, a group of first lenses may be rotated at positive
angles with respect to their center lines toward an estimated
viewer position. A group of second lenses may be rotated at
negative angles with respect to their center lines and toward
10
the estimated viewer position.
Another embodiment involves a double sided optical film
having lenses disposed on a first Surface of the optical film in
registration with prisms disposed on a second Surface of the
15 optical film. A rotation of the lenses on the first surface varies
with position on the first surface. The lenses may be rotated
around their respective focal points. The lenses may be cylin
drical ora-cylindrical. The optical film may include a group
of first lenses that are rotated at positive angles with respect to
their center lines and a group of second lenses rotated at
negative with respect to their center lines. The prisms of the
optical film may be contiguous or non-contiguous. The pitch
of the prisms may be different from the lens pitch, or the prism
pitch and the lens pitch may be substantially equal.
25 Another embodiment involves autostereoscopic display
modules having optical films with lenses that have a variable
rotation. The autostereoscopic display includes a light guide
having a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a first
light guide Surface extending between the first and second
30 sides, and a second light guide surface opposite the first
surface. The first light guide surface substantially re-directs
light and the second light guide surface substantially emits
light. A first light Source is disposed along the first side of the
light guide and a second light source disposed along the
35 second side the light guide. A synchronization driving ele
ment is electrically coupled to the first and second light
Sources. The synchronization driving element is configured to
synchronize turning each of the first or second light Sources
on or offin an alternating order. A double sided optical film is
40 arranged to receive light emitted through the second Surface
of the light guide. The optical film includes lenses disposed
on a first surface of the optical film that are registered to
prisms disposed on a second Surface of the optical film. The
lenses have a rotation that varies with position on the first
45 surface of the optical film. The lenses may be cylindrical or
a-cylindrical. The prisms may be contiguous or non-contigu
ous. In some cases, the prisms have a pitch that is different
from the pitch of the lenses.
50 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may be more completely understood in con
sideration of the following detailed description of various
embodiments of the invention in connection with the accom
55 panying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1A is a schematic side view of an illustrative display
apparatus;
FIG. 1B is a view of the backlight of FIG. 1A:
FIG. 2A illustrates the operation of the backlight when the
60 left eye image light Source is activated and the right eye image
light Source is deactivated;
FIG. 2B is a graph of the angular light output from the
backlight when the left eye image light source is activated and
the right eye image light Source is deactivated;
65 FIG. 2C illustrates the operation of the backlight when the
right eye image light Source is activated and the left eye image
light Source is deactivated;
 US 8,659,830 B2
3 4
FIG. 2D is a graph of the angular light output from the FIG. 10A shows graphs of the angular output distributions
backlight when the right eye image light Source is activated of the light from the left eye image light Source and the right
and the left eye image light source is deactivated; eye image light source at 0 degrees for the display simulated
FIGS. 3 and 4 compare the effects of two types of optical in Example 3; and
films on the direction of light emerging from the light guide; 5 FIG. 10B shows graphs of angular output distributions of
FIG. 5A is a cross section of an optical film that includes the light from the left eye image light source and the right eye
a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film regis image light source at 7.5 degrees for the display simulated in
tered to contiguous prisms on the opposing Surface of the Example 3.
optical film and the lens pitch is Substantially equal to the The figures are not necessarily to Scale. Like numbers used
prism pitch; 10 in the figures refer to like components. However, it will be
FIG. 5B is a cross section of an optical film that includes understood that the use of a number to refer to a component in
a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film regis a given figure is not intended to limit the component in
tered to contiguous prisms on the opposing Surface of the another figure labeled with the same number.
optical film and the prism pitch is greater than the lens pitch;
FIG. 5C is a cross section of an optical film that includes 15 DETAILED DESCRIPTION
a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film regis
tered to non-contiguous prisms on the opposing Surface of the In the following description, reference is made to the
optical film and the lens pitch is Substantially equal to the accompanying drawings that form a parthereof, and in which
prism pitch; are shown by way of illustration several embodiments. It is to
FIG.5D is a cross section of an optical film that includes 20 be understood that other embodiments are contemplated and
a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film regis may be made without departing from the scope of the present
tered to non-contiguous prisms on the opposing Surface of the invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is
optical film and the prism pitch is greater than the lens pitch; not to be taken in a limiting sense.
FIG. 6A illustrates the rotation of a lens; The term “autostereoscopic' refers to displaying three
FIG. 6B is a cross section of an optical film that includes 25 dimensional (3D) images that can be viewed without the use
rotated cylindrical or a-cylindrical lenses on one Surface of of special headgear or glasses on the part of the user or viewer.
the optical film registered to contiguous prisms on the oppos These methods produce depth perception for the viewer even
ing Surface of the optical film and the lens pitch is Substan though the image is produced by a flat device. The term
tially equal to the prism pitch; “stereoscopic 3D incorporates the field of autostereoscopic
FIG. 6C is a cross section of an optical film that includes 30 devices but also includes the stereoscopic 3D display case in
rotated cylindrical or a-cylindrical lenses on one Surface of which special headgear, typically shutter glasses, are need to
the optical film registered to contiguous prisms on the oppos see stereoscopic 3D from a flat device.
ing Surface of the optical film and the prism pitch is greater Autostereoscopic devices described herein present two
than the lens pitch; images to the viewer corresponding to left and right parallac
FIG. 6D is a cross section of an optical film that includes 35 tic viewpoints to simulate a three dimensional image from a
rotated cylindrical or a-cylindrical lenses on one Surface of two dimensional display. The left and right images are time
the optical film registered to non-contiguous prisms on the multiplexed during a first time period and a second time
opposing Surface of the optical film and the lens pitch is period, corresponding to the left eye view and the right eye
Substantially equal to the prism pitch; view, respectively, at a rate that is faster than the human eye
FIG. 6E is a cross section of an optical film that includes 40 can resolve. The 3D display directs the images towards the
rotated cylindrical or a-cylindrical lenses on one Surface of location of the viewer's left eye during the first time period
the optical film registered to non-contiguous prisms on the and towards the location of the viewer’s right eye during the
opposing Surface of the optical film and the prism pitch is second time period. Altering the directivity of the image to the
greater than the lens pitch; left and right eye locations may be accomplished by Switch
FIG. 7A illustrates the configuration of the display used for 45 ing between two light sources that illuminate the display.
Examples 1-3: The autostereoscopic displays described herein include
FIG. 7B is a cross section illustrating the thicknesses of double sided optical films having cylindrical ora-cylindrical
various sections (caliper budget) of the optical films used for lenses on one surface of the film. Each of the lenses is regis
Examples 1-3: tered to a corresponding prism on the opposing Surface of the
FIG. 8A shows graphs of the angular output distributions of 50 film. A lens and its corresponding prism are referred to herein
the light from the left eye image light Source and the right eye as a lens/prism pair.
image light source at 0 degrees for the display simulated in In some embodiments, the configuration of the lens/prism
Example 1: pairs varies across the surface of the film. For example, the
FIG.8B shows graphs of angular output distributions of the configuration of the lens/prism pairs may vary due to a varia
light from the left eye image light source and the right eye 55 tion in the rotation of the lenses across the surface of the film.
image light source at 7.5 degrees for the display simulated in In some implementations, the variation in the configuration of
Example 1: the lens/prism pairs may be due to a difference between the
FIG. 9A illustrates the profiles of a cylindrical lens and an lens pitch and the prism pitch. When the prism pitch is dif
a-cylindrical lens; ferent from, e.g., greater than or less than the lens pitch, the
FIG.9B shows graphs of the angular output distributions of 60 offset between the lenses and their corresponding prisms
the light from the left eye image light Source and the right eye varies across the surface of the optical film.
image light source at 0 degrees for the display simulated in Some double sided optical films described herein include
Example 2: a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film which
FIG.9C shows graphs of angular output distributions of the are registered to prisms on the opposing Surface of the optical
light from the left eye image light source and the right eye 65 film. These lens/prism pairs may not have Substantial varia
image light source at 7.5 degrees for the display simulated in tion in their configuration across the film. For example, the
Example 2: pitch of the lenses may substantially equal the pitch of the
 US 8,659,830 B2
5 6
prisms, the lenses may not be rotated, or may have a Substan
tially uniform rotation so that the lens/prism pairs have across
section that does not substantially vary with position.
An autostereoscopic display 100 according to embodi
ments of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1A. The display
100 includes a display panel 120, e.g., a liquid crystal display
(LCD) panel, and a backlight 130 positioned to provide light
to the liquid crystal display panel 120. The backlight 130
includes one or more light guides 150, one or more right eye
image light Sources 132, e.g., Solid State light sources, and one
or more left eye image light sources 134, e.g., Solid state light
sources. Each of the first and second light sources 132,134 is
capable of repetitively transitioning between an OFF state,
during which the light source 132, 134 produces no light
output or a very small light output, and an ON state, during
which the light source 132, 134 produces a significant light
output, at a rate that is imperceptible to the human eye, for
example, at a rate of least 30 Hz per eye or preferably at least
60 Hz per eye.
The light sources 132, 134 may be inorganic solid state
light sources, e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser
diodes, and/or may be organic light emitting diodes
(OLEDs). Light extraction features 199, e.g., prisms, lenticu
lar features, white dots, haze coatings and/or other features,
may be disposed on one or both surfaces 151,152 of the light
guide 150. A double sided optical film 140, as described in
more detail herein, is disposed between the liquid crystal
display panel 120 and the backlight 130. The double sided
optical film 140 includes lenses 142 on the surface of the
optical film 140 that is oriented away from the light guide 150.
Each of the lenses 142 is registered to a corresponding prism
141 on the surface of the optical film 140 that is oriented
toward the light guide 150. In general, dimensions for the
pitch of the lenses and prisms may be determined, for
example, by selecting a pitch that would result in the elimi
nation or reduction of Moiré patterns in the display 100. The
lens and prism pitches can also be determined based upon
manufacturability. As LCD panels are manufactured with
different pixel pitches, it can be desirable to change the pitch
of the optical film to accommodate the different pixel pitches
of the LCD panel. A useful pitch range for an autostereo
scopic optical film 140 is about 10 microns to about 140
microns, for example.
The display 100 can have any useful shape or configura
tion. In many embodiments, the liquid crystal display panel
120 and/or light guide 150 have a square or rectangular shape.
However, in some embodiments, either the liquid crystal dis
play panel 120 and/or light guide 150 have more than four
sides and/or have a curved shape. The surfaces 151,152 of the
light guide 150 may be substantially parallel, or the light
guide 150 may be wedge-shaped. In some examples, two
wedge-shaped light guides with corresponding light sources
are used.
A synchronization driving element 160 is electrically con
nected to the right eye image and left eye image light sources
132, 134, and the liquid crystal display panel 120. The syn
chronization driving element 160 synchronizes activation and
deactivation of the right eye image light source 132 and the
left eye image light Source 134 as image frames are provided
to the liquid crystal display panel 120 to produce an image.
The image may be a still image sequence, video stream,
and/or rendered computer graphics, for example. An image
source 170 is connected to the synchronization driving ele
ment 160 and provides the image frames (e.g., right eye
images and left eye images) to the liquid crystal display panel
120.
The liquid crystal display panel 120 can be any useful
transmissive liquid crystal display panel. In many embodi
ments, liquid crystal display panel 120 has a frame response
time of less than 16 milliseconds, or less than 10 milliseconds,
or less than 5 milliseconds, or less than 3 milliseconds. Com
mercially available transmissive liquid crystal display panels
having an appropriate frame response time include, for
example, the Toshiba Matsushita Display (TMD) optically
compensated bend (OCB) mode panel LTA090A220F
10 (Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology Co., Ltd., Japan).
The light guide 150 includes a first light input side 131
adjacent to the right eye image light source 132 and an oppos
ing second light input side 133 adjacent to the left eye image
light source 134. A first light guide surface 151 extends
15 between the first side 131 and second side 133. A second light
guide surface 152, opposite the first surface 151, extends
between the first side 131 and the second side 133. Light may
be reflected or emitted from either surface 151, 152 of the
light guide 150, but in general light is emitted from surface
152 and is reflected from surface 151. In many embodiments,
a highly reflective surface is on or adjacent to the first surface
151 to assist in re-directing light out through the second
Surface 152.
In some embodiments, the first light guide surface 151
25 includes a plurality of extraction elements 199 such as,
prisms, lenticular features, white dots, haze coatings, and/or
other features. The longitudinal axis of the extraction features
can extend in a direction substantially parallel to the first side
131 and second side 133 or substantially parallel to the prisms
30 and lenses of the double sided optical film 140, or the extrac
tion features can be arranged at other angles.
The light sources 132, 134 can be any useful light source
wherein the light output of each light source 132, 134 can be
modulated from ON (relatively highlight output) to OFF (no
35 or negligible light output) at a rate of at least 30 Hz per eye or
preferably 60 Hz or more per eye, for example. In many
embodiments, the light sources 132, 134 are a plurality of
LEDs, such as Nichia NSSW020B (Nichia Chemical Indus
tries, Ltd., Japan). In some embodiments, the light sources
40 132, 134 comprise a plurality of laser diodes or OLEDs. The
light sources 132, 134 can emit any number of visible light
wavelengths such as red, blue, and/or green, or range or
combinations of wavelengths to produce, for example, white
light.
45 The light guide 150 can be a single layer of optically clear
material with light sources adjacent both sides of the light
guide 150 or two (or more) layers of optically clear material
which preferentially extract light in a desired direction, with
a light Source for each layer.
50 The image source 170 can be any useful image source
capable of providing images frames (e.g., right eye images
and left eye images) such as, for example, a video source or a
computer rendered graphic source. In many embodiments,
the video source can provide image frames from 50 to 60
55 hertz or from 100 to 120 hertz or greater.
The computer rendered graphic source can provide gaming
content, medical imaging content, computer aided design
content, and the like. The computer rendered graphic source
can include a graphics processing unit such as, for example,
60 an Nvidia FX5200 graphics card, a Nvidia GeForce 9750
GTX graphics card or, for mobile solutions such as laptop
computers, an Nvidia GeForce GO 7900 GS graphics card.
The computer rendered graphic source can also incorporate
appropriate stereo driver Software such as, for example,
65 OpenGL, DirectX, or Nvidia proprietary 3D stereo drivers.
The image source 170 can provide video content. The
image source can include a graphics processing unit Such as,
 US 8,659,830 B2
7 8
for example, an Nvidia Quadro FX1400 graphics card. The
Video source can also incorporate appropriate Stereo driver
software such as, for example, OpenGL, DirectX, or Nvidia
proprietary 3D stereo drivers.
The synchronization driving element 160 can include any
useful driving element providing synchronizing activation
and deactivation (i.e., light output modulation) of the right
eye image light Source 132 and the left eye image light Source
134 with image frames provided at a rate of, for example, 30
HZ or preferably 60 hertz or greater to the liquid crystal
display panel 120 to produce video or rendered computer
graphics. The synchronization driving element 160 can
include a video interface such as, for example, a Westar VP-7
video adaptor (Westar Display Technologies, Inc., St.
Charles, Mo.) coupled to custom light source drive electron
1CS
FIG. 1B is a three dimensional diagram of the back light
130 showing the light guide 150, optical film 140 and right
eye image light sources 132. The optical film 140 includes
lenses 142 oriented away from the light guide 150 and prisms
141 with prism peaks oriented toward the light guide 150. A
longitudinal axis 155 of a lens or prism runs substantially
parallel to the vertex of the lens or prism.
FIGS. 2A-D illustrate the general operation of an autoste
reoscopic display. Note that FIGS. 2A and 2C are not to scale
and the data presented in FIGS. 2B and 2D are not actual data.
Some features of the structures in FIGS. 2A and 2C and some
aspects of the data in FIGS. 2B and 2D have been exaggerated
to more effectively explain the general operation of an
autostereoscopic display.
FIG. 2A and FIG. 2C are schematic side views of a portion
of a display apparatus in operation. In FIG. 2A, the left eye
image light source 234 is activated and the right eye image
light source 232 is not activated. In this state, the light emitted
from the left eye image light source 234 transmits through the
backlight 230 (including the light guide 250 and the double
sided optical film 240) and the liquid crystal panel (120
shown in FIG. 1A) providing a left eye image directed toward
the left eye 264 of a viewer. In FIG. 2C, the right eye image
light source 232 is activated and the left eye image light
source 234 is not activated. In this state, the light emitted from
the right eye light source 232 transmits through the backlight
230 (including the light guide 250 and the double sided opti
cal film 240) and liquid crystal panel (120 shown in FIG. 1A)
providing a right eye image directed toward the right eye 262
of the viewer. It is understood that while the right eye image
light source 232 is located on the right side of the light guide
250 and the left eye image light source 234 is located on the
left side of the light guide 250, in some embodiments, the
right eye image light source 232 may be located on the left
side of the light guide 250 and the left eye image light source
234 may be located on the right side of the light guide 250.
The light sources 232, 234 can be air coupled or index
matched to the light guide 250. For example, a packaged light
Source device (e.g., LED) can be edge-coupled without index
matching material within the light guide 250. Alternatively,
packaged or bare die LEDs can be index matched and/or
encapsulated in the sides 231, 233 of the light guide 250 for
increased efficiency. This feature may include additional opti
cal features, e.g., injection wedge shapes, on the sides 231,
233 of the light guide 250 to efficiently transport the input
light. The LEDs can be alternatively embedded in the sides
231, 233 of the light guide 250 with appropriate features to
efficiently collect and collimate the LED light into total inter
nal reflection (TIR) modes of the light guide 250.
Liquid crystal display panels 120 (see FIG. 1A) have a
refresh or image update rate that is variable, but for the pur
poses of this example, a 120 HZ refresh rate is presumed. This
means that a new image is presented to the viewer every /120
second or 8.333 milliseconds (msec). In the 3D system this
means that at time t-O (Zero) the right image of frame one is
presented. At time t-8.333 msec the left image of frame one
is presented. At time t—2*8.333 msec the right image of frame
two is presented. At time t3*8.333 msec the left image of
frame two is presented, and this process is thus repeated. The
effective frame rate is half that of a normal imaging system
10 because for each image a left eye and right eye view of that
image is presented.
In this example, turning the first plurality of light sources
ON to light the right (or left) image at time t-O provides light
to the right (or left) image, respectively. At time t—8.333 msec
15 the second image left or right, starts to be put in place. This
image replaces the “time t—0 image' from the top of the LCD
panel to the bottom of the LCD, which takes 8.333 msec to
complete in this example.
Providing at least 45 left eye images and at least 45 right
eye images (alternating between right eye and left eye images
and the images are possibly a repeat of the previous image
pair) to a viewer per second provides a Substantially flicker
free 3D image to the viewer. Accordingly, displaying differ
ent right and left viewpoint image pairs from computer ren
25 dered images or images acquired from still image cameras or
Video image cameras, when displayed in synchronization
with the switching of the light sources 232 and 234, enables
the viewer to visually fuse the two different images, creating
the perception of depth from the flat panel display. A limita
30 tion of this visually flicker-free operation is that the backlight
should not be on until the new image that is being displayed
on the liquid crystal display panel has stabilized; otherwise,
cross-talk and a poor stereoscopic image will be perceived.
The backlight 230 (including the light guide 250, light
35 sources 232, 234, and optical film 240) described herein can
be verythin such as, for example, less then 5 millimeters, or
from 0.25 to 5 millimeters, or from 0.5 to 4 millimeters, or
from 0.5 to 2 millimeters.
FIG. 2A illustrates the operation of the backlight 230 dur
40 ing a first time framea in which the left eye image light Source
234 is ON and the right eye image light source 232 is OFF.
Light rays 280 from light source 234 enter the light guide 250
through surface 233. Initially, light ray 280 strikes the surface
252 of light guide 250 at angle Y which is larger than the
45 critical angle necessary for total internal reflection (TIR).
Thus, light ray 280 is totally internally reflected, and contin
ues propagating down the light guide 250. Eventually light
ray 280 is redirected by an extraction feature 299 disposed on
surface 251 of the light guide 250. Redirection of light ray 280
50 by the extraction feature 299 changes the angle of incidence
oflight ray 280 onlight guide surface 252 to an angle less than
the critical angle for TIR, allowing light ray 280 to be emitted
from the surface 252 of light guide 250.
Light ray 280 next encounters the prism features 241 of
55 optical film 240. The prisms of optical film 240 operate as a
turning film, changing the angle of light ray 280 in the direc
tion of the axis 243 perpendicular to the plane of the optical
film 240. Light ray 280 experiences further refraction when it
encounters the lens 242. Light ray 280 eventually emerges at
60 an exit angle 0 from the optical film 240.
FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating an example of an angular
output distribution for light rays emerging from optical film
240 in the XZ plane during the first time period. For example,
at an exitangle of 0–0, light rays emerge from optical film 240
65 along axis 243. Light rays emerging from optical film 240 at
the negative angles shown on the horizontal axis in FIG. 2B
are directed toward the left in FIG. 2A. Light rays emerging
 US 8,659,830 B2
from the optical film 240 at the positive angles shown on the
horizontal axis of FIG. 2B are directed toward the right in
FIG. 2A. In this example, the angular output distribution from
the back light 230 when the left eye image light source 234 is
active and the right eye image light Source 232 is inactive
peaks at about -8 degrees.
With reference to FIG.2C, during a second time period, the
left eye image light source 234 is turned OFF and the right eye
image light source 232 is turned ON. Light rays 290 from
light source 232 enter the light guide 250 through surface 231.
Light ray 290 is propagated down the light guide 250 by TIR
until it is refracted by an extraction feature 299 disposed on
the surface 251 of the light guide 250. Refraction of light ray
290 by the extraction feature 299 allows light ray 290 to be
emitted from the surface 252 of light guide 250. Light ray 290
next encounters optical film 240 and experiences further
refraction. Light ray 290 eventually emerges at an exit angle
0 from the optical film 240.
FIG. 2D is a graph illustrating an example of an angular
output distribution for light rays emerging from optical film
240 in the XZ plane during the second time period. Light rays
emerging from the optical film 240 at the negative angles
shown on the horizontal axis in FIG. 2D are directed toward
the left in FIG. 2C. Light rays emerging from the optical film
240 at the positive angles shown on the horizontal axis of FIG.
2D are directed toward the right in FIG. 2C. In this example,
the angular output distribution from the back light 230 when
the right eye image light source 232 is active and the left eye
image light Source 234 is inactive peaks at about 8 degrees.
Double sided optical films described herein having lenses
on one surface registered to corresponding prisms on the
opposing surface. As previously discussed, each lens and its
corresponding prism on an optical film are referred to herein
as a lens/prism pair. The lenses of the optical films may be
cylindrical ora-cylindrical. The prisms may be contiguous or
non-contiguous. In some embodiments, the configuration of
the lens/prism pairs varies as a function of position across the
surface of the optical film. For example, either the lens can be
rotated as a function of position and/or an offset between the
lenses and the prisms of the lens/prism pairs may vary as a
function of position. Variation in offset between the lenses
and their corresponding prisms may be achieved by using a
prism pitch that is different from, e.g., greater than, the pitch
of the lenses. The use of a-cylindrical lenses and/or the varia
tion of the lens/prism configuration as a function of position
directs the light output from the optical film toward the
viewer, which sharpens the “stereo edge' (discussed below)
of the light output distributions and reduces crosstalk, thereby
enhancing the performance of autostereoscopic displays that
incorporate these optical films.
Autostereoscopic displays produce depth perception in the
viewer even though the image is produced by a flat device. At
a basic level, an autostereoscopic display must present each
eye with its respective parallactic view. For best operation, it
is desirable that the light intended for the left eye is only
received by the left eye. Any light that is intended for the right
eye that is received by the left eye will degrade the 3D viewing
experience. Light intended for the right eye that is received by
the left eye or light intended for the left eye that is intended for
the right eye is a type of cross-talk. Thus the light distributions
that leave the display and are received by the eye must be well
separated. However, for a quality viewing experience, the two
light distributions should be as close together as possible to
reduce viewing artifacts and also allow for a good 2D viewing
experience.
The viewer's location with respect to the display limits the
minimum level of cross-talk that can be achieved. Because
10
the viewer's eyes are a fixed distance apart (nominally 63.5
mm), the angle Subtended by the eyes gets Smaller as the
viewing distance increases and, as a result, the separation
between the left and right light distributions has to become
sharper. In other words, increasing the viewing distance leads
to increased cross-talk. The angular width of the edge of
either the left or right light distribution can be referred to as
the “stereo edge'. Practically, the width of the stereo edge
may be measured as the width in degrees between 10% of
10 peak value of the light distribution and 90% of peak value of
the light distribution. As viewing distance increases, it is
desirable for the width of the stereo edge to decrease. A
sharper stereo edge allows for a greater viewing distance.
Another effect associated with the stereo edge is viewing
15 freedom. For a comfortable 3D experience, it is desirable that
the viewer be able to move their head side-to-side for some
distance. The more one can move their head and still perceive
3D, the more viewing freedom there is. If the stereo edge is
fairly broad, then moving the head side-to-side will increase
cross-talk and hence degrade the 3D effect. Thus, a sharper
Stereo edge leads to more viewing freedom.
The size of the display is also a factor in determining the
quality of the 3D viewing experience. The light distribution
from the edge of a display has to aim at a steeper angle than
25 the light near the center of the display in order to be received
by the viewer's eyes. The wider the display, the steeper this
aiming angle becomes. Thus it is important that the autoste
reoscopic display aim the light to the viewer as a function of
the display width without compromising the stereo edge.
30 Double sided optical films having a-cylindrical lenses and/
or variable lens/prism pair configurations as described herein
reduce cross-talk, reduce the width of the stereo edge, and
improve aiming of the light distributions. These optical films
provide for an enhanced 3D viewing experience, including
35 more viewing freedom, larger display sizes, and/or longer
viewing distances.
FIGS. 3 and 4 compare the light output of back light 330
including an optical film 340 with the light output of back
light 430 including optical film 440. Optical film 340 has
40 uniformly spaced cylindrical lenses 342 disposed on one
surface of the optical film 340 and corresponding uniformly
spaced prisms 341 disposed on the opposing Surface of the
optical film 340. The configuration of the lenses 342 and their
corresponding prisms 341 (lens/prism pairs) is Substantially
45 uniform along the X axis. In the XZ plane, the cross sections of
the lenses 342 are uniform and the cross sections of the prisms
341 are uniform. The lenses 342 are not rotated and the pitch
of the lenses 342 is constant and is equal to the pitch of the
prisms 341. Back light 330 includes a light guide 350 and
50 right and left eye image light sources 332, 334 that operate
similarly to comparable components described in connection
with FIGS 2A-2D.
Optical film 440 comprises lens/prism pairs having a con
figuration that varies along the X axis. For example, the lens
55 rotation may vary as a function of X, and/or the prism pitch
may be different from the lens pitch. A prism pitch that is
different from the lens pitch, e.g., a prism pitch greater than
the lens pitch leads to a variation in the offset between the
lenses and their corresponding prisms that varies along the X
60 axis. Back light 430 includes a light guide 450 and right and
left eye image light sources 432, 434 that operate similarly to
comparable components described in connection with FIGS.
2A-2D.
The light output angular distributions (represented by the
65 peak light output angle) for various points on the optical film
340 when the left eye image light source 334 is ON and the
right eye image light source 332 is OFF are indicated by the
 US 8,659,830 B2
11
dashed lines 374 in FIG. 3. For example, in the case of a back
light having the angular output distribution shown in FIG. 2B,
the peak light output angle is about-8 degrees with respect to
the Z axis. The light output angular distributions for various
points on the optical film 340 when the right eye image light
source 332 is ON and the left eye image light source 334 is
OFF are indicated by the solid lines 372 in FIG. 3. For
example, in the case of a back light having the angular output
distribution shown in FIG. 2D, the peak light output angle is
about 8 degrees with respect to the Z axis. The light output
from the back light 330 changes direction toward the right or
left eyes 382,384 depending on whether the right eye image
light source 332 is activated or the left eye image light source
342 is activated. The cylindrical lens/prism pairs having a
uniform configuration across the optical film 340 change the
direction of the light when the light sources are alternated,
i.e., the direction of the light changes from negative to posi
tive angles with respect to the Z axis when the light sources are
alternated, but the optical film does not substantially aim the
light toward the right or left eyes 382,384 as a function of
position on the optical film 340.
FIG. 4 depicts a back light 430 that includes an optical film
440 that changes the direction of the light and aims the light
toward the left or right eyes as a function of position during
the time multiplexed periods. The optical film 440 includes
lens/prism pairs having a configuration that varies along the X
axis. The optical film 440 includes lenses 442 on the surface
of the optical film 440 oriented away from the light guide 450.
Each lens 442 has a corresponding prism 441 on the opposing
surface of the optical film 440. The optical film 440 is
arranged so that the longitudinal axis of the lenses 442 and
prisms 441 is oriented Substantially perpendicular to the axis
oflight propagation 459 in the light guide 450. In the example
depicted in FIG.4, the longitudinal axis of the lenses 442 and
prisms 441 (also shown as element 155 in FIG. 1B) is along
the y axis. The optical film need not be arranged so that the
longitudinal axis of the lenses is perpendicular to the direc
tion of light propagation.
In some implementations, a bias angle between the longi
tudinal axis of the lenses and prisms and the light propagation
direction can be used to reduce Moiré between the optical
film, the light guide, and the LCD panel. The bias angle may
be less than 15 degrees or less than 10 degrees or less than 5
degrees, for example.
The configuration of the lens/prism pairs of optical film
440 varies with position along the x axis. The variation in the
configuration of the lens/prism pairs modifies the angular
light output distribution of optical film 440 as a function of
position along the X axis. For simplicity, the light output
angular distributions for positions along the X axis when the
left eye image light source 434 is activated are represented by
the dashed lines 474 which indicate the direction of the light
output at peak output.
The light output angular distributions for positions along
the X direction when the right eye image light Source 432 is
activated are represented by the solid lines 472 which indicate
the direction of the light output at peak output. The angle of
the peak light output 472 varies as a function of X to aim the
light toward the right eye position 482.
The light output from the back light 430 is directed toward
the right eye position 482 when the right eye image light
source 432 is activated. The angle of the peak light output 472
varies as a function of X to aim the light toward the right eye
position 482. The light output from the back light 430 is
directed toward the left eye position 484 when the left eye
12
image light source 434 is activated. The angle of the peak light
output 474 varies as a function of x to aim the light toward the
left eye position 484.
Thus, the variation of the lens/prism pair configuration as a
function of position aims the light output from the film toward
the viewer's left eye when the left eye image light source is on
and aims the light output from the optical film toward the
viewer’s right eye when the right eye image light source is on.
Aiming the light toward the left or right eye reduces crosstalk
10 between the left and right images which enhances the 3D
viewing experience. That is, aiming the light toward the left or
right eyes reduces the amount of light intended for the left eye
that is received by the right eye and reduces the amount of
light intended for the right eye that is received by the left eye.
15 Some optical film embodiments use lens/prism pairs that
include a-cylindrical lenses on one surface of the optical film
that are registered with prisms on the opposing Surface of the
optical film. In general, a-cylindrical lenses may have any
shape that is not cylindrical. An exemplary a-cylindrical lens
shape useful for autostereoscopic films is illustrated in FIG.
9A. A-cylindrical lenses have a stigmatic focus which serves
to reduce the stereo edge of the optical film so that the left and
right light distributions have a small amount of overlap and
the slope of the overlap is relatively steep. A-cylindrical
25 lenses may be used in lens/prism pairs that have Substantially
uniform configuration across the optical film or they may be
used in lens/prism pairs having configurations that vary as a
function of position on the optical film.
FIGS. 5A-5D and 6B-6E are cross sectional diagrams of
30 exemplary optical films that may be used in autostereoscopic
display systems. It is understood that an actual optical film
would have many more lens/prism pairs than depicted in
these Figures. For convenience, only a few of the lens/prism
pairs are shown in the cross sectional diagrams. FIGS.5A-5D
35 illustrate optical films that incorporate a-cylindrical lenses.
A-cylindrical lenses may have any non-cylindrical cross sec
tional shape. An example of a useful a-cylindrical lens shape
for optical films used in autostereoscopic displays is illus
trated in FIG.9A. FIGS. 6B-6E illustrate variations of optical
40 films that use a-cylindrical lenses or cylindrical lenses. Cylin
drical lenses have a cross section that is a portion of a circle.
FIG. 5A illustrates an optical film 515 in accordance with
embodiments of the invention having lens/prism pairs 511a/
512a, 511b/512b, 511c/512c, 511d/512d, 511e/512e, 511f.
45 512?, 511g/512g, 511 h/512h, 511 i?512i. The lenses 511a
511i are a-cylindrical and may have a cross section as
illustrated, for example, in FIG. 9A, or may have another
a-cylindrical cross section. Eacha-cylindrical lens 511a-511i
on a surface of the optical film 515 is registered to a corre
50 sponding prism 512a-512i on an opposing Surface of the
optical film 515. The pitch of the a-cylindrical lenses, P, is
constant and Substantially equal to the pitch of the prisms, P.
Both the a-cylindrical lenses 511a-511i and the prisms 512a
512i are contiguous. The cross section of the lens/prism pairs
55 511a/5.12a, 511b/512b, 511C/512c, 511d/512d, 511e/512e,
511f1512?, 511g/512g, 511 h/512h, 511 i?512i is substantially
uniform, i.e., does not substantially vary from pair to pair
along the X axis.
FIG. 5B illustrates an optical film 525 that includes a-cy
60 lindrical lenses 521a-521ion one surface of the optical film
525 registered with prisms 522a-522ion an opposing surface.
The cross section of the a-cylindrical lenses 521a-521i is
uniform along the X axis. The cross section of the prisms
522a-522i is uniform along the x axis. Both the a-cylindrical
65 lenses 521a-521i and the prisms 522a-522i are contiguous.
The pitch of the prisms, P, is greater than the pitch of the
a-cylindrical lenses, P. The difference in the prism pitch and
 US 8,659,830 B2
13
the lens pitch causes the prisms 522a-522i to be offset from
their corresponding a-cylindrical lenses 521a-521i. For
example, in FIG. 5B, the vertex of a-cylindrical lens 521e is
aligned with the vertex of the corresponding prism 522e. Due
to the difference between P, and P, the lens/prism pairs
521d/522d, 521f.522f that immediately neighbor lens/prism
pair 521e/522e have lenses and prisms that are offset by /2 the
difference between P, and P. The offset between the lenses
and prisms in the lens/prism pairs 521C/522c. 521 g/522g,
521b/522b, 521 h/522h, 521a/522a, 521 i?522i increases in
both directions along the X axis as a function of distance from
the starting point, in this example, the aligned lens/prism pair
521e/522e.
Although FIG. 5B (and other Figures herein) only show
one aligned lens/prism pair, it is to be understood that optical
films may be constructed that include any number of aligned
lens/prism pairs, or no aligned lens/prism pairs. In the case of
multiple aligned lens/prism pairs, the films may have a prism
pitch that is different from the lens pitch which causes an
offset between the lenses and prisms that increases with dis
tance from each aligned lens/prism pair.
In some display implementations, the aligned lens/prism
pair may be arranged at about the center of the display so that
the increasing offset between the lenses and the prisms that
occurs on either side of the aligned lens/prism pair serves to
aim the light output from the optical film toward the center of
the display.
Some autostereoscopic double sided films described
herein include contiguous features on both sides of the optical
film. However, contiguous features on both sides of the film
can have some disadvantages. The thickness of the thin land,
either between the lenses and the substrate, and/or between
the prisms and the substrate, is determined by the optics of the
film, but the sharp corners and the thinness of the land can
cause delamination. In addition, differences in the Volume
and structure of the features on the double sided film can
exacerbate film warping. From an optical perspective, the
double sided film with contiguous features also has a broader
horizontal viewing range than may be desirable. Because the
autostereoscopic optical effects depend in part on the peaks of
the prisms, some optical films described herein include inter
ruptions between the bases of the prisms making the prisms
non-contiguous. The shape of the prisms near the interrup
tions can be tailored to reduce the sharpness of the transition
at the interruptions between the prisms and the substrate. For
example, a curved rather than a sharp transition may be used
to improve the mechanical stability of the film, to prevent
cracking and delamination, and/or to reduce film warping.
Optical films 535 and 545, shown in FIGS. 5C and 5D,
respectively, include a-cylindrical lenses and non-contiguous
prisms. FIG. 5C is a cross section of an optical film 535
having a-cylindrical lenses 531a-531ion one side of the opti
cal film 535 registered to non-contiguous prisms 532a-532i
on the opposing side of the optical film 535. The cross sec
tions of the a-cylindrical lenses 531a-531i and the cross sec
tions of the prisms 532a-532i are substantially uniform along
the x axis. The pitch of the prisms is substantially equal to the
pitch of the a-cylindrical lenses.
An interruption 575 occurs between each prism532a-532h
and its neighboring prism 532b-532i. The interruptions 575
make the prisms 532a-532i non-contiguous. Although the
shape of the optical film at the interruptions 575 in FIG. 5C
and elsewhere is depicted as flat, the shape of the optical film
at the interruptions 575 may take on any shape, e.g., a curved
shape.
Optical film 545 shown in FIG.5D includes a-cylindrical
lenses 541a-541ion one side of the optical film 545 registered
14
to non-contiguous prisms 542a-542i on the opposing side of
the optical film 545. Interruptions 545 occur between prisms
542a-542i making the prisms non-contiguous. In this
example, the cross section of the a-cylindrical lenses 541a
541i is substantially uniform along the X axis and the cross
section of the prisms 542a-542i is substantially uniform
along the X axis. The pitch of the prisms, P., is greater than the
pitch of the lenses, P., causing an offset between the a-cylin
dricallenses 541a-541i and their corresponding prisms 542a
10 542i as a function of position on the optical film 545. The
offset increases as a function of distance from an aligned
lens/prism pair.
Some optical film implementations include cylindrical or
a-cylindrical lenses having a rotation that varies with position
15 on the optical film. The rotation of the cylindrical ora-cylin
drical lenses serves to aim the light appropriately toward the
left or right eyes as discussed in connection with FIG. 4. FIG.
6A illustrates the position of a lens before rotation 651 and
after rotation 652. The rotation is in a plane that is substan
tially perpendicular to a longitudinal vertex of the lenses (the
XZ plane in FIG. 6A) and is about a rotation point 653 below
the lens vertex 654 and on the lens centerline 655. For
example, the rotation point 633 may be the focal point of the
lens, or about 114 microns below the vertex 654 of the lens, or
25 may coincide with the vertex of the prism (not shown in FIG.
6A) of the lens/prism pair.
FIG. 6B is a cross section of a double sided optical film 615
including lenses 611a-611 i that are rotated as a function of X
axis position. The lenses 611a-611i may be a-cylindrical or
30 cylindrical lenses. Each of the lenses 611a-611 i is registered
to a prism 612a-612i on the opposing Surface of the optical
film 615. In this example, the prism pitch, P, is constant and
equal to the lens pitch, P. The lenses 611a-611i are rotated as
a function of X axis position. For example, the degree of
35 rotation of the lenses 611a-611 i may increase on either side of
a starting point on the optical film 615. In FIG. 6B, lens 611e
is the starting point for the lens rotation. The starting point
does not need to be a lens and may occur between lenses.
Although lens 611e has zero rotation, this also need not be the
40 case. If a lens is used as the starting point, the starting point
lens can have any rotation including Zero rotation. Multiple
rotation starting points may occur on an optical film.
In some display applications, the starting point for the lens
rotation may be near the center of the display, or can be offset
45 to adjust the viewing angle. Lenses on one side of a starting
point may be rotated at negative angles with respect to their
center lines and lenses on the other side of the starting point
may be rotated at positive angles with respect to their center
lines. When installed in a display, the optical film may have
50 one starting point that is aligned with the intended viewer
position. Lenses on one side of the starting point may be
rotated at negative angles with respect to their centerlines and
lenses on the other side of the starting point may be rotated at
positive angles with respect to their center lines. The angle of
55 rotation of the lenses may increase with distance from the
starting point to aim the light at sharper angles nearer to the
display edge.
Optical film 615 illustrates angles of rotation, C., that
increase with distance from the starting point, lens 611e,
60 which in this example has a rotation of 0 degrees. As previ
ously discussed, in some optical films, lenses on either side of
the starting point may be rotated in opposite directions. For
example, in FIG. 6B, lenses to the right of starting point lens
611e are rotated at negative angles with respect to their center
65 lines. Lenses to the left of starting point lens 611e are rotated
at positive angles with respect to their centerlines. Lenses
611d and 611f which are disposed on either side of lens 611e,
 US 8,659,830 B2
15
are rotated at angles +C, or -C, respectively. As explained in
connection with FIG. 6A, the lenses are rotated in the XZ plane
with respect to a rotation point below the lens vertex and on
the lens centerline. Lenses 611d and 611f have neighboring
lenses 611c and 611g, respectively, which are rotated at
angles +C or -C, where C<IC. Lenses 611c and 611g
have neighboring lenses 611b and 611 h, respectively, which
are rotated at angles +C or -C, where C<IC. Lenses
611b and 611h have neighboring 611a and 611 i, respectively,
which are rotated at angles +C or -C, where C.K.C.I.
Depending on the application, the lenses may be rotated
linearly or non-linearly with position on the optical film. The
rotation on either side of a starting point need not be sym
metrical.
FIG. 6C illustrates an optical film 625 having lenses 621a
621i that are rotated as previously described in connection
with FIG. 6B. The lenses may be a-cylindrical or cylindrical
lenses. Lenses to the right of starting point lens 621e are
rotated at negative angles with respect to their center lines.
Lenses to the left of starting point lens 621e are rotated at
positive angles with respect to their center lines. Lenses 621d
and 621f which are disposed on either side of lens 621e, are
rotated at angles +C. or -C, respectively. Lenses 621d and
621f have neighboring lenses 621c and 621g, respectively,
which are rotated at angles +C or -C, where losol.
Lenses 621c and 621g have neighboring lenses 621b and
621h, respectively, which are rotated at angles +C or -C,
where lo<los. Lenses 621b and 621h have neighboring
lenses 611a and 611 i, respectively, which are rotated at angles
+C or -C, where los|<IC.
In addition to the rotation of the lenses 621a-621i, the
optical film 625 of FIG. 6C also has a prism pitch, P, that is
different from the lens pitch, P,. As shown in FIG. 6C, the
prism pitch can be greater than the lens pitch. Alternatively,
the lens pitch may be greater than the prism pitch. When the
prism pitch is different from the lens pitch, a variable offset
between the lenses 621a-621i and the prisms 622a-622i in the
lens/prism pairs increases with distance from the aligned
lens/prism pair. In the example of FIG. 6C, the aligned lens/
prism pair is lens/prism pair 621e/622e which is also the
starting point for the rotation. When both prism rotation and
unequal prism and lens pitches are used together, the aligned
lens/prism pair (the starting point for the increasing offset
between lenses and prisms) and the starting point for the lens
rotation may be the same point on the optical film or may be
different points on the optical film. Using both rotated lenses
and a prism pitch larger than the lens pitch further aims the
light appropriately toward the desired position, reducing
crosstalk and stereo edge for improved 3D viewing results.
FIG. 6D illustrates an optical film 635 having lenses 631a
631i that are rotated as previously described in connection
with FIGS. 6B and 6C. The lenses 631a-631i may be a-cy
lindrical or cylindrical. The prisms 632a-632i are non-con
tiguous, having interruptions 675 between each prism 632a
632i. The pitch of the prisms is substantially equal to the pitch
of the lenses.
Optical film 645 depicted in FIG. 6E includes lenses 641a
641i that are rotated as previously described in connection
with FIGS. 6B and 6C. The lenses 631a-631i may be a-cy
lindrical or cylindrical lenses. The prisms 642a-642i are non
contiguous, having interruptions 675 between each prism
642a-642i. In this version, the pitch of the prisms is greater
than the pitch of the lenses. Alternatively, the lens pitch may
be greater than the prism pitch.
Using a-cylindrical lenses and/or varying the lens/prism
configuration of cylindrical lens/prism pairs or a-cylindrical
lens/prism pairs as a function of position alters the angular
16
distribution of light exiting the optical film. For example, in
display applications, the angular output distribution of light
can serve to aim the light more toward the left eye position or
more toward the right eye position. Using these optical films,
light output distributions may be achieved that provide a
sharper stereo edge and reduce the amount of cross talk
between the left eye image and the right eye image. With
reference to Example 1 below, the concepts ofstereo edge and
cross talk between left and right eye images may be further
10
understood by considering the simulated light output distri
butions that would be perceived by a viewer positioned above
the center of a display.
EXAMPLE 1.
15
A display with an optical film having cylindricallenses and
varying prism pitch was simulated using ray tracing. The ray
tracing Software used was TracePro, a non-sequential ray
tracing package (Lambda Research Corporation, Littleton,
Mass.).
Display characteristics: WVGA (800x480 pixels); 196.8
mm (width)x1 18.08 mm (height); Viewing distance 750 mm.
implying that the nominal eye separation of the viewer is
25 +/-2.4 degrees.
As illustrated in FIG. 7A, for viewer positioned at 710, the
left edge 722 of the display 720 is at an angle of 7.5 degrees
from normal, assuming a display width of 196.4 mm and a
viewing position of 750 mm above the display 720.
30 Optical film characteristics: Two sided optical film with
cylindrical lenses on one surface and prisms on the opposing
surface. Cylindrical lens radius of 36.3 microns; Cylindrical
lens pitch of 52.0000 microns: Prism pitch of 52.0051
microns. FIG. 7B is a cross section showing various thick
35 nesses of a two sided optical film (referred to as the caliper
budget): Overall optical film thickness 730, t. 114 microns:
Substrate thickness 731=50.8 microns; Prism thickness
732–45.0333 microns; Lens thickness 733=10.9787
microns; Total land thickness (lens land thickness 734 plus
40 prism land thickness 735)=7.18798 microns.
Light output distributions for the optical film were simu
lated as would be perceived at the viewer's position 710 (see
FIG. 7A) including the following: 1) the angular output dis
tributions of light coming from the center 721 of the display
45 (0 degrees from normal) for left and right eye image light
Sources, and 2) the angular output distribution of light coming
from the edge 722 of the display (7.5 degrees from normal)
for left and right eye image light sources.
FIG. 8A illustrates simulated angular output distributions
50 at 0 degrees (center of the display). Distribution 851 is the
light output distribution when the left eye image light Source
is on and the right eye image light source is off. Distribution
852 is the light output distribution when the right eye image
light source is on and the left eye image light source is off. The
55 stereo edge for distributions 851 and 852 is the intersection
853 at 0 degrees between the distributions 851,852. FIG. 8A
shows that at 0 degrees the slopes of the angular distributions
851 and 852 are non-zero and there is a region of overlap
between distributions 851 and 852, resulting in a crosstalk
60 contribution from the left eye image to the right eye image and
Vice versa.
The crosstalk may be measured at the location of the view
er's left or right eye (-/+2.4 degrees from the center of the
display for a typical viewer and the display parameters listed
65 above). As indicated in FIG. 7A, for the viewer’s right eye (at
2.4 degrees), the amount of crosstalk is the ratio of the undes
ired light (left eye image output 851) to the desired light (right
 US 8,659,830 B2
17
eye image output 852). For distributions 851 and 852
crosstalk at 2.4 degrees is about 9%.
FIG. 8B illustrates simulated angular output distributions
at 7.5 degrees (from the left edge of the display). Distribution
854 is the light output distribution when the left eye image
light source is on and the right eye image light Source is off.
Distribution 855 is the light output distribution when the right
eye image light source is on and the left eye image light Source
is off. The stereo edge for distributions 854 and 855 is the
intersection 856 at 7.5 degrees between the distributions 854,
855. FIG. 8B shows that at the stereo edge 856, the slopes of
the angular distributions 854, 855 are non-zero and there is a
region of overlap between distributions 854 and 855, result
ing in a crosstalk contribution of about 27% from the left eye
image to the right eye image and vice versa.
The crosstalk between distributions 854 and 855 may be
measured at the location of the viewer’s right eye 9.9 degrees
from the center of the display for a typical viewer and the
display parameters listed above). As indicated in FIG.8B, for
the viewer’s right eye, the amount of crosstalk is the ratio of
the left eye image output to the right eye image output. For
distributions 854 and 855, crosstalk at 9.9 degrees is about
27%.
EXAMPLE 2
A display with an optical film having a-cylindrical lenses
and varying prism pitch was simulated by ray tracing using
TracePro. The display characteristics were the same as listed
in Example 1 and are repeated below for reading conve
nience:
Display characteristics: WVGA (800x480 pixels); 196.8
mm (width)x1 18.08 mm (height); Viewing distance 750 mm.
implying that the nominal eye separation of the viewer is
+/-2.4 degrees. As illustrated in FIG. 7A, for viewer 710, the
edge 722 of the display 720 is at an angle of 7.5 degrees from
normal, assuming a display width of 196.4 mm and a viewing
position of 750 mm above the display 720.
Optical film characteristics: A two sided optical film hav
ing a-cylindrical prisms on one Surface and prisms on the
opposing Surface. The a-cylindrical lenses were designed for
a stigmatic focus for this system. The lens had a varying
radius of curvature, but at its vertex, the radius of curvature is
36.3 microns (the same as the cylindrical lenses tested in
Example 1). The lens pitch is 52.0000 microns. Prism pitch of
52.0050 microns was used to achieve a 7.5 degrees from
normal crossing angle at the edge of the display; Caliper
budget: (see FIG. 7B) Overall optical film thickness 730,
t, 114 microns; Substrate thickness 731=50.8 microns;
Prism thickness 732=45.0333 microns; Lens thickness
733=10.978.7 microns; Total land thickness (lens land thick
ness 734 plus prism land thickness 735)=8.05.194 microns.
FIG. 9A compares the profile 980 of an a-cylindrical lens
used in Example 2 to the profile 990 of a cylindrical lens
having the same radius of curvature (36.3 microns) at the
Vertex.
Light output distributions were simulated as would be per
ceived at the viewer's position 710 (see FIG. 7A), including:
1) the angular output distribution of light coming from the
center 721 of the display (0 degrees from normal) for left and
right eye image light sources, and 2) the angular output dis
tribution of light coming from the edge 722 of the display (7.5
degrees from normal as shown in FIG. 7A), for left and right
eye image light Sources.
FIG.9B illustrates simulated angular output distributions
at 0 degrees (center of the display). Distribution 951 is the
light output distribution when the left eye image light Source
18
is on and the right eye image light source is off. Distribution
952 is the light output distribution when the right eye image
light source is on and the left eye image light source is off. The
stereo edge for distributions 951 and 952 is the intersection
5 953 at 0 degrees between the distributions 951,952. FIG.9B
shows that at 0 degrees the slopes of the angular distributions
951 and 952 are much sharper (slope closer to infinity) than
the distributions of 851 and 852 (FIG. 8A) at the stereo edge
853. Distributions 951 and 952 have a very small area of
10
overlap at 0 degrees, resulting in a minimal crosstalk contri
bution from the left eye image to the right eye image and vice
versa. For distributions 951 and 952, crosstalk at 2.4 degrees
(the location of the viewer’s right eye) is close to 0%
FIG.9C illustrates simulated angular output distributions
15
at 7.5 degrees (from the left edge 722 of the display as shown
in FIG. 7A). Distribution 954 is the light output distribution
when the left eye image light source is on and the right eye
image light source is off. Distribution 955 is the light output
distribution when the right eye image light source is on and
the left eye image light source is off. The stereo edge for
distributions 954 and 955 is the intersection 956 at 7.5 degrees
between the distributions 954,955. FIG.7C shows that at the
stereo edge 956, the slopes of the angular distributions 954,
25 955 are non-zero and there is a region of overlap between
distributions 954 and 955, resulting in a crosstalk contribu
tion from the left eye image to the right eye image and vice
versa. For distributions 954 and 955, crosstalk at 9.9 degrees
(the location of the viewer’s right eye) is close to 3%.
30
EXAMPLE 3
A display with an optical film having rotated a-cylindrical
lenses and constant prism pitch was simulated by ray tracing
35 using TracePro. The display characteristics were the same as
listed in Example 1 and are repeated below for reading con
Venience:
Display characteristics: WVGA (800x480 pixels); 196.8
mm (width)x1 18.08 mm (height); Viewing distance 750 mm.
40 implying that the nominal eye separation of the viewer is
+/-2.4 degrees. As illustrated in FIG. 7A, for viewer 710, the
edge 722 of the display 720 is at an angle of 7.5 degrees from
normal, assuming a display width of 196.4 mm and a viewing
position of 750 mm above the display 720.
45 Optical film characteristics: A two sided optical film hav
ing a-cylindrical prisms on one Surface and prisms on the
opposing Surface. The a-cylindrical lenses were designed for
a stigmatic focus for this system. The lenses had a varying
radius of curvature, but at its vertex, the radius of curvature is
50 36.3 microns (the same as the a-cylindrical lenses tested in
Example 2). The lens pitch was 52.0000 microns and the
prism pitch was 52.0000 microns, the same as the lens pitch.
Each lens was rotated towards the center of the display in a
gradually increasing fashion starting with no rotation at the
55 display centerand progressing to 7.5 degrees of rotation at the
display edge to achieve a 7.5 degrees from normal crossing
angle at the edge of the display. Rotation was at a point about
114 microns below the a-cylindrical lens vertex and on the
a-cylindrical lens center line. The rotation varies linearly
60 from the pattern center outward from 0 degrees to 7.5 degrees
at the display edge. The vertex of each a-cylindrical lens
points toward the center of the display. Caliper budget: (see
FIG. 7B) Overall optical film thickness 730, t. 114 microns:
Substrate thickness 731=50.8 microns; Prism thickness
65 732=45.0333 microns; Lens thickness 733=10.1147
microns; Total land thickness (lens land thickness 734 plus
prism land thickness 735)=8.05.194 microns.
 US 8,659,830 B2
19 20
Light output distributions were simulated as would be per requires precise synchronization of the rotation of the dia
ceived at the viewer's position 710 (see FIG. 7A), including: mond cutting tip with the horizontal position on the master
1) the angular output distribution of light coming from the tool. The features on the film can also be made by techniques
center 721 of the display (0 degrees from normal) for left and other than the 3C technique discussed above, such as com
right eye image light sources, and 2) the angular output dis- 5 pression molding, injection molding, extrusion and two pass
tribution of light coming from the left edge 722 of the display coating as for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,530,721 which is
(7.5 degrees from normal) for left and right eye image light incorporated herein by reference.
SOUCS. The lenses can be registered with the prisms in the optical
FIG. 10A illustrates simulated angular output distributions film using methods to make optical films having microrepli
at 0 degrees (center of the display). Distribution 1051 is the 10 cated registered patterns on opposed Surfaces as described in
light output distribution when the left eye image light Source U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,165,959 and 7,224,529, both of which are
is on and the right eye image light source is off. Distribution incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. The
1052 is the light output distribution when the right eye image liquid from which the microreplicated structures are created
light source is on and the left eye image light source is off. The is typically a curable photopolymerizable material. Such as
stereo edge for distributions 1051 and 1052 is the intersection 15 acrylates curable by UV light. Other coating materials can be
1053 at 0 degrees between the distributions 1051, 1052. FIG. used, for example a polymerizable material, and selection of
10A shows that at 0 degrees the slopes of the angular distri a material may depend upon the particular characteristics
butions 1051 and 1052 are the same as the distributions of 951 desired for the microreplicated structures. Examples of cur
and 952 (FIG.9B). Distributions 1051 and 1052 have virtu ing methods for use in the process include reactive curing,
ally no area of overlap at 0 degrees, resulting in a crosstalk 20 thermal curing, or radiation curing.
contribution from the left eye image to the right eye image and
vice versa that is virtually zero. For distributions 1051 and What is claimed is:
1052, crosstalk at 2.4 degrees (the location of the viewer's 1. A double sided optical film, comprising:
right eye) is 0%. a-cylindricallenses disposed on a first Surface of the optical
FIG. 10B illustrates simulated angular output distributions 25 film; and
at 7.5 degrees (from the left edge 722 of the display). Distri prisms disposed on a second Surface of the optical film,
bution 1054 is the light output distribution when the left eye wherein each lens on the first Surface is registered to a
image light source is on and the right eye image light Source prism on the second Surface;
is off. Distribution 1055 is the light output distribution when wherein the prisms and the a-cylindricallenses each extend
the right eye image light source is on and the left eye image 30 parallel to a longitudinal axis; and
light source is off. The stereo edge 1056 for distributions 1054 wherein each of the a-cylindrical lenses is characterized by
and 1055 is the intersection at 7.5 degrees between the dis a rotation angle, the rotation angles being different at
tributions 1054, 1055. FIG. 10B shows that at the stereo edge different positions on the first surface.
1056, the slopes of the angular distributions 1054, 1055 are 2. The optical film of claim 1, wherein the prisms are
also very close to nearly vertical, resulting in very low 35 contiguous.
crosstalk contribution close to 0% from the left eye image to 3. The optical film of claim 1, wherein the prisms are
the right eye image and vice versa. non-contiguous.
Some of the autostereoscopic displays described herein 4. The optical film of claim 1, wherein the prisms have a
include double sided optical films having cylindrical ora-cy pitch that is different from a pitch of the lenses.
lindrical lenses on one surface of the film. Each of the lenses 40 5. The optical film of claim 1, wherein the prisms have a
is registered to a corresponding prism on the opposing Surface pitch that is Substantially the same as a pitch of the lenses.
of the film. In some examples, the pitch of the prisms is the 6. The optical film of claim 1, wherein the a-cylindrical
same as the pitch of the lenses. In other examples, the pitch of lenses comprise:
the prisms is the different from the pitch of the lenses. The positively rotated a-cylindrical lenses, each positively
prisms may be contiguous or non-contiguous. 45 rotated a-cylindrical lens rotated at a positive angle with
The lenses may be rotated with a rotation that varies with respect to a center line of the positively rotated a-cylin
position on the optical film. If the film design is such that the drical lens; and
focal length of the lens is the vertex of the corresponding negatively rotated a-cylindrical lenses, each negatively
prism, the angular location of the Stereo edge will vary from rotated a-cylindrical lens rotated at a negative angle with
Zero degrees when the lens and prism are centered to both 50 respect to a center line of the negatively rotated a-cylin
positive and negative angles as the prism vertex is de-centered drical lens.
with respect to the lens. This is similar to moving an object off 7. The optical film of claim 1, wherein, for each a-cylin
of the optical axis in a conventional lens system. As the prism drical lens having a non-Zero rotation angle, the rotation of
is increasingly de-centered with respect to its corresponding each rotated a-cylindrical lens is about a rotation point below
lens, however, it results in less than perfect focus for the lens. 55 a vertex of the a-cylindrical lens and on a center line of the
In optical films having rotated lenses, each lens may be rotated a-cylindrical lens.
rotated about its focal point, e.g. the apex of the correspond 8. The optical film of claim 7, wherein the rotation point is
ing prism. The light from the apex of the prism can be directed the focal point of the lens.
to a wide range of desired angles while preserving Stigmatic 9. An autostereoscopic display module, comprising:
focus. 60 a light guide having a first side, a second side opposite the
The lenses and prisms for the 3D autostereoscopic films first side, a first light guide Surface extending between
can be made using, for example, microreplication processes the first and second sides, and a second light guide
Such as continuous cast and cure (3C). Examples of a 3C surface opposite the first surface, wherein the first light
process are described in the following patents, all of which are guide surface Substantially re-directs light and the Sec
incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth: U.S. Pat. 65 ond light guide Surface Substantially emits light;
Nos. 4,374,077; 4,576,850:5,175,030:5,271,968; 5,558,740: a first light source disposed along the first side of the light
and 5,995,690. Creating the master tool for rotated lenses also guide;
 US 8,659,830 B2
21
a second light source disposed along the second side the
light guide;
a synchronization driving element electrically coupled to
the first and second light sources, the synchronization
driving element configured to synchronize turning each
of the first or second light sources on or off in an alter
nating order;
a double sided optical film arranged to receive light emitted
through the second light guide surface, the optical film
comprising:
a-cylindrical lenses disposed on a first surface of the
optical film; and
prisms disposed on a second surface of the optical film,
the second surface of the optical film oriented toward
the light guide, wherein each lens on the first surface
of the optical film is registered to a prism on the
second surface of the optical film;
wherein the prisms and the a-cylindrical lenses each extend
parallel to a longitudinal axis; and
wherein each of the a-cylindrical lenses is characterized by
a rotation angle, the rotation angles being different at
different positions on the first surface.
22
10. The display module of claim 9, wherein the prisms are
contiguous.
11. The display module of claim 9, wherein the prisms are
non-contiguous.
12. The display module of claim 9, wherein the prisms have
a pitch that is different from a pitch of the lenses.
13. The display module of claim 9 wherein the prisms have
a pitch that is substantially the same as a pitch of the lenses.
14. The display module of claim 9, wherein, for eacha-cy
10
lindrical lens having a non-zero rotation angle, the rotation of
eacha-cylindrical lens is about a point below a vertex of the
a-cylindrical lens and on a centerline of the a-cylindrical lens.
15. The display module of claim 9, wherein the a-cylindri
15
cal lenses comprise:
first lenses rotated at positive angles with respect to their
center lines and toward an estimated viewer position;
and
second lenses rotated at negative angles with respect to
their center lines and toward the estimated viewer posi
tion.
EXHIBIT 2
 USOOD748478S

(12) Sorensen
UnitedetStates
al.
Design Patent (10) Patent No.: US D748,478 S
(45) Date of Patent: Feb. 2, 2016
(54) CLOSURE FOR A CONTAINER 2,573.378 A 10, 1951 Zurlinden
2,574,876 A 11/1951 Lebus
2,575,299 A 11/1951 Scheel
(71) Applicant: Runway Blue, LLC, Pleasant Grove, 2,638.253 A 5, 1953 Mueller
UT (US)
(Continued)
(72) Inventors: Steven M. Sorensen, Alpine, UT (US); FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
David O. Meyers, Kaysville, UT (US)
CN 2011391.96 10, 2008
(73) Assignee: RUNWAY BLUE, LLC, Pleasant JP 2006 103793. A 4/2004
Grove, UT (US) JP 20082474.04 10, 2008
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
(**) Term: 14 Years
U.S. Appl. No. 12/762,292, filed Apr. 16, 2010, Meyers, et al.
(21) Appl. No.: 29/457,096
(Continued)
(22) Filed: Jun. 6, 2013
(51) LOC (10) Cl. ................................................ 09-07 Primary Examiner — Robert M Spear
(52) U.S. C. Assistant Examiner — Darcey E. Heflin
USPC ............................................. D9/449; D9/443 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Maschoff Brennan
(58) Field of Classification Search
(57) CLAM
USPC .......... D9/719, 742, 753, 530,531, 534, 537,
D9/549, 435, 436, 440, 443, 445, 447, 449, The ornamental design for a closure for a container, as shown
and described.
D9/454, 455, 499; D7/300.1, 302, 602,
D7/605, 608, 622, 396.2: 206/142, 143, DESCRIPTION
206/154, 156; 215/45, 206, 224, 240, 258,
215/305,387, 390,396, 398.1; 220/710.5, FIG. 1 is an upper perspective view of a closure for a con
220/711, 757, 762, 764; 222/601, 602, 111, tainer, illustrating a carrying member in a first position;
222/519 FIG. 2 is a front view of the closure for a container:
See application file for complete search history. FIG. 3 is a rear view of the closure for a container;
FIG. 4 is a right side view of the closure for a container;
(56) References Cited
FIG. 5 is a left side view of the closure for a container;
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS FIG. 6 is a top view of the closure for a container:
FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the closure for a container; and,
1,037,051 A 8/1912 Ramsey FIG. 8 is an upper perspective view of the closure for a
1,094,469 A 4, 1914 Pick container illustrating the carrying member in a second posi
1,389,732 A 9, 1921 Baron tion.
1479,053 A 1/1924 Brooks
1,573,620 A 2f1926 Allston The broken lines in the drawings represent unclaimed envi
2,056,879 A 10, 1936 Winterhalter et al. ronmental Subject matter and form no part of the claim.
2,272,867 A 2f1942 Cobel
2,514,573 A 7, 1950 Harrison 1 Claim, 6 Drawing Sheets
 US D748,478 S
Page 2

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Page 3
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* cited by examiner
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 1 of 6 US D748,478 S
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 2 of 6 US D748,478 S

Fig. 3
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 3 of 6 US D748,478 S

Fig. 4

Fig. 5
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 4 of 6 US D748,478 S
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 5 of 6 US D748,478 S

Fig. 7
U.S. Patent Feb. 2, 2016 Sheet 6 of 6 US D748,478 S
EXHIBIT 3
 TOWOLONTENUTU HI TOMONT USOOD820038S

(12 ) United States Design Patent (10) Patent No.: US D820,038 S

Sorensen et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: * * Jun. 12 , 2018
(54 ) LID FOR A CONTAINER (57) CLAIM
The ornamental design for a lid for a container , as shown and
(71) Applicant: RUNWAY BLUE , LLC , Lehi, UT (US) described .
(72 ) Inventors: Steven M . Sorensen , Alpine, UT (US ); DESCRIPTION
David O . Meyers , East Layton , UT FIG . 1 is an upper perspective view of a lid for a container,
(US) illustrating the lid in a closed position and attached to an
unclaimed container ;
( 73 ) Assignee : Runway Blue, LLC , Alpine, UT (US) FIG . 2 is an upper perspective view of the lid for a container
shown in FIG . 1 ;
(* * ) Term : 14 Years FIG . 3 is a front view of the lid for a container shown in FIG .
(21) Appl. No.: 29 /525, 379 FIG . 4 is a back view of the lid for a container shown in FIG .
1:
(22 ) Filed : Apr. 29 , 2015 FIG . 5 is a right side view of the lid for a container shown
in FIG . 1 ;
(51) LOC ( 11) Cl. . .. .. . .. . 07 - 99 FIG . 6 is a left side view of the lid for a container shown in
(52) U . S . CI. FIG . 1 ;
USPC .......... 07/392. 1; D9/449; D9/443 FIG . 7 is a top view of the lid for a container shown in FIG .
(58) Field of Classification Search
USPC ......... D9/429, 434 _ 436 , 439 – 454, 499 , 600, FIG . 8 is a bottom view of the lid for a container shown in
D9/601 , 614 –617 , 620 , 623 , 624 , 628 ; FIG . 1 ;
(Continued ) FIG . 9 is an upper perspective view of the lid for a container
shown in FIG . 1 , illustrating the lid in an open position ;
(56 ) References Cited FIG . 10 is a front view of the lid for a container shown in
FIG . 9 ;
U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS FIG . 11 is a back view of the lid for a container shown in
FIG . 9 ;
3,297 ,208 A * 1/ 1967 Swett . ................... B65D 25 /42 FIG . 12 is a right side view of the lid for a container shown
222/ 111 in FIG . 9 ;
D356 ,499 S * 3 / 1995 Cautereels .................. D9 /434 FIG . 13 is a left side view of the lid for a container shown
(Continued ) in FIG . 9 ;
FIG . 14 is a top view of the lid for a container shown in FIG .
OTHER PUBLICATIONS 9 ; and ,
FIG . 15 is a bottom view of the lid for a container shown in
Examiner's Report from Canadian Paten Application No. 164984 FIG . 9 .
dated Jan . 29 , 2016 . The broken lines showing a container in FIG . 1 depict
U .S . Appl. No. 13/633,864, filed Oct. 2, 2012, Sorensen, et al. environment and form no part of the claimed design . All
other broken lines in the figures illustrate portions of the lid
Primary Examiner — Karen S Acker for a container that form no part of the claimed design .
Assistant Examiner — Wendy L Arminio
(74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Maschoff Brennan 1 Claim , 13 Drawing Sheets

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 US D820 ,038 S
Page 2

(58 ) Field of Classification Search D697,798 S * 1/ 2014 Sorensen .... .... ... .. .... D91429
USPC ........... . D7 /387, 392 , 393 , 396 . 2 , 510 , 511 , D699, 996 S * 2/ 2014 De Leo ......... 07/300 . 1
D7/514 -517 , 598 , 599 , 612 .2 , 623 , 628 , 8, 695, 830 B2 4 /2014 Meyers et al.
D723,916 S * 3 /2015 Hughes ..... D9/445
D7/ 392 . 1 ; D3/ 202 , 294 , 318 D739 ,174 S * 9 /2015 Elsaden .. . . . . . 07/392 . 1
CPC ......... A61J 1/ 1412 ; B65D 1/02; B65D 1 /323 ; D739,674 S * 9 /2015 Bergstrom D7/300 . 1
B65D 1 /0246 ; B65D 25/ 40 ; B65D 25 /42; D742 .230 S * 11/2015 Charles D7/ 396 .2
B65D 25 / 44 ; B65D 41/56 ; B65D 41 /62; D745,827 S 12/2015 Sorensen ...... ...... D7/ 392 . 1
9 ,216 ,843 B2 12/2015 Sorensen et al.
B65D 47 / 06 ; B65D 47/ 08 D747,624 S * 1/ 2016 Walker 07/ 392. 1
See application file for complete search history . D748 ,430 S * 2 /2016 Sorensen ...... ......... D7 /392 . 1
D748 ,478 S 2 /2016 Sorensen et al.
(56 ) References Cited D748 ,943 S *
D758 , 127 S *
2 /2016
6 /2016
Miller
Zhao
D7/392 . 1
..... D7/392 . 1
U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS D768 ,491 S *
D778,666 S *
10 /2016
2 / 2017
Sorensen .................... D7 /392. 1
De Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D7 / 392
D417 ,583 S * 12 /' 1999
1999 Demore
Demore . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . D7/392 D779 ,872 Ss 2 /2017 Bergstrom .................. 07/392. 1
D510 ,235 S * 10 /2005 Sorensen .................... D7/510 2011/0253733 Al * 10 /2011 Meyers ................ B65D 47 /089
D626 ,837 S * 11/2010 Meyers .......................... D9/443 220 /833
D626 ,838 S * 11/2010 Meyers ....................... D9 /443 2014 /0069918 A1* 3 /2014 Meyers ................ B65D 51 / 242
D628 ,483 S * 12/2010 McKinney ..................... D9 /449 220 /212 .5
D644 ,065 S * 8 / 2011 Llerena . ... D7/ 300 . 1 2014 /0360908 A1 * 12 /2014 Sorensen ........... B65D 21/0228
D656 , 357 S * 3 /2012 Enghard
ard ................. D7 /300 . 1 206 / 501
D666 ,047 S * 8 /2012 Lin .............. . . . . . . . . . . . D7/300 . 1 2015 /0201775 A1* 7 /2015 Sorensen . ....... A476 19 /2266
D682 ,016 S * 5 /2013 Knight .............. ........ D7 /392. 1 222/482
D691, 849 S * 10 / 2013 Cetera ........ D7/392. 1
D696 , 551 S 12 / 2013 Meyers et al. * cited by examiner
U . S . Patent Jun. 12, 2018 Sheet 1 of 13 US D820 ,038 S

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EXHIBIT 4
 Exhibit 4 – ’830 Patent Claim Chart

United States Patent No.

8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
A lid for a container comprising:

a lid base having an opening for

dispensing contents of the
container;

lid base  
 

a mount comprising a first post

and a second post;

 
post

1
 United States Patent No.
8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
a handle comprising a first end
with a first handle pivot and a
second end with a second handle
pivot; and

handle
pivot

a flip top for sealing the opening,

the flip top comprising an
elongated body with a first end for
opening the flip top and a second
end including a flip top pivot,
wherein:

flip top end

2
 United States Patent No.
8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
the first handle pivot is connected
to a first receiving portion of the
first post of the mount, the first
handle pivot comprising a first
protrusion that extends into the
first receiving portion of the first  
post of the mount,

protrusion

3
 United States Patent No.
8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
the second handle pivot is
connected to a second receiving
portion of the second post of the
mount, the second handle pivot
comprising a second protrusion
that extends into the second  
receiving portion of the second
post of the mount,
protrusion

the first end of the handle is

sandwiched between a first end of
the flip top pivot and the first post
of the mount and the second end of
the handle is sandwiched between flip top handle
a second end of the flip top pivot pivot end end
and the second post of the mount,

4
 United States Patent No.
8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
a first protrusion on the first end of
the flip top pivot extends into a
first opening in the first end of the
handle and a second protrusion on
the second end of the flip top pivot
extends into a second opening in
the second end of the handle,

protrusion

 
the handle and the flip top are each
independently pivotable relative to
the lid, and

5
 United States Patent No.
8,695,830 Defendant’s Shaker Cup
Claim 1
the handle and the flip top are each
independently movable about a
common axis.

 
 

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