Lab 6 Symmetrical short circuit analysis in Power World

Simulator
6.1 Objectives:
 To perform the symmetrical fault analysis and determine for circuit breaker rating.
 To calculate the current supplied by each generator and bus voltage magnitudes during fault

6.2 Introduction:
Fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current. Most faults
on transmission lines of 115 kV and higher are caused by lightning, which results in the flashover
of insulators. The high voltage between a conductor and the grounded supporting tower causes
ionization, which provides a path to ground for the charge induced by the lightning stroke. Once
the ionized path to ground is established, the resultant low impedance to ground allows the flow
of current from the conductor to ground and through the ground to the grounded neutral of a
transformer or generator, thus completing the circuit. Line-to-line faults not involving ground are
less common.
Most of the faults on the power system lead to a short-circuit condition. When such a
condition occurs, a heavy current (called short-circuit current) flows through the equipment,
causing considerable damage to the equipment and interruption of service to the consumers.

6.3 Fault Classifications:

The types of fault commonly occurring in practice are as follows:

(a) Line to ground: Line to ground faults are caused by a transmission line touching the ground.
Wind, ice loading, or an accident such as a tree limb falling on a line can cause a line to ground
fault. This category accounts for about 70% of all transmission line short circuit faults.
(b) Line to line: These faults are normally caused by high winds blowing one line into another, or
by a line breaking and falling on a line below it. These account for about 15% of transmission
faults.
(c) Double line to ground: These categories is caused by the same things that cause single line to
ground faults, except two lines are involved instead of one. These account for about 10% of
transmission line faults.
(d) Three-phase faults: If a line condition occurs in which all three phases are shorted together,
either by something falling on the phase conductors, an equipment failure, or all three lines
 falling to the ground, it is called a three-phase fault. These are relatively rare, accounting for
only about 5% of all transmission line faults.
The fault current that flows depends on the equivalent Thevenin voltage, and the equivalent
impedance at the fault terminals and the fault impedance, as illustrated in Figure (6.1).
VTH
I FAULT 
Z TH  Z f

ZTH ZFAULT

VTH

Figure 6.1: Simple equivalent circuit for fault current calculation

Three-phase faults are called symmetrical faults which give rise to symmetrical currents (i.e. equal
fault currents in the lines with 120-degree displacement). Other types of transmission-line faults
(line to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults) cause an imbalance between the
phases, and so they are called unsymmetrical faults. In this experiment, the symmetrical short-
circuit analysis is performed and the ratings of CBs are determined.

6.4 Software to be used for Symmetrical Fault Calculations:

The software, ‘Power World Simulator’ is used in this experiment to study the symmetrical
fault and determine CB ratings.
 1.5 Experimental Procedure:
 Make the transmission system as shown in Figure 6.2.

Bus 2
Load 1 (40MW, 10MVAR)
Bus 1(1+j0 p.u) j0.04

G1
Load 2 (40MW, 10MVAR)
100MW j0.05 j0.05 Bus 4

100 MW G2 Bus 3

Figure 6.2: Transmission System

 The transmission system under consideration is shown in Power World Simulator as shown
in Figure 6.3.

Figure 6.3: Transmission System in Power World Simulator

 Now go to Tools Option.
 Go to Fault Analysis.
 Figure 6.4: Fault Analysis
 Enter the following fault impedance 𝑍𝑓 = 0.04 + 𝑗0.05 𝑝. 𝑢
 Select 3 phase Balanced Fault.
 Click on Calculate.
 The following results will appear on the screen.

Figure 6.5: Results

6. 6 Lab Tasks:
6.6.1 Lab Task 1
Study the fault at line connecting Bus 3 and 4 (40% length) for the following fault impedances:
𝑍𝑓 0.25 + j0.99 p.u
𝑍𝑓 0.11 + j0.66 p.u
𝑍𝑓 0.33 + j0.77 p.u

Bus 2(0.98+j0 p.u)

Load 1 (50 MW, 10 MVAR)
Bus 1(1+j0 p.u) 0.03+ j0.04

G1
Load 2 (50 MW, 10 MVAR)
100 MW 0.3 j0.05 0.2+j0.05 Bus 4(0.98+j0 p.u)

100 MW G2 Load 3 (25 MW, 0 MVAR)

Bus 3 (0.98+j0 p.u)
Note the following parameters: For 𝒁𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝐩. 𝐮
Table 6.1
Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase
Volt. A Volt. B Volt. C Ang. A Ang. B Ang. C
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
 Table 6.2
Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase
Current A Current B Current C Ang A Ang B Ang C

Bus 1

Bus 2

Table 6.3
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4

Note the following parameters: For 𝒁𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝐩. 𝐮

Table 6.4
Phase Volt Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
A Volt B Volt C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4

Table 6.5
Phase Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
Current A Current B Current C A B C
Bus 1
Bus 2
 Table 6.6
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4

Note the following parameters: For 𝒁𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟕𝟕 𝐩. 𝐮

Table 6.7
Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
A B C A B C
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4

Table 6.8
Phase Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
Current A Current B Current C A B C
Bus 1
Bus 2

Table 6.9
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
6.6.2 Lab Task 2
Study the fault at Bus 1 for the following fault impedances:
Zf 0.35 + j0.99 p.u
Zf 0.44 + j0.86 p.u
Zf 0.42 + j0.55 p.u

Bus 5(0.98+j0 p.u)

Bus 2(0.98+j0 p.u)
Load 1 (50 MW, 10 MVAR) Load 4 (50 MW,
Bus 1(1+j0 p.u) 0.03+ j0.04 10 MVAR)

G1
Load 2 (50 MW, 10 MVAR)
100 MW 0.3 j0.05 0.2+j0.05 Bus 4(0.98+j0 p.u)

100 MW G2 Load 3 (25 MW, 0 MVAR)

Bus 3 (0.98+j0 p.u)
Lab Task 2
Note the following parameters: For 𝐙𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝐩. 𝐮
Table 6.10
Phase Volt Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
A Volt B Volt C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2
Table 6.11
Phase Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
Current A Current B Current C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2

Table 6.12
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5

Note the following parameters: For 𝐙𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 𝐩. 𝐮

Table 6.13
Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
A B C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5

Table 6.14
Phase Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
Current A Current B Current C A B C

Bus 1

Bus 2
 Table 6.15
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5

Note the following parameters: For 𝐙𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐩. 𝐮

Table 6.16
Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Volt Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
A B C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5

Table 6.17
Phase Phase Phase Phase Ang Phase Ang Phase Ang
Current A Current B Current C A B C

Bus 1
Bus 2

Table 6.18
Phase Current A Phase Current B Phase Current C

Bus 2
Bus 3
 PE-351L Power System Analysis Lab
Lab Rubric

Lab # _____________ Student Name: ___________________ Reg. #: _________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor

CLOs PLOs Score
3.0 2.0 1.0 0
Can independently Can setup and handle Can setup and handle
Cannot setup or
setup, operate and the power world the power world
Apparatus Usage PLO-5 handle the power
handle the power simulator with minimal simulator with some
world simulator
world simulator help help
Data recorded and Data recorded and
All required data is presented is complete presented is partially Data recorded only
recorded and presented
and required format is complete. The with considerable
Data Acquisition PLO-5 accurately and
followed but accuracy required format is assistance from
completely in the
required format is not as per followed but with instructor
requirement. few deficiencies.

Analyzes and Analyzes data Unable to analyze

Analyzes and
interprets data correctly however and interpret data
Data interprets data
PLO-4 correctly for few tasks unable to interpret it for any tasks in
Interpretation correctly for all tasks in
in power world for tasks in power power world
power world simulator
simulator world simulator simulator

 Some
 Specifications, • No
 Specifications, specifications,
parameters and specifications,
parameters and parameters and parameters and
constraints of design
constraints of design constraints of constraints of
are present.
are present. design are present design are
present
Design PLO-3  Sufficient
 Detailed calculations  Insufficient • No calculations
calculations and/or and/or
and/or procedures calculations and/or
procedures to obtain procedures to
to obtain the design procedures to
the design are obtain the
are provided. obtain the design
provided design are
are provided. provided.

Demonstrates
Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates some incomplete
extensive knowledge knowledge of the topic knowledge of the knowledge of the
Viva PLO-9 of the topic by by responding topic by responding topic by
responding precisely to precisely to all accurately to all responding
all questions questions questions inaccurately to all
questions

Student arrives on
Student arrives on
time in less than or
Punctuality PLO-8 N/A N/A time in more than
equal to 60% of
60% of labs
the labs

Total Score in Lab /16

Instructor’s Signature: _________________