Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Pile foundation

Summited by— By-abid khan

mohan khantariya (b.tech civil 3rd sem)
 Foundations
• Foundations are structural components used to support
columns and transfer loads to the underlying Soil.

Foundations

Shallow Deep

Isolated Combined Strap wall Raft

footing footing footing footing footing
Caissons Piles
2
 Pile foundation
Pile foundations are used extensively for the
support of buildings, bridges, and other structures
to safely transfer structural loads to the ground
Pile cap

Piles
Weak soil

Bearing stratum
 Pile foundations are used in the
following situations:
1.where the soil is compressible,
2.where the soil is water logged
3.The top soil has poor bearing capacity
4.The subsoil water level is high
The major uses of piles:
To carry vertical compression loads,
To resist uplift loads
To resist horizontal or inclined loads
 Classification of Piles

Based on the function

PILES

END BEARING PILES FRICTION PILES COMPACTION PILES TENSION PILES ANCHOR PILES
END BEARING PILE: These piles are used to transfer load
through water or soft soil to a suitable
bearing stratum.

SOFT SOIL
FRICTION PILE:These piles are used to transfer
loads to a depth of a friction load carrying
material by means of skin friction along the
length of pile.

END BEARING PILE

FRICTION PILE
 COMPACTION PILE:These piles are used to compact loose
soils, thus increasing their bearing capacity.

Tension pile: Tension piles are also called

uplift piles.

COMPACTION PILE

Anchor piles: These piles are used to provide anchorage against

horizontal pull from sheet piling.
Fender piles and dolphins: Fender piles and dolphins are used
to protect water front structure from impact of any floating object or
ship.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON FUNCTION
Based on the material & composition;
a. Concrete Pile
b. steel pile
c. timber pile
d. Composite piles
 Concrete Pile

• Pre-cast Piles: Usual length: 10 m – 45 m

Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN „
• Cast-in-situ Piles:
Usual length: 5 m – 15 m
Usual Load: 200 kN – 500 kN

•„Advantage:
Relatively cheap It can be easily combined with concrete
superstructure Corrosion resistant It can bear hard driving
•„ Disadvantage: Difficult to transport Difficult to achieve
desired cutoff
 steel pile
• „Usual length: 15 m – 60 m „
• Usual Load: 300 kN – 1200 kN
• „Advantage: Relatively less hassle during
installation and easy to achieve cutoff level,High
driving force may be used for fast installation,
Good to penetrate hard, strata Load carrying
capacity is high
• „Disadvantage: Relatively expensive Noise
pollution during installation Corrosion Bend in
piles while driving
 Timber pile
Timber piles are made from tree trunks. These piles are
available in length between 4 to 6 m. timber piles are used
where good bearing stratum is available at a relatively
shallow depth.
Composite piles
A pile which is made up of two materials like concrete and
timber or concrete and steel is called composite pile.
 Based on the method of
installation;
1. DRIVEN PILE
2. Bored piles
3.DRIVEN
AND CAST- IN- SITU PILE
(i) Bored piles:
Bored piles are constructed in pre-bored holes either using a
casing or by circulating stabilizing agent like betonies slurry.
Board piles are of following types:
Small diameter piles-up to 600 mm diameter; large diameter
piles-diameter greater than 600 mm; under reamed piles.

(ii) Driven piles:

Driven piles may be of concrete, steel or timber. These piles
are driven into the soil by the impact of hammer.

(iii) Driven and cast-in-situ piles:

It is a type of driven pile. They are constructed by driving a
steel casing in to the ground. The hole is then filled with
concrete by placing the reinforcement and the casing is
gradually fted.
 Engineering News formula:
 Proposed by A.M. Wellington in the following general
form;

WH
Q a=
F(S+C)
Where, Qa= allowable load
W= wt. of the hammer
H= height of the fall
F= F.O.S, taken as “6”
S= final set (penetration)
C= empirical constant
2.5 for drop hammer,&
0.25 for single and double acting
hammers.
 Hiley’s formula:
IS: 2911 gives the following formula based on the original
expression of Hiley:

𝜼𝒉 WH𝜼𝒃
Qd=
𝑺+𝑪/𝟐
Where, Qd= ultimate load on a pile
C= toatal elastic compression
C = C1+C2+C3, temporary elastic compression of dolly
and packing, pile & soil respectively.
𝜼𝒉 = efficiency of hammer
𝜼𝒃 =efficiency of hammer blow (i.e. ratio
of energy after impact to striking energy
of ram)
 Static formula
 Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is determined by the formula
given below;

Qd= Rf + Rp= Asrf + Aprp

Where, Rf = total ultimate skin friction
Rp= total ultimate point or end bearing
resistance
As= surface area of pile upon which the
skin friction acts
Ap= area of cross section of pile on which
bearing resistance acts
rf = average skin friction
rp= unit point or toe resistance
 A FOS 2.5 or 3 may be adopted for finding the allowable
load.
 Penetration Test
 The result of Dutch Cone Penetration Test can be
applied with sufficient accuracy to determine the
ultimate bearing capacity of piles in cohesion-less soils.
 The following relation may be adopted:

rp= qc and,
rf= 2fc
where, qc= unit resistance of Dutch Cone
Penetrometer
fc= static skin friction on the shaft of the
penetrometer
 Selection of Pile
 Factors governing the selection of piles
They are:
 Length of the pile in relation to the load and type of soil,
 Characters of structure,
 Availability of the materials,
 Types of loading,
 Factors causing deterioration,
 Ease of maintenance,
 Estimated cost of types of piles, taking into account the
initial cost, life expectancy and cost of maintenance and,
 Availability of funds.
 Referance
HTTP://WWW.UNDERSTANDCONSTRUCTION.CO
M/TYPES-OF-FOUNDATIONS.HTML
HTTP://WWW.IITK.AC.IN/NICEE/WCEE/ARTICLE/
11_2081.PDF
HTTP://DANBROWNANDASSOCIATES.COM/GIDF
C/ARCHIVES/343
WWW.FHWA.DOT.GOV/PUBLICATIONS/RESEARC
H/INFRASTRUCTURE/GEOTECHNICAL/05159/05
159.PDF