17.

Deflection

1. Transformed Section

The strain in concrete is equal to the strain in steel

fc fs
εc = = εs =
Ec Es

Es
From which fs = ⋅ f = n ⋅ fc
Ec c
Es
n= is a modular ratio
Ec

Axial load

( )
P = Ac⋅ fc + As⋅ fs = Ac + n ⋅ As ⋅ fc = At⋅ fc

Transformed area

At = Ac + n ⋅ As = Ag + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As

where Ac = net area of concrete

As = steel area

Ag = gross area of section

Ag = Ac + As

2. Region I. Precracking Stage

Cracking moment of section

Iut⋅ fr
M cr = (exact expression)
yt

Ig ⋅ fy
M cr = (simplied expression)
yt

Page 161
where Iut = moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section

Ig = moment of inertia of gross section

fr = modulus of rupture

fr = 7.5⋅ f'c (in psi)

fr = 0.623 ⋅ f'c (in MPa)

yt = distance from neutral axis to the tension face

Example 1

f'c 4
f'c := 4000psi = 27.579⋅ MPa Ec := 57000psi⋅ = 2.486 × 10 ⋅ MPa
psi
5
fy := 60ksi = 413.685 ⋅ MPa Es := 29000000psi = 1.999 × 10 ⋅ MPa

b := 12in = 304.8 ⋅ mm h := 24in = 609.6 ⋅ mm

2
π⋅ ⎛⎜ in⎞⎟
B

No( n , B) := n ⋅
⎝8 ⎠ As := 4 No 9 = 25.652⋅ cm
2
4

Cover := 3in = 76.2⋅ mm

Solution

(a) Transformed Section Solution

Modular ratio

Es
n := = 8.044
Ec

Center of gravity of transformed section

h
A1 := b ⋅ h y 1 :=
2

A2 := ( n − 1 ) ⋅ As y 2 := h − Cover = 533.4 ⋅ mm

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 A1 ⋅ y 1 + A2 ⋅ y 2
y c := y c = 325.062 ⋅ mm
A1 + A2

Moment of inertia of uncracked transformed section

3
b⋅ h
Iut :=
12
(2
) ( 2
) 5
+ A1 ⋅ y 1 − y c + A2 ⋅ y 2 − y c = 6.615 × 10 ⋅ cm
4

Cracking moment of section

y t := h − y c = 284.538 ⋅ mm

f'c
fr := 7.5psi⋅ = 474.342 ⋅ psi
psi
Iut⋅ fr
M cr := = 76.028⋅ kN⋅ m
yt

(b) Gross Section Solution

h
y t := = 304.8 ⋅ mm
2
3
b⋅ h 5 4
Ig := = 5.754 × 10 ⋅ cm
12

Ig ⋅ fr
M cr := = 61.74 ⋅ kN⋅ m
yt

Ig − Iut
Difference value of moment of inertia = −13.011⋅ %
Iut

61.74kN⋅ m − 76.028kN⋅ m
Difference value of cracking moment = −18.793⋅ %
76.028kN⋅ m

3. Region II. Postcracking Service Load Stage

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Condition of strain compatibility

εs d − kd d − kd
= ε s = ε c⋅
εc kd kd

Location of neutral axis kd

fc Ec ⋅ ε c
C = b ⋅ kd⋅ = b ⋅ kd⋅ T = As⋅ fs = As⋅ Es⋅ ε s
2 2

C=T

Ec ⋅ ε c d − kd
b ⋅ kd⋅ = As⋅ Es⋅ ε c⋅
2 kd

kd
b ⋅ kd⋅ = n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − kd)
2

2 n ⋅ As n ⋅ As
kd + 2 ⋅ ⋅ kd − 2 ⋅ ⋅d = 0
b b

2
k + 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ⋅ k − 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ = 0

2 As
k= ( ρn) + 2 ⋅ ρn − ρn ρ=
b⋅ d

Moment of inertia of cracked transformation section

x = k⋅ d
3
b⋅ x 2
Icr = + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x )
3

Page 164
Effective moment of inertia of cracked section

3
⎛ Mcr ⎞
Ie = Icr + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ( Ig − Icr) ≤ Ig
⎝ Ma ⎠

where Ma is a maximum moment along the span in relation to the cracking moment M cr

Example 2

Calculate the moment of inertia of cracked section Icr and the effective moment of inertia Ie of
the beam cross-section in example 1 if the external maximum service load moment is

M a := 2000000in⋅ lbf = 225.97⋅ kN⋅ m

Solution

From example 1

b = 304.8 ⋅ mm h = 609.6 ⋅ mm d := h − Cover = 533.4 ⋅ mm

3 2
As = 2.565 × 10 ⋅ mm f'c = 27.579⋅ MPa fy = 413.685 ⋅ MPa

5 4
Es = 1.999 × 10 ⋅ MPa Ec = 2.486 × 10 ⋅ MPa n = 8.044

M cr = 61.74 ⋅ kN⋅ m

Location of neutral axis

As
ρ := = 0.016
b⋅ d

2
k := ( ρ⋅ n ) + 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ n − ρ⋅ n = 0.393

x := k ⋅ d = 209.44⋅ mm

Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b⋅ x 2 5 4
Icr := + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x ) = 3.099 × 10 ⋅ cm
3

Page 165
 Effective moment of inertia

3
⎛ Mcr ⎞
⎟ ⋅ ( Ig − Icr) = 3.153 × 10 ⋅ cm
5 4
Ie := Icr + ⎜
⎝ Ma
⎠

Case of Continuous Beams

According ACI Code 9.5.2 for continuous span

Ie = 0.50Im + 0.25⋅ Ie1 + Ie2 ( )

Beams with both ends continuous:

Ie = 0.70⋅ Im + 0.15⋅ Ie1 + Ie2( )

Beams with one end continuous:

Ie = 0.85⋅ Im + 0.15⋅ Icont.end

where Im = midspan section Ie

Ie1 , Ie2 = Ie for the respectrive beam

ends
Icont.end = Ie of continuous end

4. Immediate Deflections

Initial or short-term deflection in midspan of the continuous beam

2
5M a⋅ Ln
Δi = K⋅
48⋅ Ec⋅ Ie

where Ma is the support moment for cantilevers and the midspan moment for simple or
continuous beams

Ln is a span length of the beam

Deflection coefficient K for uniform distributed load w:

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 1. Cantilevers K = 2.40

2. Simple beams K = 1.0

M0
3. Continuous beams K = 1.2 − 0.2⋅
Ma

4. Fixed-hinged beam

midspan deflection K = 0.80

max. deflection using K = 0.74

max. moment

5. Fixed-fixed beam K = 0.60

2
w⋅ Ln
where M0 = is the simple span moment in midspan
8

Ma = net midspan moment

5. Long-Term Deflection

Long-term deflection due to combined effects of creep and shrinkage

ξ
Δt = λ⋅ Δi λ=
1 + 50⋅ ρ'

A's
where ρ' =
b⋅ d

ξ = time-dependent coefficient

Sustained load duration Value ξ

________________________________________

5 year and more 2.0

12 months 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0

Page 167
6. Minimum Depth-Span Ratios

______________________________________________________________________________

Member Minimum thickness, h

___________________________________________________________
Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
___________________________________________________________
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely damaged by large deflection
______________________________________________________________________________
L L L L
Solid one-way
slab 20 24 28 8

L L L L
Beams or ribbed
one-way slab 16 18.5 21 10
______________________________________________________________________________

kN
(1) For normal weight concrete wc := 145pcf = 22.778⋅ and reinforcement
3
m
fy :=
(2) For60ksi = 413.685
lightweight ⋅ MPa 90pcf ≤ w ≤ 120pcf the values should be nultiplied by
concrete c
( )
1.65 − 0.005 ⋅ wc ≥ 1.09
⎛ fy ⎞
(3) For yield strength other than 60ksi the values should be multiplied by ⎜ 0.4 + ⎟
⎝ 100ksi ⎠

7. Permisssible Deflection

Maximum allowable computed deflections

___________________________________________________________________________________

Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection

limitation
___________________________________________________________________________________
L
Flat roofs not supporting or attached Immediate deflection due to
to nonstructural elements likely to the live load L 180
damaged by large deflection
___________________________________________________________________________________
L
Floors no supporting or attached Immediate deflection due to
to nonstructural elements likely to the live load L 360
damaged by large deflection

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___________________________________________________________________________________
L
Roof or floor construction supporting That part of the total deflection
or attached to nonstructural elements occuring after attachment of the 480
likely to damaged by large deflection nonstructural elements (sum of
the long-time deflection due to all
______________________________ __________________
sustained loads and the immediate
deflection due to any additional
Roof or floor construction supporting L
live load)
or attached to nonstructural elements 240
not likely to damaged by large
deflection
___________________________________________________________________________________

Example 3

kip kN
Dead load wD := 1.65 = 24.08 ⋅
ft m
kip kN
Live load wL := 3.3 = 48.16 ⋅
ft m

kN
Sustained live load w0.2L := 0.20⋅ wL = 9.632 ⋅
m

The beam will support nonstructural partitions that would be damaged if large deflections
were to occure

Materials f'c := 4000psi = 27.579⋅ MPa

fy := 60ksi = 413.685 ⋅ MPa

Span length Ln := 26ft − 1ft = 7.62 m

Beam section b w := 14in = 355.6 ⋅ mm b := 75in = 1.905 m

h := 24.5in = 622.3 ⋅ mm h f := 5in = 127 ⋅ mm

d := 22in = 558.8 ⋅ mm d' := 2.5in = 63.5⋅ mm

Bending moments M support := 225ft⋅ kip = 305.059 ⋅ kN⋅ m

M midspan := 162ft⋅ kip = 219.643 ⋅ kN⋅ m

M 0 := M midspan + M support = 524.702 ⋅ kN⋅ m

2
Steel rebars in midspan As := 2 No 9 + 2 No 8 = 22.96 ⋅ cm

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 A's := 0

2
Steel rebars at supports As := 4 No 9 + 1 No 11 = 35.232⋅ cm

2
A's := 2 No 8 = 10.134⋅ cm

Solution

Modular ratio

5
Es := 29000000psi = 1.999 × 10 ⋅ MPa

f'c 4
Ec := 57000psi⋅ = 2.486 × 10 ⋅ MPa
psi
Es
n := = 8.044
Ec

Modulus of rupture

f'c
fr := 7.5psi⋅ = 3.27⋅ MPa
psi

(a) For midspan section

2
As := 2 No 9 + 2 No 8 = 22.96 ⋅ cm

M a := M midspan = 219.643 ⋅ kN⋅ m

Centroid of uncracked section

hf
(
A1 := h f ⋅ b − b w ) y 1 :=
2

h
A2 := b w⋅ h y 2 :=
2

A1 ⋅ y 1 + A2 ⋅ y 2
y c := y c = 194.586 ⋅ mm
A1 + A2

Moment of inertia of gross section

(b − bw)⋅ hf 3 b w⋅ h
3
I1 := I2 :=
12 12

(
Ig := I1 + A1 ⋅ y 1 − y c )2 + I2 + A2⋅ (y2 − yc)2 = 1.379 × 106⋅ cm4
Page 170
 Cracking moment

y t := h − y c = 427.714 ⋅ mm

Ig ⋅ fr
M cr := = 105.473 ⋅ kN⋅ m
yt

Location of neutral axis of cracked section

(Assume that the section is rectangular)

As
ρ := = 0.00216
b⋅ d

2
k := ( ρ⋅ n ) + 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ n − ρ⋅ n = 0.17

x := k ⋅ d = 94.85 ⋅ mm x ≤ hf = 1

Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b⋅ x 2 5 4
Icr := + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x ) = 4.518 × 10 ⋅ cm
3

Effective moment of inertia

3
⎛ Mcr ⎞
⎟ ⋅ ( Ig − Icr) = 5.545 × 10 ⋅ cm
5 4
Ie := Icr + ⎜
⎝ Ma ⎠

(b) For support section

The section is rectangular b w × h

2
As := 4 No 9 + 1 No 11 = 35.232⋅ cm

2
A's := 2 No 8 = 10.134⋅ cm

M a := M support = 305.059 ⋅ kN⋅ m

Cracking moment

h
y t :=
2
3
b w⋅ h
Ig :=
12

Page 171
 Ig ⋅ fr
M cr := = 75.062⋅ kN⋅ m
yt

Location of neutral axis of cracked section

x
b w⋅ x ⋅ + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's⋅ ( x − d') = n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x )
2

2 ( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's + n ⋅ As ( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's⋅ d' + n ⋅ As⋅ d

x + 2⋅ ⋅ x − 2⋅ =0
bw bw

( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's + n ⋅ As ( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's⋅ d' + n ⋅ As⋅ d 2

p := = 0.1 m q := 2 ⋅ = 0.092 m
bw bw

2
x := p + q − p = 8.62⋅ in

Moment of inertia of cracked section

3
b w⋅ x 2 2 4 4
Icr := + n ⋅ As⋅ ( d − x ) + ( n − 1 ) ⋅ A's⋅ ( x − d') = 1.127 × 10 ⋅ in
3

Effective moment of inertia

5 4
Im := Ie = 5.545 × 10 ⋅ cm

3
⎛ Mcr ⎞
⎟ ⋅ ( Ig − Icr) = 4.727 × 10 ⋅ cm
5 4
Ie1 := Icr + ⎜
⎝ Ma
⎠
5 4
Ie2 := Ie1 = 4.727 × 10 ⋅ cm

(
Ie := 0.50⋅ Im + 0.25⋅ Ie1 + Ie1 = 5.136 × 10 ⋅ cm ) 5 4

(c) Deflection calculation

Initial deflection in midspan due to dead plus live load

M a := M midspan

M0
K := 1.2 − 0.2⋅ = 0.722
Ma
2
5 ⋅ M a ⋅ Ln
ΔD.L := K⋅ = 7.516 ⋅ mm
48⋅ Ec⋅ Ie

Page 172
Long-term deflection in midspan due to dead load

ξ
ρ' := 0 ξ := 2.00 λ := =2
1 + 50⋅ ρ'

wD
ΔD := λ⋅ ΔD.L ⋅ = 5.011 ⋅ mm
wD + wL

Long-term deflection in midspan due to sustained live load

0.20⋅ wL
Δ0.20L := ( 1 + λ) ⋅ ΔD.L⋅ = 3.007 ⋅ mm
wD + wL

Short-term deflection in midspan due to live load

0.80⋅ wL
Δ0.80L := ΔD.L ⋅ = 4.009 ⋅ mm
wD + wL

Total deflection

Δ := ΔD + Δ0.20L + Δ0.80L = 12.026⋅ mm

Deflection limitation

Ln Ln
= 15.875⋅ mm Δ≤ =1
480 480

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