SECTION A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS (20 marks)

Out of the four plausibles presented under each question, simply select the most acceptable and
write down its representative letter in the answer booklet.
1. Identify the set which has an inconsistent item with regard to socialisation:
a) anticipatory, organizational, resocialisation, and organizational socialization
b) Peers, mass media, school, and religion
c) Family, religious seminary, military barracks, and mental hospital (sanatorium)
d) Sanatorium, prison, religious seminary, army barracks
2. Which of the following roles does the average urban Zambian family least perform effectively now?
a) bestowal of status
b) protection and care especially of the young who may not have the ability
c) exposing children to the wider family, e.g. spending holidays in the village
d) socializing the children through imparting essential skills for social interaction
3. An important concept associated with some big non-governmental organisations is…………, a
long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
a) Social movements
b) Women for Change
c) The Forum for African Women Educationists, Zambia (FAWEZA)
d) Utopian movements
4. A student subculture that typically displays dissatisfaction with the college’s mission but seeks
personal identity even by breaking rules frequently is likely:
a) Vocational
b) Non-conformist
c) Collegiate
d) Academic
5. A teacher whose leadership style is too permissive and often harmful to effective class
management is
a) Laissez-faire
b) Democratic
c) Authoritarian
d) Participatory
6. Which of these below is an appropriate, humane attitude in interactions with a classmate you
know to be an HIV/AIDS victim?
a) Avoidance, lest you fall victim too
b) Simply ignore the individual always
c)Get along and indulge in everything with that individual
d) Applying empathy

7. Select the demographic variable which may significantly contribute to social change in the nation’s
dominant culture within decades:
a) large-scale use of machinery in place of human labour
b) the widening male-female ratio in the population
c) the reality of climate change, especially with global warming
d) the notoriously rampant use of information technology in communication

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8. The option in social research which is particularly effective in establishing causal relationships
among variables is
a) survey
b) experiment
c) non-obtrusive measures relying on publications
d) case studies
9. It is said that the scope of Sociology of Education is on one hand to….
a) prove that education is the greatest equalizer of life-chances
b) ensure that most underprivileged children access formal education
c) explore interpersonal relations within school environments
d) examine the manner the State collaborates with other governments
10. Below are characteristics of true professions, except one weak inclusion, which is…
a) stringent (high) entry qualifications
b) a relatively longer duration of training
c) social prestige it enjoys in society
d) a long existence in human societies, e.g. prostitution
11. Identify the statement with the most logic in showing that formal education impacts on a family’s
status in the stratification system:
a) people with high academic/professional attainment enjoy greater prestige
b) the more intellectually gifted families are frequently despised for being proud
c) a family and the education system cannot be related through stratification
d)families that provide adequate support for their members lose the most
12. Time and again a teacher calls upon the assistance of colleagues who are often available to
invigilate during examinations. This relates to the social process….
a) co-operation
b) conflict
c) assimilation
d) competition
13. The manner families socialize their children may show in the unhealthy sentiments and attitudes a
child exhibits such as despising people from certain ethnic groups, while exalting his own tribe as
though it is perfect. This is referred to as
a) deception
b) ethnocentrism
c) xenocentrism
d) cultural adaptation

14. A few cases of children deprived of opportunities in their families to develop normal social and
communications skills have been documented, e.g. the Bird boy of Fiji. Basically these are caused
by inadequate primary socialization, and termed:
a) wild children
b) disabled children
c) semi-human
d) feral children
15. Which major theory of collective behavior assumes that people who want to act in a certain way
come together to form crowds?
a) contagion theory

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 b) emergent-norm theory
c) deprivation theory
d) convergence theory
16. Select the status symbol representing academic achievement in our culture:
a) the name
b) reputation as a contrary character
c) academic attire
d) possessions owned
17. Choose the most positive reason for which a student may join a group of peers on campus,
especially in a tertiary education institution
a) prestige, especially if the other members are famous
b) to become more effective in anti-social behaviours with like-minded peers
c) to satisfy the inherent sense of belonging
d) for coordinated study group activities
18. Select the positive consequence which HIV/AIDS has on the education system:
a)reduction of effective staffing in schools
b) a raised awareness against casual sex
c) high numbers of school-going children dropping out of school prematurely
d) the common trend where teachers have to cover for sick colleagues
19. The concept …….is often defined as the basic and far-reaching alterations in the structure,
functioning, and general lifestyle of a social group or society
a) structural mobility
b) lateral mobility
c) social change
d) climate change
20. Which of the following sets is not consistent in the elements it holds?
a) pure sociology, medical sociology, sociology of religion
b) criminology, demography, medical sociology
c) Karl Marx, Max Weber, Ralf Dahrendorf
d) CH Cooley, GH Mead, Herbert Blumer

SECTION B: CONCEPT IDENTIFICATION/COMPLETION TYPE (2x15=30 marks)

In the following fifteen (15) questions, you are expected to supply the concept being referred to, but
only between one to three word answers in each case:

21. The concept…………………..refers to the way individuals alter their conduct when they know they
are no longer alone, or that what they are doing is likely to be seen by other people.
22.………. functions of education are those with an outcome that is neither formally stated, nor
officially intended but nevertheless contribute to the effective operation of society.
23. Sociologists use the term………..for “the process by which individuals and groups move up or
down the social scale”.

24. The Exchange Theory lays the basis for the norm………which refers to the expectations that we
should give and return equivalently in relations with others.

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25. A function most notably of the school and State, it is defined as “the ways in which behavior is
constrained and guided by society, in particular, by social institutions”.
26. Which collectivity is often considered a group of people whose association may be based on
marriage, kinship or adoption?
27.………. is the relatively spontaneous social behaviour that occurs when people try to develop
common solutions to unclear situations.

28. Attributed to Sandra Bem (1987), this theory assumes that children learn gender roles from
their culture, which compels them to play them accordingly.
29. In Tuckman’s (1965) model of group formation, the…….stage is where the prospective member's
behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict.
30. What is the common term used to mean a blood sample from an individual getting an HIV test is
showing positivity?
31. Moore (1995) defines…… as “the total transformation of a traditional or pre-modern society, into the
types of technology and associated lifestyles that characterize the more advanced, economically
prosperous and politically stable nations of the Western world”.

32. According to Farrant (2005) the concept…………….refers to any organized learning activity outside
the formal education system’s structure.

33. ………are an element of social structure exemplified by society’s expectations that students ought
to be studying in order to pass their examinations.
34. In relation to efforts at reducing conflict, the strategy……… refers to several sorts of working
agreements between rival groups that permit at least limited cooperation between them even though
the issues dividing them remain unsettled.
35. Goffman identified prisons, military barracks and mental hospitals as examples of…………

SECTION C: SHORT-ESSAY TYPE (50 marks)

Question 36 is compulsory and should be 200-250 words long, and carries 20 marks. There is a
separate instruction for the optional questions below it.

36. With reference to the interdependence between social institutions, clearly show:
a) three examples how the education system benefits from the family institution.
b) describe three instances where the family benefits from the education system’s role in the
socialization of learners.
c) justify through four good points, the belief that a student’s family can present adverse effects on
his/her chances of completing school successfully.

Select any three questions below, and write concise expositions of 100-120 words in each case.
Aspects such as the scholars concerned, definition/description of the concept and its significance in
teaching-learning contexts are essential. (3x10=30 marks)

37. Collective behavior in institutions of learning manifests in various forms – one of them being
mass demonstrations.

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 Identify and describe three common causes of such demonstrations, and three possible
consequences. Definitions of two key concepts are imperative.

38. Mention any four common status symbols used in our culture.
b) show how each one of them is conferred upon the recipients, and how any of them relates
with formal education.

39. Present a logical argument on three possible applications of sociometric analysis in school
environments, citing also a benefit of each.

40. Assuming that you are the Chairperson of your school’s anti-HIV/AIDS Club,
present and justify four vital activities to be included for your club’s termly schedule on
campus.

41. Show a coherent and logical relationship between social change and education (using two
points), and a further two points explaining the role of migration on social change.

END OF THE EXAMINATION PAPER AND BEST WISHES TO YOU ALL.

MODEL ANSWERS ANDMARKING KEY

Section A: MULTIPLE-CHOICE (1 mark for each response = 20 marks)

1. C
2. C+
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. B

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19. C
20. A

Section B: CONCEPT IDENTIFICATION (2 marks for each of the15=30 marks)

21. Social Behaviour

22. Latent
23. Social Mobility
24. of Reciprocity
25. Social Control
26. Family
27. Collective Behaviour
28. Gender-Schema Theory
29. Forming
30. Reactive
31. Modernisation
32. Non-formal
33. Roles
34. Accomodation
35. Total Institutions

Section C: SHORT-ESSAY TYPE (50 marks)

36. The complete response to this question is expected to include the following, with an estimated value:
A definition of Social Institution: According to Schaefer and Lamm (1992), the concept refers to a cluster
of beliefs and practices set up to help meet society’s basic needs.
Three examples showing how the education system benefits from the family institution:
o Families provide personnel in the form of staff and learners
o Often, families help to finance the education system through payment of fees
o Sometimes the community (families) gets actively involved in the construction or rehabilitation
of school infrastructure

Three instances where the family benefits from the education system’s role in socializing learners:
o Teaching the children literacy and numeracy skills
o Reinforcing society’s role of transmitting the dominant culture by upholding values, norms and
sanctions which the former already promotes, e.g. pursuit of peace and co-operation
o The education system also teaches language(s) apart from vernacular, English, French and now
Chinese. Hence these learners are better positioned for cross-cultural interactions
o Through the teaching of philosophy and the sciences, learners begin to think more critically and
that helps families adopt healthier lifestyles, e.g. from new knowledge on hygiene

A student’s family can indeed present adverse effects on her chances of completing successfully:
o When the family simply lacks the finances to pay for education
o Some parents/guardians have the financial resources, but what may be missing is the interest in
helping the child enjoy and complete the formal education process
o Abuse of the learner within the family is another serious possibility especially through physical,
verbal, sexual and burdening the child with domestic chores without time for study
o Some families tend to impose career choices on their young members – hence the student may
end up on a programme towards which the essential intrinsic motivation is lacking.

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Additional marks for grammar, spelling issues and coherence of points= 4 marks

37. Definition of Collective Behaviour: Collective behaviour is the relatively spontaneous social
behaviour that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations (2
marks).

Description of a Mass Demonstration

Common causes of mass demonstrations:
o A wish to express group support for Government/institution’s policy on a specific issue
o A display of dissatisfaction or outright opposition to an authority’s specific decision
o A rumour that seems to have serious significance in the community

Consequences of mass demonstrations include:

o Increased co-operation between the authorities who received support and the demonstrators
o Active attempts to redress grievances which prompted the demonstration of protest
o A possible degeneration of an intended peaceful demonstration, into a riot

38. Definition of Status Symbol

Culture defined: Macionis and Plummer (2007) define status symbols as any aspect of the material or
non-material culture which represents a person’s or group’s social standing in that society (2 marks).

Four common status symbols found in our culture:

o Titles such as Dr., Prof. (1 mark)
o Engagement /Wedding ring (1 mark)
o Academic attire (1 mark)
o Swash, headgear or ceremonial animal tail carried by Chiefs (1 mark)

Titles such as Dr or Prof are conferred typically during formal gatherings witnessed also by
prominent scholars (2 marks)
Relation to formal education is basically that it is a sign of great academic or professional
accomplishment (2 marks).

39. Three possible applications of sociometric analysis in school environments, citing also a
benefit of each.
Start with a definition of Sociolmetry: Stone, E. (1970) defines sociometry as
“a technique which has been developed to make the allocation to small groups less arbitrary in
the hope that it will result in better group morale, leading to more effective groupwork” (2
marks).
Possible applications:
 Facilitating group task effectiveness and satisfaction of participants by bringing about a greater
degree of mutuality amongst people and greater authenticity in relationships (2 marks).
 Arranging classroom groupings to the best effect or even to achieve blurring of boundaries
between the subgroups (cliques) within the class in order to draw the learners into an integrated
larger class grouping (2 marks).
 This measurement of relatedness can be useful not only in the assessment of behaviour within
groups, but also for interventions to bring about positive change, and to determine the extent of
change (2 marks).

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  the same analysis can be used to assimilate ‘rejected’ members of the class, referred to as isolates
(2 marks).

A benefit with each use is quite implicit in the responses above.

40. As the Chairperson of your school’s anti-HIV/AIDS Club,

a) Definition of HIV and AIDS
HIV= Human immune-deficiency virus 1 mark
AIDS= Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 1 mark
b) Four important activities to undertake in a term:
-create a program for the club’s activities for the term
-call a students’ meeting to publicise the existence of the club
-invite new members who may wish to join
-begin implementing the planned sequence of events e.g. debate, drama performances,
inviting health professionals to address students on matters of HIV and AIDS
-organise a tour of a hospice to acquaint students with the realities
(any four key activities each carries 2 marks=8 marks)

41. Showing a coherent, logical relationship between social change and education:
 Definition of social change: the drastic and far-reaching alterations in the structure,
functioning, customs and general way of life of a society (2 marks)
 Both social change and education inevitably introduce new trends in the existing/exposed
society (1 mark)
 Education is an agent of social change through research, development and introduction of
new ideas, values, and technological products (1 mark)

Two points explaining the role of migration on social change:

 Definition of migration: the movement of people from their usual area of residence to
another region, for a considerable length of time especially with the intention of resettling.
(2 marks)
 When people migrate, they are likely to settle in a new cultural environment, to which their
adjustment may include aspects of social change (2 mark).
 Where the migrations to a new region involve large numbers of people, the sudden rise in
population in the new settlement inevitably raises pressure on the resources available (2
marks)
 If the migration to a particular region lures communities from various distinct cultures, there
is likely to be cultural pluralism, which is an indication of social change.

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