Indian Textile and Clothing

Training module for the middle level managers
based on the skill gap identification for Garment

Industry in Tiruppur
By
D.Malmarugan
Associate Professor
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF TEXTILES & MANAGEMENT
Autonomous Institute, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India.
1483, Avanashi Road, Peelamedu,Coimbatore 641 004.Tamilnadu.
Training module for the middle level managers based on the skill gap
identification for Garment Industry in Tiruppur
Executive Summary
The apparel exporters have an ambitious target of USD15 billion in exports by

year 2011-12, even though 2009-2010 exports at USD 10.64 billion were
slightly down by 2.64% over the previous year. Each USD 1 billion in exports
requires an input of 36 million man-hours of work and the attendant demand for
raw materials, accessories and logistics creates vibrancy in the entire
ecosystem. The value chain comprises of spinning, weaving, knitting and
garmenting. Also, it uses different materials such as cotton, jute, and wool, silk,
man-made and synthetic fibers.
The government should implement the Indo-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
soon.FTA has the potential to boost India's textiles and clothing exports to the
European Union by over $3 billion. It will also create an additional 2.5 million
jobs in our economy. Currently, the apparel sector employs 6 million people
directly and 3 million indirectly. And 50 per cent of the work force is women.
With right policies, this sector can absorb another 5 million workers directly
within the next 3 years. The need of the hour is Skill development for
employees in the Tiruppur Garment cluster, to be competitive in the Global
level.
A study to identify Skill gaps among middle level managers of organizations in
The Tiruppur Garment cluster. Based on the findings training modules were
developed for a period of Twenty days in functional areas like Production,
Merchandising, Material Sourcing, Human resources and Finance and Costing.
Table of Contents
Sl.No Topic Page Number
1. 1. 1.1 Introduction 3
2. 1.2 Problems faced by the Indian Garment 4
Industry
3. 1.3 Government Intervention and need for 4
the study
4. 2.1 Production processes involved in 6
Garmenting
5. 2.2. Skill requirements and skill gaps 8
6. 2.2.1Nature of Skill Gap 9
7. 2.2.2Labour Laws and Skill Gap 9
8. 2.3 Existing Institutions 10
9. 2.3.1Garments 11
10. 2.3.2Measures to Improve the Institutions 11
11. 2.4 Current Training/Education 19
Infrastructure
12. 2.5 Emerging trends in skill requirements 20
13. 2.5.1 Research & Development 22
14. 2.5.2 Labour laws 22
15. 2.5.3. Regions which will drive human 23

resource requirements
16. 2.6 Projected Human Resource 24
Requirements in the Textile & Clothing
Sector
17. 2.6.1 Projected Size of the Textile and 24
Clothing Industry
18. 2.6.2 Projected human resource 24
requirement
19. 2.6.3 . Skill Pyramid for the T&C industry 25
20. 3 Methodology 27
21. 3.1 Instrument 28
22. 3.2 Sample 28
23. 3.3 Statistical tools of Analysis. 28

24. 4. Analysis and Discussion 30
25. 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 30

26. 4.2 Inferential Analysis using Test of 72
Significance.
27. 5. Findings and Conclusion 139
28. 5.1 Production Functional area. 140
29. 5.2 Merchandising functional area 140
30. 5.3 Material Sourcing Functional 141

Area
31. 5.4 Human resources Functional area 142
32. 5.5 Finance Functional area 142
33. 6. The Training Modules. 143
34. 6.1 .Merchandising Functional area 143

35. 6.2 Production Functional area 145
36. 6.3 Material Sourcing Functional 151

area
37. 6.4 Human Resource Functional area. 157
38. ANNEXURE: Questionnaire 167
39. References 176

‘
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction:
Indian Textile and Clothing (T&C) industry is currently one of the largest and
most important industries in the Indian economy in terms of output, foreign
exchange earnings and employment. The industry contributes 4% to the
country’s GDP and 14% to the country’s industrial production. The textiles
industry accounts for around 14% of total exports from India. The apparel
exporters have an ambitious target of USD15 billion in exports by year 2011-
12, even though 2009-2010 exports at USD 10.64 billion were slightly down by
2.64% over the previous year. Each USD 1 billion in exports requires an input
of 36 million man-hours of work and the attendant demand for raw materials,
accessories and logistics creates vibrancy in the entire ecosystem. The value
chain comprises of spinning, weaving, knitting and garmenting. Also, it uses
different materials such as cotton, jute, and wool, silk, man-made and synthetic
fibers.
The clothing sector is the final stage of the textile value chain and the
maximum value addition takes place at this stage. Apparel and clothing
industry is fragmented and pre-dominantly in the small-scale sector excluding
tailoring units, there are around 13,000 units of which 12,000 are SSI units.
Most apparel manufacturers (80%) have small operations (with <20 sewing
machines) while 99% of them are proprietorship/partnership concerns. The
clothing industry is fragmented and pre-dominantly in the small-scale sector.
The reason for this could be attributed to the SSI reservation policy which was
in vogue till 2001 for woven apparels and up to March 2005 for knitwear. The
quota policy which prevailed during the quota regime also did not encourage
consolidation of the units. The apparel industry is concentrated primarily in 8
clusters, i.e., Tirupur, Ludhiana, Bangalore, National Capital Region or NCR
(Delhi/Noida/Gurgaon), Mumbai, Kolkata, Jaipur, and Indore. While Tirupur,
Ludhiana and Kolkata are major centres for knitwear; Bangalore, NCR,
Mumbai, Jaipur, and Indore are major centers for woven garments.
1.2 Problems faced by the Indian Garment Industry
The unprecedented rise in price of raw materials (cotton & yarn) over the past
few months and also general increase in all other costs due to hike in duty of
petroleum products has made Indian garments uncompetitive in the world
market. While our exports from India are falling, exports from low-cost
countries such as Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia continue to rise. The
slowdown in the global economy has hit Indian garment exports. Exports to
Europe which was facing a debt crisis have fallen. The US market is still
fragile.
1.3 Government Intervention and need for the study
What’s needed now is the government's support to compete with other

countries. The government should support the sector in terms of higher duty
draw back rates to offset cost disadvantages. The government should
implement the Indo-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) soon.FTA has the
potential to boost India's textiles and clothing exports to the European Union by
over $3 billion. It will also create an additional 2.5 million jobs in our
economy. Currently, the apparel sector employs 6 million people directly and 3
million indirectly. And 50 per cent of the work force is women. With right
policies, this sector can absorb another 5 million workers directly within the
next 3 years. The need of the hour is Skill development for employees in the
Tiruppur Garment cluster, to be competitive in the Global level.
For the above said reasons a study on skill gap identification and Training
Requirements was necessary. Apex Cluster development Services , an
Organization involved in developmental activities in the Tiruppur Garment
Cluster handed over the assignment of identifying the Skill gaps among
supervisory level employees in the Tiruppur Garment cluster, to Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles and Management.(An
Autonomous institute under the ministry of Textiles, government of India).The
following report is the outcome of the efforts taken in Data collection, analysis
and Suggestions as Training modules in various functional areas for the Skill
gaps in Tiruppur garment Cluster. The report is arranges as chapters in
Literature Review, Methodology adopted, Data analysis, Findings and Training
modules in various functional areas.
Chapter 2
Literature review
2.1 Production processes involved in Garmenting
The various activities involved in garment manufacturing are .
Cutting
The fabric is cut as per the defined pattern for different parts of the garment.
Markings are made on the spread fabric which is then cut/chopped in the
cutting machine. Wastage reduction is a key consideration during this step.
Stitching
A number of stitch and seam types, and sewing machines are used for stitching
the garment.
Name of operations
1 Hem pocket
2 Crease pocket
3 Sew front placket
4 Folding right front edge
5 Sew pocket
6 Attach yoke to back
7 Join shoulder
8 Attach sleeve
9 Top stitch on sleeve
10 Side seam & in seam
11 Fuse collar &band interlining
12 Run stitch
13 Trim collar & band
14 Pressing
15 Top stitch & join
16 Trim upper collar
17 Top stitch collar band
18 Trim band & notch
19 Attach collar &label
20 Close collar
21 Hem cuff interlining
22 Run stitch cuff
23 Turn & press cuff
24 Top stitch cuff
25 Attach cuff
26 Close cuff
27 Bottom hem
28 Sew button hole
29 Sew button
Source: ATDC
Stitch classification is based on the structure of the stitch and method of
interlacing. Machine in each class may have the capability of producing several
different types of stitches depending on the machine structure and how it is set
and threaded.
A group of stitches with specific purpose is called seam, or in other words a
line of stitches.
Seams are categorized into 8 classes are designated according to the types and
minimum number of components within the seam.
Assembling
Assembling will be required for a unit which has a line system of
manufacturing where different components of the fabric are stitched separately
and have to be assembled to make the complete garment. Various accessories
like button are also added to the garment.
Finishing
Finishing involves the following operations:
Removal of excess thread, Washing Pressing/ Ironing and Folding.
2.2. Skill requirements and skill gaps
In the age of cut throat competition among continuous upgradation of

machinery is must to remain competitive in a sector like textiles and clothing,
where export potentials are high. Along with modernization there occurs need
for skilled workers who can run the machinery efficiently and understand the
modern production processes. Thus skill requirement increases with the
technological upgradation. In the Indian scenario for want of availability of
skilled laborers in adequate quantity many firms in the industry are hesitant to
expand their scale of operations or enter into high end segments with cutting
edge technology.
Low level of skills of the workers has a bearing on income of both workers as
well as the firm. This works like a vicious circle. Low skilled employees in an
organization means an organization with low productivity, and low quality and
low value of output. It results in low competitiveness in the market leading to
low returns for the firm. Such situation not only leads to low investment in HR
and technology (obstruction in expansion and/or up-gradation of the existing
system), but also results in low wages and low morale of employees. Lack of
investment in HR and technology again means low skills/knowledge, which
completes one side of the loop of low-skill poverty vicious circle. Lack of
investment in HR and technology also results in creation of no or few
additional jobs. It means supply and demand of labour gets imbalanced in
favour of supply. Less demand and more supply puts pressure on wages.
Eventually, organizations remain in the vicious circle of low productivity, low
quality output and low value output .(Rehman and Ali, 2008)
2.2.1Nature of Skill Gap
Skill gap can be defined as the gap between required level of knowledge and
skill to do a particular activity and the existing level of knowledge and skill to
accomplish the work. Alternatively, it can also be identified by the gap in the
demand and supply of skilled workers at the existing wage rates in a unit. Skill
gap may be at varying levels in different sort of activities in a textiles unit.
Further, skill gap can be found at different hierarchical levels of an
organization, e.g. at operative level, supervisory level, middle management
level or senior management level. So remove the skill gap at various levels
different strategies should be adopted. In some sort of activities, skill gap can
be easily removed by a few days of training or on job training but in some other
tasks a formal and intensive training is required.
In addition, literate and educated workers are quicker to learn as compared to

illiterate and uneducated workers. So the former are easier to train as compared
to the latter.
2.2.2Labour Laws and Skill Gap
Persistent skill gap in the textiles and clothing sector is very closely linked with
the prevalent labor laws in the country. They can create a conductive
environment for skill enhancement or they may hinder the growth of labour
skills by hindering expansions during seasonal industries. It is therefore
important that labour laws should be framed in such a manner that it should not
hinder the growth and instead be used for the overall development of both
workers and industry.
2.3 Existing Institutions
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) established during the 1950s was the major
effort on the part of Government to impart skills in various vocational trades to
meet the skilled manpower requirements of the various industries of the
country. But they hardly provided core-competency training in textiles at
operator level unlike other engineering disciplines. Vocational training for
workers in the pre-or post-employment stages did not develop significantly in a
structured and regular fashion. The Indian textiles workforce was generally
developed within the industry where newly inducted unskilled workers
acquired their skills from skilled colleagues already engaged in the industry,
who passed on their expertise to such unskilled workers. As a result, they
inherited the basic expertise along with any flaws and faulty skills. Some of the
progressive composite mills did have special training programmes for
unskilled, semiskilled and skilled workers apart from on job training (Ministry
of Textiles, 2006).
Currently, out of the total 4971 ITIs 1243 ITIs offer training in textiles with a
yearly intake of 33372. They impart training in following trades-Bleaching,
Dying; Block printing; Cutting and tailoring; Dress making; Embroidery; Hand
weaving of niwar tape; Durries, Carpet, Knitting with hand operated machine;
Weaving of silk and woollen fabrics, etc.
2.3.1Garments
In the apparels segment most of the training imparted to workers is informal in
nature. An unskilled worker first works as a helper in different activities of a
garment making unit e.g. cutting, labeling, ironing, packaging, etc. Over a
period of time he becomes a skilled worker. A few units recruit worker trained
through ITI or other institutions. In Ludhiana knitting cluster, several apparel
units recruit teen aged boys and provide them on the job training in stitching. It
was found during the NCAER survey, 2008-09 that in certain clusters, a few
skilled workers impart training in stitching to new labourers on payment during
their leisure time at home. This is also an informal arrangement of training. In
select clusters, Government established a few Apparel Training & Design
Centres (currently total thirteen in number) to train and upgrade the skills of
workers in the garment sector. Recently, Infrastructure Leasing and Finance
Services (IL&FS) has launched a project called Skills for Employment in
Apparel Manufacturing (SEAM), a pilot effort to train and place rural below-
poverty-line youth in the apparel industry. But considering the massive skill
gap in the sector, the efforts are little to have major impact.
Generally, workers gain full expertise within 2-3 years. Scarcity of skilled
workers is felt more during peak season.
2.3.2Measures to Improve the Institutions

Currently, there is a massive gap between the availability of skilled manpower
and the requirements of the industry, particularly in the weaving, dying,
processing and garment segments. To bridge this gap requires massive
expansion and modernization of training institutes/polytechnics across the
country. They can be opened on a public -private partnership basis with
maximum industry-institute interface.
· The number of ITIs targeted specifically to the requirements of the textiles
sector need to be increased significantly to meet the shortage of operatives.
They may be persuaded to relate their courses and curriculum in textiles with
the inputs from the textiles industry to make them more relevant to modern
machineries and processes used in textiles industry.
· Post graduate courses are required to develop a specialized skilled labour pool
for the industry.
These are to be offered as part of engineering degree programmes in various
engineering colleges, IITs and NITs.
· The Textile Research Associations (TRAs) may be strengthened with one time
grant from the government to design and offer more short term structured
training programmes.
· The existing network of Apparel Training and Design Centres (ATDCs)
promoted by the Apparel Export Promotion Council may be expanded and
strengthened to meet the needs of the rapidly growing RMG sector.
· Knitting & knitwear service centers may be set up in the major knitting
centers of Tiurupur, Ludhiana, Delhi and Kolkata to cater to the support service
needs of the decentralized knitting and knitwear industry
· Emphasis should be laid on not only educating and skilling the workers but
also on a
continuous process of skilling, re-skilling, multi-skillin g and skill modulation.
· Capacities of powerloom service centres to conduct training programmes can
be expanded.
Simultaneously, new training centres may be established in smaller clusters
where presently there are no training centres for skill development of workers.
· The reorient and modernize of the industry may require major adjustments in
human resource development policies so that skilled workers displaced during
the adjustment process may be reabsorbed into productive employment. For
this purpose, there is need to develop and install a meaningful mechanism that
can utilize skilled weavers displaced from the hand-loom sector to productive
employment in the power-loom and mill sectors. These skilled hand-loom
weavers are major assets to the industry, but only if they can be utilized in the
production of the sophisticated products that are in demand for domestic and
export markets in hand looms or even in power looms and mills sector.
· Need to reforms the rigid labour laws.
· Industry associations like CITI (Confederation of Indian Textiles Industry)
and other smaller associations should play a pivotal role in coordinating with
training institutions and industry for the fulfilment of the training needs of
various sectors of textiles industry and help in laying foundation for
development of such institutes.
The following table contains the Functional area wise Skills Required and Skill
gaps in various levels.
Function Level Skills Required Skill Gaps
Knowledge of various types

of fabrics (type of material,
count/picks, Dye
requirements, etc).
Purchase of fabric defects such as In-depth knowledge of the
Manager breakage of threads, missing various types of fabric and
threads, stains, patches and quality parameters.
shade variation, etc. Negotiation and
Awareness of the latest price communication skills.
trends in the fabric market.
Negotiation and
communication skills for
negotiating with the fabric
manufacturers.
Ability to calculate the

amount of requisite quality
Procurement
fabric required based on the
order size and likely
Insufficient knowledge of
wastage.
Purchase various types of fabric
associate/ defects and other quality
of fabric defects and other
executive parameters.
quality parameters.
Liaison with the fabric
manufacturers and fabric
processors.
Understanding of various Lack of soft skills for

production activities as the interacting with buyers in
merchandiser is interface the international market.
between the buyer and the Knowledge of foreign
Senior company languages is limited to
Merchandiser Soft skills like negotiation English – this might prove to
and communication skills. be an issue with India
These skills assume more becoming a sourcing hub for
significance for export garments and knitwear
oriented units. Understanding of various
Knowledge of foreign factors affecting costing.
languages such as French
Merchandising for better co-ordination with
the buyer.
Ability to handle multiple
accounts/customers.
Thorough understanding of
costing.
Understanding of buyer
requirements of design and
quality.
Junior Reviewing materials used for Inadequate understanding of

Merchandiser/ garment manufacturing various production
Merchandising Understanding of various activities. The person
executive production activities as the employed picks up the
person is responsible for requisite skills with
execution of the order. experience.

Ability to work closely with Inadequate understanding of
other functions like design, quality requirements.
production etc.
Time management skills to
handle multiple orders at the
same time.
Basic computer skills.
Design and develop Inadequate understanding of

garments according to buyer buyer requirements which
requirements. leads to number of iterations
Ability to modify existing before the sample is
Design Designer designs to suit the current accepted.
trends in the market. Insufficient knowledge of
Keep abreast with the latest latest fashion trends in the
fashion trends in the key international markets –
markets - the designer should changes in design between
be aware of the colours, ‘seasons’. It is required that
contours which are in vogue. the designer be able to
Knowledge of Styling, forecast trends by being
Elements of Design, Basics networked with foreign
of Costing, Fabric Study, designers in major markets.
Pattern Making and Draping. The same is applicable to
Indian markets as well.
Production Knowledge of pattern Inadequate knowledge of
Manager making speciality fabrics
Ability to undertake Lack of adequate scientific
inspection, production knowledge of line
planning and control balancing, work study, and
Man-management skills. Quality Control (this is

because a large number of
managers have been
elevated by experience
rather than by formal
Production training).
In-depth knowledge of Insufficient knowledge of

production process and various types of sewing
inspection methods machines (refer table listed
Line Knowledge of different type earlier) – ability work in a
Supervisor/ of fabrics as well as cross-functional manner
Floor understanding of stitching across sewing machines
supervisor processes. Inadequate soft skills to
Ability to guide the sewing manage the shop floor
machine operators. personnel.
Man-management skills to
manage the shop floor. The
Supervisor should be able to
motivate the workers in the
challenging work
atmosphere as the demand is
seasonal and order driven.
Good machine control - Lack of proper knowledge of

knowledge of threading of sewing machine operations,
sewing machine, stitching on and different types of seams
different shapes, seaming and stitches
garment components Ability to work across
together in various fabrics to different machines is
Operator specified quality and quality missing
standard Ability to stitch the complete

Knowledge of machine garment is missing ( In case
maintenance procedures of units which do not follow
Knowledge of Pattern line system of production)
Making, Grading and
Draping.
Knowledge of CAD for
Pattern Development
Ability to sew complete
garment.
Quality requirements are all
the more important for Knowledge of international
companies focussing on quality standards is a
international markets. Even significant gap.
Quality control small quality issues can lead
Quality executive to cancellation of order.
Understanding of the
customer requirements by
interacting with the
merchandiser.
Knowledge of international
standards is desirable.
Knowledge of in line and
final quality testing
procedures - ability to
understand and prevent
defects like size variations,
loose threads, stains etc.
20
2.4 Current Training/Education Infrastructure
Human Resource and Skill Requirements in the Textile Industry
The current training infrastructure is inadequate on both number of people
trained and also the quality of training being imparted. Also, very few of the
training initiatives are targeted at the shop floor level. The newly inducted
workers learn through informal training and learning from the experience of the
existing work force.
Training Infrastructure of Textile Sector
Training Institute Number of centres/units
Textiles Research Associations (TRAs) 8
Powerloom Service Centres (PSCs) 44
Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology (IIHT) 4
Weaver’s Service Centres (WSC) 24
Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) offering courses related to Textiles 1,243
Home Science Colleges offering Textiles & Clothing Courses 24
Apparel Training & Design Centres (ATDCs) 52
Institute of Apparel Management 1
National Institute of Fashion Technology 12*
Sardar Vallabhbai Patel Institute of Textiles Management
Source: Report of the Committee to assess the requirement of human resource

in the Textile sector, Ministry of Textiles, ATDC, NIFT
*Does not include one international centre
21
Training in these Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) is mainly imparted in the
following trades:
(1) Bleaching
(2) Dyeing
(3) Block printing
(4) Cutting and tailoring
(5) Dress making
(6) Embroidery
(7) Hand weaving of niwar tape
(8) Durries
(9) Carpet
(10) Knitting with hand operated machine
(11) Weaving of silk and woollen fabrics, etc.
The availability of trained manpower is a key issue for the garmenting sector.
The ATDC, ITIs and NIFT annually train up to 50,000 workers. A few private
sector players also provide training specific to the garmenting sector. A large
portion of the requirement of human resource at the operator level is met by on
the job training. Hence training at the operator level is a key gap. Acute
shortage of skilled man power leads to poaching and acts as a detriment to
spending on in house training initiatives.
2.5 Emerging trends in skill requirements
Emerging trends in human resource requirements
Technology
22
The changes in technology would significantly affect the profile of people
involved. As mentioned earlier, the share of shuttle-less looms in the Indian
textiles industry is only 2-3% as against a world average of 16.9%, thereby
indicating a low degree of modernization in the Indian weaving industry.
Although the Indian spinning sector is relatively more modernised, around60%
of installed spindles are more than 10 years old and open-end (OE) rotors
account for only 1% of total installed spindles. In the apparel sector, India has
much lower investment in special purpose machines, which perform specific
functions and add value to the product. Very few export establishments have
invested in cutting machines or finishing machines. The low level of technology
and government incentives like TUFS would drive modernization in the
industry where as the high power costs would be a detriment.
The technological upgradation would necessitate the human resource to be
trained in modern machinery and also greater in house spending on training.
The shortage of labour and increasing wage rate would further induce greater
automation which will lead to higher productivity. For instance, the operating
hours per quintal of yarn have decreased from 77 to 25 on account of
modernization and would continue to fall. Also, the numbers of people involved
in post spinning operations have come down on account of automatic cone
winding machines.
The modern machinery would require skilled maintenance people who have
the requisite knowledge of the same. Proper maintenance would be crucial as
machine down time and costly spare parts would significantly affect the
performance of the industry.
Quality Processes There would be increasing focus and adoption of quality and
environment related processes, such as:
ISO 9001:2008
23
ISO 14001.
2.5.1 Research & Development

The textile industry does not have R&D as a focus area. The industry would
have to invest more in both process and product R&D to maintain product and
cost competitiveness. This requires industry-academia collaborations as well as
individual R&D efforts by the companies.
2.5.2 Labour laws
More flexible labour regulations will positively affect the industry. Currently,
T&C industry comes under the purview of Contract Labour Act, 1970 which
prohibits contract labour for the work that is perennial in nature. The exporters
find it difficult to manage the seasonal and order based volatility in demand on
account of this. Change in the current regulations can lead to opening up of
more employment opportunities. Also, the current regulations prohibit women
from being employed in night shifts. Relaxation of the same with adequate
safeguards can lead to more participation of women and also help in addressing
the skill shortage in the industry.
Human resource related
Modernisation of technology would necessitate more technical skills for
operators in the production and maintenance functions across the value chain of
the textile industry. The sector also needs multi-tasking/multi skilling at the
operator level. The human resource at the higher levels as well as in other
functions like procurement would need to possess the knowledge of various
types of machines and also keep abreast with the changes in technology.
The garmenting sector would be the key driver of the employment in the
textile sector. Majority large portion of the human resource requirement will be
for operators who have the adequate knowledge of sewing machine operations
24
and different types of seams and stitches. Although, the industry will continue
to have predominantly line system of operations, designer and high end fashion
exports would necessitate “make through” system of operations which would
require the operators to have the ability to stitch the complete garment. The
availability of merchandising and designing skills would be crucial for
increasing share in export markets and tapping the potential in new markets.
2.5.3. Regions which will drive human resource requirements

The major centres in India where this employment generation would take place
are Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. The state
of Tamil Nadu will account for around 30% of the employment in the textile
sector.
The poor performance of the industry in the recent past has resulted in the
sector not attracting new investments. The cluster development activities of
various organisations have not found takers and hence new clusters do not
appear likely at this point of time. However, Andhra Pradesh is a likely future
destination for new investments, especially in the garmenting sector with the
establishment of Apparel Parks. The government initiatives of providing power
at a cost of 2 Rs per unit will be a key factor in attracting investments in
spinning sector. Also, the state has surplus cotton and would result in lower
logistics cost. Availability of raw materials and low power costs will also attract
investments in the downstream activities like fabric manufacturing, processing
and garmenting.
The scheme of integrated textile parks and various SEZs would also affect the
regions availability of labour. States like Uttranchal necessitate that most of the
labour force in the units operating in SEZ should be local.
25
The states of UP, Bihar and Orissa etc would be key catchment areas to meet
the labour requirements.
Already the spinning sector in Tamil Nadu is seeing more and more influx of
labour from these states as the current wage rates in the states are very high.
Environmental concerns would affect the processing sector. The effluent
treatment requirements might see units shifting to coastal areas as marine
discharge requirements are less stringent.
2.6 Projected Human Resource Requirements in the Textile & Clothing
Sector
In this section, we shall review the projected human resource requirement in the
Textile and Clothing sector based on the projection of industry size.
2.6.1 Projected Size of the Textile and Clothing Industry

It is estimated that the PFCE on clothing will grow at a CAGR of 7.5% between
2008 and 2024. Based on projected growth of GDP and exports, we expect that
the exports of textiles will grow at a rate of 11% to 11.5%. Thus, the overall
T&C sector will grow at a CAGR of 9.5% to a size of Rs. 6,730 billion. Out of
this, the share of exports is expected to increase from just under 50% currently
to about 60% in 2022.
4 Our overall approach to macro-economic modeling and forecasting is
explained in a separate annexure
2.6.2 Projected human resource requirement
While analysing the human resource requirement, we have categorised the
overall T&C sector as follows:
1. The Mainstream T&C sector – comprising of Spinning, Fabric
Manufacturing, Fabric Processing,
and Garmenting.
26
2. Other related industries such as:
a. Handloom
b. Woolen
c. Sericulture
d. Handicrafts
e. Jute.
While we expect the human resource requirement in the Mainstream T&C
sector to be closely related to market driven T&C industry growth, the human
resource requirement in areas such as handloom and handicrafts would have to
be supplemented by initiatives from the Government and Industry. The addition
of human resource into these other sectors would be at a much lower rate as
compared to the Mainstream sectors due to need for significant support for
earnings, scope for enhanced technology intervention and automation as
compared to current levels, the need to add value, and attractiveness of the
sector among the human resource supply.
Keeping in mind the above factors and the growth of the industry, we have
projected the human resource requirement for the T&C sector. It is expected
that the overall employment in the sector would increase from about 33 to 35
million currently to about 60 to 62 million by 2022. This would translate to an
incremental human resource requirement of about 25 million persons. Of this
the Mainstream T&C sector
has the potential to employ about 17 million persons incrementally till 2022.
2.6.3 . Skill Pyramid for the T&C industry
Given that the industry would required a varied profile of skill sets, the
following figure presents an overview of the profile of skill requirements as
27
derived from human resource requirements across different sectors of the T&C
industry.
The skill pyramid, in summary, captures where the T&C industry stands
relatively in terms of skills (a function of activity, educational requirements,
and amount of ‘preparatory’ time required to inculcate aspecific skill) as
compared to all other industries.
As can be observed, the lower portion of the pyramid, ‘Skill Level 1’, has the
highest incremental requirement of human resources. It requires persons who
are minimally educated, yet can handle simple and/or repetitive tasks (persons
employed in activities such as basic machine operations, knitting, cutting, and
stitching/sewing, etc.). Such skills can also be obtained in lesser time duration
as compared
to engineering or ITI courses. As many as over 15 million persons are required
across skill levels 1 and 2 outlined above.
28
Chapter 3
Methodology
The methodology to be adopted is as provided by the funding agency Apex
Cluster Development Services Pvt. Ltd and fine tuned by frequent interactions
with the team at Tiruppur led by the Cluster Development Manager
Sl.
TITLE OF
No. DESCRIPTION No. of Man-Days
SERVICES
For undertaking study in the cluster

about its functions and to understand
Preparatory
1. the skill requirements and to identify 6
Study
the existing gap in the Middle
Management Level.
Drafting of
2. To be designed for interviewing 200 2
Questionnaire
Middle Level Managers working in
the cluster for Understanding the
Sample
3. gap in the knowledge level of 20
Survey
Middle Managers in their relevant
Revising and functional areas.
finalizing the Also this survey to be used to
Questionnaire understand the most convenient
4. 2
based on time, etc., so as to make the program
Sample more participative.
Survey
At-least 200 Middle Level Managers
have to be covered for making the
5. Survey 200
study through MSMEs in the
Cluster.
The whole process is to be closely 200
6. Monitoring monitored and documented by right
resource persons so as to attain the
desired result in developing the
29
cluster and addressing the gap.
The data acquired to be compiled

Compilation
7. properly and analysed to identify the 10
and analysis
skill gaps in the cluster.
Preparation
of training Developing Training modules in
8. modules and 20
relevant functional areas.
course
materials.
All the administration and
9. Coordinating coordination of survey to be 30
activities covered under this.
3.1 Instrument
Questionnaire was prepared based on Literature review and discussion with

experts in this field and was finalized by the taem at Apex Cluster Tiruppur
office.The questions are relevant and important to measure the skill gaps in the
Tiruppur Garment Clsuter
3.2 Sample
Sample of 200 middle level Managers working in the cluster in various

functional areas for Understanding the gap in the knowledge level of Middle
Managers in their relevant functional areas was chosen. The sample is a large
sample so generalization of findings is possible.
3.3 Statistical tools of Analysis.

Data was analyzed using statistical techniques like percentage and Chi-square
Analysis
30
Chapter 4
Analysis and Discussion
The data was analyzed using Percentage analysis and chi-square
analysis.
4.1 Descriptive Analysis: Percentage Analysis was used for

Descriptive analysis
31
Table: 1 Departments of the respondents
Department
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
1.Merchandising 48 24.0 24.0 24.0
2.Production 44 22.0 22.0 46.0
3. Human
36 18.0 18.0 64.0
Resources
4.Finance
33 16.5 16.5 80.5
&costing
5. Fabric sourcing 39 19.5 19.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
The above table provides the department wise breakup of the respondents.24%
of the respondents belong to Merchandising Department. Production personnel
were 22% while Human resource executives made up 18% of the respondents.
About a fifth were from Fabric sourcing and 16.5 % belong to finance and
Costing.
32
33
Table: 2 Qualification of Respondents.
Qualification
Cumulative
Valid 1.Matriculation
3 1.5 1.5 1.5
(sslc)
2.higher
19 9.5 9.5 11.0
secondary(plus two)
3.Diploma in
8 4.0 4.0 15.0
textiles tech
4.other diploma 21 10.5 10.5 25.5
5.Graduate in
21 10.5 10.5 36.0
fashion design
6.P.G. in textile 3 1.5 1.5 37.5
7.other graduates 119 59.5 59.5 97.0
8.Textile engg.
6 3.0 3.0 100.0
graduate
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Graduate degree holders from streams other than Textiles make up about 60%
of the respondents. A tenth are Higher secondary passed and Diploma in
streams other than Textile are another one tenth and Graduates degree holders
in Fashion Design make up one tenth of the respondents. Engineers in Textiles
are just 3%while Postgraduates in Textiles are a mere one and a half percent.
Diploma holders in Textiles are 4% and Matriculation passed are just 1.5%.
34
Table:3 Experience of respondents.
experience
Cumulative
Valid 1. less than 5
87 43.5 43.5 43.5
years
2. 5-10 years 81 40.5 40.5 84.0
3. 10-15 years 22 11.0 11.0 95.0
4. 15-20 years 9 4.5 4.5 99.5
5. >20 years 1 .5 .5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
35
A vast Majority of the respondents are having Experience of less than 10 years
and half of them are having experience less than 5 years. A tenth are having
experience between 10-15 years and only about 5% are having experience
between 15-20 years.
Table 4: Human Relation skills

hrskills
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 186 93.0 93.0 93.0
2. no 14 7.0 7.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
A vast Majority are confident of possessing Human relationship skills.
36
Table 5 Sufficient knowledge to perform Tasks
sufficientknowledge
Cumulative
Valid 1. yes 195 97.5 97.5 97.5
2. no 5 2.5 2.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Almost everybody are confident of possessing sufficient Knowledge to perform
Their Tasks
37
Table 6: Updated Technical Knowledge
uptodatetechknowledge
Cumulative
Valid 1. yes 177 88.5 88.5 88.5
2. no 23 11.5 11.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
Except for a tenth of the respondents , others are confident of having Updated
Technical Knowledge in their respective Domains.
38
Table:7 Convenient Timings for Training
Convenient timings
Cumulative
Valid 1. Sunday 161 80.5 80.5 80.5
2. Saturday
6 3.0 3.0 83.5
&Sunday
3. weekdays 7 3.5 3.5 87.0
4. no time 26 13.0 13.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
A vast Majority prefer the weekends especially Sundays for the Training
Programs, as they are occupied with their work on weekdays. A bit more than a
tenth are unable to find time for Training.
39
Table 8Production: Production Planning
Production planning
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 52 26.0 81.2 81.2
2. no 12 6.0 18.8 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Missing System 136 68.0
Total 200 100.0
About a fifth of the respondents are not conversant with Production Planning
techniques.
40
Ta
ble 9: Production: Budgeting and costing
Budgeting and costing
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 23 11.5 35.9 35.9
2. no 41 20.5 64.1 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Two thirds are not conversant with Budgetting and Costing methods in
Production
41
Table 10 :Production:Machinery Planning
mcplanning
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 19 9.5 29.7 29.7
2.no 45 22.5 70.3 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Two thirds are not conversant with Machinery Planning methods in Production
42
Table 11: Production: Layout
playout
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 18 9.0 28.1 28.1
2.no 46 23.0 71.9 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Two thirds are not conversant with Prodcution Layout Planning methods .
43
Table 12 Production: Standard Alerted minute
psam
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 42 21.0 65.6 65.6
2. no 22 11.0 34.4 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
One third of the respondents are not conversant with Stadard Alert minute.
44
Table 13: Production:Quality control and newly developed Fabrics.
pqcnewdevfabrics
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 45 22.5 70.3 70.3
2.no 19 9.5 29.7 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
About 30% are not aware of Quality control techniques and Newly Developed
Fabrics.
45
Table 14: Production: Statistical Quality control and Operations Research
psqcandor
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 39 19.5 60.9 60.9
2.no 25 12.5 39.1 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
About 40% of the respondents are not familiar with Statistical Quality control
and Operations Research techniques.
46
Table 15:Production:Lighting, ergonoimics and Industrial engineering
plightingergoie
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 38 19.0 59.4 59.4
2.no 26 13.0 40.6 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Four tenths of the respondents are not familiar in Lighting impact, ergonomics
and other industrial engineering aspects.
47
Table 16:Production:Lean Maufacturing
pleanmfrg
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 26 13.0 40.6 40.6
2.no 38 19.0 59.4 100.0
Total 64 32.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Sixtenths of the respondents are not familiar with Lean Manufacturing
techniques.
48
Table 17: Merchandising: Prospecting and Vendor evaluation
mvendor
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 32 16.0 68.1 68.1
2.no 15 7.5 31.9 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
49
About 32% of the respondents are not familiar with Prospecting and Vendor
Evaluation
Table 18: Merchandising: Sample Development

msampledev
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 45 22.5 95.7 95.7
2.no 2 1.0 4.3 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Most of the respondents are aware of Sample and Product Development
techniques.
50
Table 19:Merchandising:Printing , Dyeing and Washing
mprintdyewash
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 42 21.0 89.4 89.4
2.no 5 2.5 10.6 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
51
Printing Dyeing and Washing methods are known to nine tenths of the
respondents.
Table20 : Merchandising: Sketch studying and Garment Construction methods

msketchgarmentconst
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 40 20.0 85.1 85.1
2.no 7 3.5 14.9 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
52
Sketch studying and Garment Construction methods are known to 85%
of the respondents.
Table 21: Merchandising: Department wise costing details

mdeptcosttech
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 37 18.5 78.7 78.7
2.no 10 5.0 21.3 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
53
Department wise costing details are known to about eight tenths of the
respondents.
54
Table 22: Merchandising: Communication, Interpersonal skills
mcommun
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 43 21.5 91.5 91.5
2.no 4 2.0 8.5 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Nine tenths of the respondents are familiar with Communication, Interpersonal

skills
55
Table 23:Merchandisng: Fabric consumption details
mfabricconsump
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 43 21.5 91.5 91.5
2. no 4 2.0 8.5 100.0
Total 47 23.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Fabric consumption details are known to nineteenths of the respondents.
56
Table 24: Material Sourcing: Fabrics, Geographical availability and Price
msfabavasilprice
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 38 19.0 92.7 92.7
2.no 3 1.5 7.3 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Most of the respondents know specification of Fabrics, Geographical

availability and Price
57
Table 25: Material Sourcing: Trims and Accessories-quality parameters
mstrims
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 37 18.5 90.2 90.2
2.no 4 2.0 9.8 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Nine tenths of the respondents are aware of Trims and Accessories-quality

parameters
58
Table 26: Material Sourcing: Interacting with merchandiser for requisition
msinteractionmerch
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 35 17.5 85.4 85.4
2.no 6 3.0 14.6 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
85 % of the respondents are good in interacting with merchandiser for

requisition.
59
Table 27: Materials Sourcing: Negotiating and communication skills
msnegotiatecomm
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 38 19.0 92.7 92.7
2.no 3 1.5 7.3 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
60
Most of the respondents are familiar with Negotiating and communication
skills.
Table 28: Materials Sourcing -Incoming quality inspection, Lot to lot

variation of incoming materials
msincomqc
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 41 20.5 100.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Everybody are familiar with incoming quality inspection, Lot to lot variation
of incoming materials
61
Table 29: Human Resources: Prospecting and selecting employees
hrprospectnselection
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 41 20.5 100.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
All of the respondents were familiar with Prospecting and selecting employees
for various
positions
62
Table 30: Human Resources: Various Laws of Industrial Relations
hrlawsnir
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 40 20.0 97.6 97.6
2.no 1 .5 2.4 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Almost everybody are aware of Various Laws of Industrial Relations.
63
Table31: Human Resources: various Welfare measures
hrwelfare
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 39 19.5 95.1 95.1
2.no 2 1.0 4.9 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Most of the respondents are aware of the various welfare measure of
employees.
64
Table 32: procedures of Rewarding employees for Better performance
hrrewardemp
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 41 20.5 100.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Everybody are aware of the procedures of Rewarding employees for Better

performance
65
Table 33: Human Resources: measuring performance of Employees
hrperfmeasure
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 40 20.0 97.6 97.6
2.no 1 .5 2.4 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Almost ever respondent was conversant with methods of measuring
performance of Employees
66
Table 34: Human Resources: Training and Development of Employees
hrtraingndevp
Cumulative
Valid 1.yes 40 20.0 97.6 97.6
2.no 1 .5 2.4 100.0
Total 41 20.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Almost ever respondent was conversant with methods of measuring
performance of Employees
67
Table 35: Finance: Book Keeping Practice
finbookkeep
Cumulative
Valid yes 34 17.0 89.5 89.5
no 4 2.0 10.5 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Book Keeping Practice are known to nine tenths of the respondents.
68
Table 36: Finance: Computerized accounting method
fincomputer
Cumulative
Valid yes 36 18.0 94.7 94.7
no 2 1.0 5.3 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Computerized accounting methods are familiar to almost every respondent.
69
Table 37: Finanace: Working capital Management Practices
finwc
Cumulative
Valid yes 34 17.0 89.5 89.5
no 4 2.0 10.5 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Working capital Management Practices are known to nine tenths of
respondents.
70
.
Table 38: cash Management

fincashmanage
Cumulative
Valid yes 35 17.5 92.1 92.1
no 3 1.5 7.9 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Most of the respondents are aware of cash Management Practices
71
Table 39: Banking Procedures
finbanking
Cumulative
Valid yes 32 16.0 84.2 84.2
no 6 3.0 15.8 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
More than eight tenths of the respondents are aware of banking Procedures
72
Table 40: Taxation Procedures
fintax
Cumulative
Valid yes 36 18.0 94.7 94.7
no 2 1.0 5.3 100.0
Total 38 19.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0
Almost everybody are familiar with Taxation Procedures.
73
4.2 Inferential Analysis using Test of Significance.
Chisquare analysis was adopted to test the significant relationship between

Dependent variable and Independent variable such as qualification, experience
etc.
Table 41:Significance of relationship between sufficient

knowledge and experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
years 5-10 years years years >20 years Total
sufficientknowle yes 86 79 20 9 1 195
dge no 1 2 2 0 0 5
Total 87 81 22 9 1 200
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.829a 4 .305
Likelihood Ratio 3.683 4 .451
Linear-by-Linear
1.247 1 .264
Association
N of Valid Cases 200
a. 6 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .03.
There is no significant relationship between the Experience and knowledge

sufficient to discharge their responsibilities in the area of function and the
Experience level of the respondents.
74
Table 42: Significance of relationship between sufficient
knowledge and Qualification
Qualification
higher dip oth gra oth
secon tex er fashion pg in er textileengg
sslc dary tech dip design textile gra graduate Total
sufficientkno yes 11
2 17 8 20 20 3 6 195
wledge 9
no 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 5
Total 11
3 19 8 21 21 3 6
9
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
13.041 1 .000
Association
a. 10 cells (62.5%) have expected count less than 5.
The minimum expected count is .08.
There is significant relationship between the Experience and knowledge

sufficient to discharge their responsibilities in the area of function and the
Qualification level of the respondents
75
Table 43: Significance of relationship between up to date technical
knowledge and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
uptodatetechknowle yes 79 73 18 7 0 177
dge no 8 8 4 2 1 23
Total 87 81 22 9 1 200
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
4.401 1 .036
Association
4 cells (40.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
There is significant relationship between the up to date technical knowledge

and the Experience level of the respondents
76
Table 44: Significance of relationship between up to date technical
knowledge and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
high gra
er fashi textil
seco dip on pg in eengg
ndar tex other desig textil other gradu Tota
sslc y tech dip n e gra ate l
uptodatetechknowle ye
2 15 7 17 16 3 111 6 177
dge s
no 1 4 1 4 5 0 8 0 23
Total 3 19 8 21 21 3 119 6 200
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
7.912 1 .005
Association
There is no significant relationship between the up to date technical

knowledge and the Qualification level of the respondents
77
Table 45: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Production
Planning Techniques and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
years 5-10 years years years Total
pproductionplanni yes 28 16 6 2 52
ng no 7 5 0 0 12
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.881 1 .348
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Production
Planning Techniques and Experience of the respondent
78
Table 46: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Production
Planning Techniques and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
Textile
higher dip gra engg
ssl second tex othe fashion other graduat
c ary tech r dip design gra e Total
pproductionplanni yes 1 8 6 11 9 15 2 52
ng no 0 2 0 2 3 4 1 12
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.731 1 .393
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Production

Planning Techniques and Experience of the respondent
79
Table 47: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with budgeting and
costing Techniques and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
pbudgettingandcosti yes 13 7 1 2 23
ng no 22 14 5 0 41
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.106 1 .745
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with budgeting and
costing Techniques and Experience of the respondent
80
Table 48: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with budgeting and
costing Techniques and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
gra
high fashi
er on Textile
seco dip engg
ssl ndar tex other desig other gradua Tot
c y tech dip n gra te al
pbudgettingandcosti ye
0 3 1 1 6 10 2 23
ng s
no 1 7 5 12 6 9 1 41
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
5.882 1 .015
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is Significant relationship between Familiarity with budgeting and
costing Techniques and Qualification of the respondent( at 0.1 significance
level)
81
Table 49: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with machinery
planning Techniques and experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
pmcplannin yes 10 5 3 1 19
g no 25 16 3 1 45
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.705 1 .401
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with machinery

planning Techniques and experience of the respondent.
82
Table 50: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with machinery
planning Techniques and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
high
er Textile
seco engg
ssl ndar other gra fashion othe graduat Tot
c y dip tex tech dip design r gra e al
pmcplannin ye
0 0 1 3 5 9 1 19
g s
no 1 10 5 10 7 10 2 45
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 9.093 6 .168
Linear-by-Linear
7.404 1 .007
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with machinery
planning Techniques and Qualification of the respondent
83
Table 51: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Layout and
Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
playout yes 8 7 2 1 18
no 27 14 4 1 46
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.140 1 .286
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Layout and

Experience of the respondents.
84
Table 52: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Layout and
Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
gra Textile
highe fashi Engg
r on
ssl secon dip tex other desig graduat
c dary tech dip n other gra e Total
playout yes 0 2 1 3 4 7 1 18
no 1 8 5 10 8 12 2 46
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
1.756 1 .185
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Layout and
Qualification of the respondent.
85
Table 53: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with SAM
techniques and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
psam yes 24 13 4 1 42
no 11 8 2 1 22
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .483a 3 .923
Likelihood Ratio .472 3 .925
Linear-by-Linear
.283 1 .595
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with SAM techniques

and Experience of the respondent
86
Table 54: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with SAM
techniques and Experience
Qualification
higher dip gra Textile
second tex other fashion Engg
sslc ary tech dip design other gra graduate Total
psam yes 1 5 6 10 9 10 1 42
no 0 5 0 3 3 9 2 22
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
1.835 1 .176
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with SAM techniques
and Qualification of the respondent.
87
Table 55: Significanof of relationship between Familiarity with newly
developed fabrics and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
pqcnewdevfabri yes 22 19 3 1 45
cs no 13 2 3 1 19
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.040 1 .841
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is Significant relationship between Familiarity with newly developed

fabrics and Experience of the respondent (at 0.1 significance level)
88
Table 56: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with newly
developed fabrics and Qualification
Qualification
highe Textile
r gra engg
ssl secon dip tex Other fashion othe graduat
c dary tech dip design r gra e Total
pqcnewdevfabri yes 0 6 4 10 9 14 2 45
cs no 1 4 2 3 3 5 1 19
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
.802 1 .371
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with newly developed

fabrics and Qualification of the respondent
89
Table 57: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Statistical
Quality Control and Operations Research and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
psqcandor yes 18 17 3 1 39
no 17 4 3 1 25
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.526 1 .468
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Statistical Quality
Control and Operations Research and Experience of the respondent
90
Table 58: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Statistical
Quality Control and Operations Research and Qualification
Qualification
textile
higher gra engg
second dip tex other fashion other gradu
sslc ary tech dip design gra ate Total
psqcand ye
0 6 5 11 6 9 2 39
or s
no 1 4 1 2 6 10 1 25
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.003 1 .317
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Statistical Quality
Control and Operations Research and Qualification of the respondents.
91
Table 59: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Lighting
impact, ergonomics and other industrial engineering aspects and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
plightingergo yes 19 15 3 1 38
ie no 16 6 3 1 26
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.074 1 .786
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Lighting impact,

ergonomics and other industrial engineering aspects and Experience of the
respondent.
92
Table 60: Significance of t relationship between Familiarity with Lighting
impact, ergonomics and other industrial engineering aspects and Qualification
Qualification
higher gra textileen
second dip tex other fashion gg
sslc ary tech dip design other gra graduate Total
plightingergoie ye
0 4 4 7 7 13 3 38
s
no 1 6 2 6 5 6 0 26
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
3.830 1 .050
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Lighting impact,

ergonomics and other industrial engineering aspects and Qualification of the
respondent.
93
Table 61: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Lean
Manufacturing techniques and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
pleanmfrg yes 14 7 4 1 26
no 21 14 2 1 38
Total 35 21 6 2 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.484 1 .487
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Lean
Manufacturing techniques and Experience of the respondent.
94
Table 62: Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Lean
Manufacturing techniques and Qualification
Qualification
high
er textilee
seco gra ngg
ndar dip tex other fashion other graduat
sslc y tech dip design gra e Total
pleanmfrg yes 0 4 3 8 6 4 1 26
no 1 6 3 5 6 15 2 38
Total 1 10 6 13 12 19 3 64
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.716 1 .190
Association
N of Valid Cases 64
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Lean

Manufacturing techniques and Qualification of the respondent
95
Table 63 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting,
Vendor Evaluation techniques and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mvendor yes 18 6 5 3 32
no 10 1 3 1 15
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.126 1 .723
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
minimum expected count is 1.28.
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting,
Vendor Evaluation techniques and Experience of the respondent.
96
Table 64 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting,
Vendor Evaluation techniques and Qualification
Qualification
high
er gra textilee
seco fashio ngg
ndar n pg in other graduat
y other dip design textile gra e Total
mvendor yes 0 5 6 1 17 3 32
yes 1 3 3 1 7 0 15
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.934 1 .164
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting,
Vendor Evaluation techniques and Qualification of the respondent.
97
Table 65 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Sample and
Product Development techniques and experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msampledev yes 27 6 8 4 45
no 1 1 0 0 2
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.118 1 .732
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Sample and

Product Development techniques and experience of the respondent.
98
Table 66 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Sample and
Product Development techniques and experience
Qualification
Textile
higher gra engg
secon other fashion pg in other graduat
dary dip design textile gra e Total
msampledev y
1 7 8 2 24 3 45
es
n
0 1 1 0 0 0 2
o
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
2.392 1 .122
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Sample and
Product Development techniques and Qualification of the respondent.
99
Table 67 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Printing
Dyeing and Washing methods and experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mprintdyewas yes 25 6 7 4 42
h no 3 1 1 0 5
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.110 1 .740
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Printing Dyeing
and Washing methods and experience of the respondent.
100
Table 68 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Printing Dyeing
and Washing methods and Qualification
Qualification
higher gra
second other fashion pg in textileengg
ary dip design textile other gra graduate Total
mprintdyewas ye
1 7 8 2 21 3 42
h s
no 0 1 1 0 3 0 5
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square .833 5 .975
Linear-by-Linear
.001 1 .972
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Printing Dyeing
and Washing methods and Qualification of the respondent
101
Table 69 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with sketch studying
and Garment Construction methods and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msketchgarmentco yes 25 6 7 2 40
nst no 3 1 1 2 7
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
2.263 1 .132
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with sketch studying

and Garment Construction methods and Experience of the respondent.
102
Table 70 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with sketch
studying and Garment Construction methods and Qualification
Qualification
textilee
higher gra ngg
second other fashion pg in graduat
ary dip design textile other gra e Total
msketchgarmentcon ye
0 5 8 1 23 3 40
st s
no 1 3 1 1 1 0 7
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
8.554 1 .003
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is Significant relationship between Familiarity with sketch studying and
Garment Construction methods and Qualification of the respondent.
103
Table 71 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with department
wise costing details and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mdeptcosttec yes 20 6 8 3 37
h no 8 1 0 1 10
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.419 1 .234
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with department wise

costing details and Experience of the respondent.
104
Table 72 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with department
wise costing details and Qualification
Qualification
textilee
higher gra pg in ngg
secon other fashion textil othe graduat
dary dip design e r gra e Total
mdeptcosttec yes 1 6 5 2 21 2 37
h no 0 2 4 0 3 1 10
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
.649 1 .421
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with department wise
costing details and Qualification of the respondent.
105
Table 73 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with
Communication, Interpersonal skills and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mcommun yes 25 7 7 4 43
no 3 0 1 0 4
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.246 1 .620
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Communication,
Interpersonal skills and Experince.of the respondent.
106
Communication, Interpersonal skills and Qualification
Qualification
text
ilee
gra ngg
higher fashio pg in gra
second other n textil other dua
ary dip design e gra te Total
mcommun ye
1 8 6 1 24 3 43
s
no 0 0 3 1 0 0 4
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.287 1 .257
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is Significant relationship between Familiarity with Communication,
Interpersonal skills and Qualification of the respondent.
107
Table 75 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Fabrics,
Consumption Details and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mfabricconsum yes 26 6 8 3 43
p no 2 1 0 1 4
Total 28 7 8 4 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.268 1 .605
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Fabrics,

Consumtion details and Experience of the respondent.
108
Table 76 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Fabric
Consumption Details and Qualification
Qualification
textil
highe eeng
r gra g
secon other fashion pg in grad Tot
dary dip design textile other gra uate al
mfabricconsum yes 1 7 8 2 22 3 43
p no 0 1 1 0 2 0 4
Total 1 8 9 2 24 3 47
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.159 1 .690
Association
N of Valid Cases 47
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Fabric
Consumption Details and Qualification of the respondent.
109
Geographical availability and Price and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msfabavasilpric yes 18 14 2 3 1 38
e no 0 3 0 0 0 3
Total 18 17 2 3 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.095 1 .758
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Fabrics,
Geographical availability and Price and Experience of the respondent.
110
Geographical availability and Price and Qualification
Qualification
textilee
higher dip gra ngg
seconda tex fashion pg in other graduat
sslc ry tech other dip design textile gra e Total
msfabavasilpric yes 2 5 1 3 6 1 19 1 38
e no 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
Total 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
5.361 1 .021
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is Significant relationship between Familiarity with Fabrics,
Geographical availability and Price and Qualification of the respondent.(at 0,1
significance level_
111
Table 79 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Trims and
Accessories-quality parameters and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
mstrims yes 17 14 2 3 1 37
no 1 3 0 0 0 4
Total 18 17 2 3 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.028 1 .867
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Trims and
Accessories-quality parameters and Experience of the respondent.
112
Table 80 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Trims and
Accessories-quality parameters and Qualification
Qualification
higher gra textileeng
secon dip tex other fashion pg in g Tota
sslc dary tech dip design textile other gra graduate l
mstrims yes 2 6 2 2 5 1 18 1 37
no 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
Total 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
.388 1 .534
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Trims and

Accessories-quality parameters and Qualification of th erespondnet.
113
Table 81 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with interacting
with merchandiser and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msinteractionmer yes 17 12 2 3 1 35
ch no 1 5 0 0 0 6
Total 18 17 2 3 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.000 1 .991
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
Ther is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with interacting with

merchandiser and Experience of the respondent.
114
Table 82 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with interacting
with merchandiser and Qualification
Qualification
high gra
er fash
seco dip ion pg in textileen
ndar tex other desi texti other gg
sslc y tech dip gn le gra graduate Total
msinteractionmer ye
2 4 1 3 6 1 17 1 35
ch s
no 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 6
Total 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
2.536 1 .111
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with interacting with

merchandiser and Qualification of the respondent.
115
Table 83 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Negotiating
and communication skills and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msnegotiatecom yes 17 15 2 3 1 38
m no 1 2 0 0 0 3
Total 18 17 2 3 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
.086 1 .769
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There si no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Negotiating and

communication skills and Experience of the respondent
116
Table 84 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Negotiating
and communication skills and Qualification
Qualification
texti
gra leen
higher dip fashio pg in gg
secon tex other n textil other grad Tot
sslc dary tech dip design e gra uate al
msnegotiatecom ye
2 5 2 3 5 1 19 1 38
m s
no 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
Total 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
3.121 1 .077
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Negotiating and

communication skills and Qualification of the respondent.
117
Table 85 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with incoming
quality inspection, Lot to lot variation of incoming materials and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
msincomqc yes 18 17 2 3 1 41
Total 18 17 2 3 1 41
. No statistics are computed because this dependent variable is a constant

Table 86 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with incoming
quality inspection, Lot to lot variation of incoming materials and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
pg Textile
higher gra in engg
second dip tex othe fashion texti gradua
sslc ary tech r dip design le other gra te Total
msincomqc yes 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
Total 2 7 2 3 6 1 19 1 41
No statistics are computed because this dependent variable is a constant
118
Table 87 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting
and selecting employees and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrprospectnselecti yes
14 21 4 2 41
on
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Table 88 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Prospecting

and selecting employees and Qualification
Qualification
Texti
le
higher gra engg
second fashion other gradu
ary other dip design gra ate Total
hrprospectnselecti yes
1 1 2 35 2 41
on
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
Table 89 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with various Laws of

Industrial Relations and Experience
119
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrlawsnir yes 13 21 4 2 40
no 1 0 0 0 1
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.189 1 .275
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various Laws of
Industrial Relations and Experience of the Respondent.
120
Table 90 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with various Laws
of Industrial Relations and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
higher gra fashion textileengg
secondary other dip design other gra graduate Total
hrlawsnir yes 1 1 2 34 2 40
no 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.059 1 .809
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various Laws of
Industrial Relations and Qualification of the respondent.
121
Table 91 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with various
Welfare measures and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrwelfare yes 13 20 4 2 39
no 1 1 0 0 2
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.419 1 .518
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various Welfare

measures and Experience of the respondent.
122
Table 92 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with various
Welfare measures and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
hrwelfare yes 1 1 2 33 2 39
no 0 0 0 2 0 2
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.120 1 .729
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various Welfare

measures and Qualification of the respondent
123
Table 93 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with procedures of
Rewarding employees for Better performance and Experince
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrrewardem yes
14 21 4 2 41
p
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Table 94 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with procedures of

Rewarding employees for Better performance and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
hrrewardem yes
1 1 2 35 2 41
p
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
124
Table 95 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with measuring
performance of Employees and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrperfmeasur yes 13 21 4 2 40
e no 1 0 0 0 1
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
1.189 1 .275
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with measuring

performance of Employees and Experience of the respondent.
125
Table 96 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with measuring
performance of Employees and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
hrperfmeasur yes 1 1 2 34 2 40
e no 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.059 1 .809
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with measuring

performance of Employees and Qualification of the respondent.
126
Table 97 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Training and
Development of Employees and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
hrtraingndev yes 14 20 4 2 40
p no 0 1 0 0 1
Total 14 21 4 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.035 1 .852
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Training and
Development of Employees and experience of the respondent.
127
Table 98 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Training and
Development of Employees and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
hrtraingndev yes 1 1 2 34 2 40
p no 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 1 2 35 2 41
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.059 1 .809
Association
N of Valid Cases 41
There sis no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Training and

Development of Employees and Qualification of the respondent.
128
Table 99 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Book Keeping
Practice and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
finbookkee yes 9 19 5 1 34
p no 1 1 1 1 4
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
1.723 1 .189
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Book Keeping

Practice and Experience of the respondent.
129
Table 100 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with Book Keeping
Practice and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
finbookkee yes 1 1 1 30 1 34
p no 0 0 0 4 0 4
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.252 1 .616
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Book Keeping
Practice and Qualification of the respondent.
130
Computerised accounting method and experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
fincompute yes 8 20 6 2 36
r no 2 0 0 0 2
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
3.255 1 .071
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Computerised
accounting method and experience of the respondent.
131
Computerized accounting method and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
fincompute yes 1 1 1 32 1 36
r no 0 0 0 2 0 2
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.119 1 .730
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with Computerized
accounting method and Qualification of the respondent.
132
Table 103 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with working
capital Management Practices and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
finwc yes 9 18 6 1 34
no 1 2 0 1 4
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.431 1 .512
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with working capital
Management Practices and Experience of the respondent.
133
Table 104 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with working
capital Management Practices and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
finwc yes 1 1 1 30 1 34
no 0 0 0 4 0 4
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.252 1 .616
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with working capital
Management Practices and Qualification of the respondent.
134
Table 105 Significant relationship between Familiarity with cash
Management Practices and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
fincashmanag yes 9 19 6 1 35
e no 1 1 0 1 3
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.558 1 .455
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with cash Management
Practices and Experience of the respondent.
135
Table 106 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with cash
Management Practices and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
fincashmanag yes 1 1 1 31 1 35
e no 0 0 0 3 0 3
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.183 1 .669
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with cash Management

Practices and Qualification of the respondent.
136
Table 107 Significance of relationship between Familiarity with banking
Procedures and Experience
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
finbankin yes 9 15 6 2 32
g no 1 5 0 0 6
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
a
Linear-by-Linear
.305 1 .581
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with banking
Procedures and Experience of the respondent.
137
Table 108 Significant relationship between Familiarity with banking
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
finbankin yes 1 1 1 28 1 32
g no 0 0 0 6 0 6
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.401 1 .527
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with banking
Procedures and Qualification
138
Table 109 Significant relationship between Familiarity with various taxation
Crosstab
Count
experience
less than 5 10-15 15-20
fintax yes 9 20 5 2 36
no 1 0 1 0 2
Total 10 20 6 2 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.000 1 1.000
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various taxation

Procedures and Experience of the respondent.
139
Table 110 Significant relationship between Familiarity with various taxation
Procedures and Qualification
Crosstab
Count
Qualification
fintax yes 1 1 1 32 1 36
no 0 0 0 2 0 2
Total 1 1 1 34 1 38
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-sided)
Linear-by-Linear
.119 1 .730
Association
N of Valid Cases 38
There is no Significant relationship between Familiarity with various taxation
Procedures and Qualification of the respondent.
140
Chapter 5
Findings and Conclusion
Based the Analysis of data, the following conclusions are arrived at.
24% of the respondents belong to Merchandising Department. Production

personnel were 22% while Human resource executives made up 18% of the
respondents. About a fifth were from Fabric sourcing and 16.5 % belong to
finance and Costing
Graduate degree holders from streams other than Textiles make up about 60%
of the respondents. A tenth are Higher secondary passed and Diploma in
streams other than Textile are another one tenth and Graduates degree holders
in Fashion Design make up one tenth of the respondents. Engineers in Textiles
are just 3%while Postgraduates in Textiles are a mere one and a half percent.
Diploma holders in Textiles are 4% and Matriculation passed are just 1.5%.
A vast Majority of the respondents are having Experience of less than 10 years
and half of them are having experience less than 5 years. A tenth are having
experience between 10-15 years and only about 5% are having experience
between 15-20 years.
A vast Majority are confident of possessing Human relationship skills
Almost everybody are confident of possessing sufficient Knowledge to perform

their Tasks.
141
Based on Chisquare analysis, there is significant relationship between
The perception that their experience and knowledge is sufficient to discharge
their responsibilities of their area of function and the experience of the
respondent at 0.05 statistical significance level.
Except for a tenth of the respondents , others are confident of having Updated
Technical Knowledge in their respective Domains

their perception of their technical knowledge being uptpdate and the Experience
of the respondent. This statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level.
A vast Majority prefer the weekends especially Sundays for the Training
Programs, as they are occupied with their work on weekdays. A bit more than a
tenth are unable to find time for Training.
5.1 Production Functional area.
Based on Percentage analysis, the respondents are familiar in varying degrees

with Standard Alerted Minute (SAM), quality controlling techniques as well as
newly developed fabrics, Lighting impact, ergonomics and other industrial
engineering aspects, Statistical Quality Control and Operations Research and
production planning
The respondents are not so familiar with budgeting and costing,machinery

planning and layout and Lean manufacturing.
142
Based on Chisquare analysis, there is significant relationship between quality
controlling techniques as well as newly developed fabrics and experience of the
respondent.And there is significant relationship between budgeting and costing
methods in Production and Qualification of the respondent. Both are
statistically significant at the 0.1 significance level.
5.2 Merchandising functional area

with Prospecting, Vendor Evaluation, Sample and Product Development
techniques, Printing Dyeing and Washing methods sketch studying and
Garment Construction methods, department wise costing details,
Communication, Interpersonal skills and fabric consumption details
Based on Chisquare analysis, there is significant relationship between sketch

studying and Garment Construction methods in merchandising and the
qualification of the respondent. And there is significant relationship between
Communication, Interpersonal skills and the Qualification of the respondent.
Both are statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level.
5.3 Material Sourcing Functional Area
Based on Percentage analysis, the respondents are familiar in varying

degrees with specification of Fabrics, Geographical availability and Price,
Trims and Accessories-quality parameters, interacting with merchandiser for
requisition Negotiating and communication skills incoming quality inspection
and Lot to lot variation of incoming materials
143
specification of Fabrics, Geographical availability and Price and Qualification
of the respondent. This is statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level.
5.4 Human resources Functional area

with Prospecting and selecting employees for various
positions ,various Laws of Industrial Relation,s various Welfare
measures ,the procedures of Rewarding employees for Better performance,
measuring performance of Employees and Training and Development of
Employees.
5.5 Finance Functional area

with Book Keeping Practice, Computerised accounting method, working capital
Management Practices,cash Management ,banking Procedures and various
taxation Procedures
Since the Qualification of most of the respondents are not commensurate with
the Jobs, Training in various functional areas are required,. The Training
modules for 20 days in various functional areas was developed based on the
analysis of data.
144
Chapter 6
The Training Modules.
The Training modules were developed based on the analysis of data
and the Conclusions drawn.
6.1 .Merchandising Functional area

MODULE 1 – Apparel Industry Structure – an Introduction
DAY 1 – An overview of industry structure including all the key stake holders.
DAY 2 – An Understanding of product life cycle and seasons in apparel industry.
DAY 3 – An understanding of various target segments – designer label to discount
stores.
MODULE 2 – Decoding the Process and Role of Merchandiser
DAY 4 – An understanding of trends forecasts, research and development,

competitive shopping, international fairs.
DAY 5 – Design and Prototype development and initial costing.
DAY 6 – – Role and interface of Merchandiser at production
- Pre-production
– Production
– Post Production
– interface with different stake holders
MODULE 3 – Planning and Execution in a multi style environment within limited time
and resources.
DAY7 – understanding of various lead times – fabric, processing, transit, production.

DAY 8 – Critical Path Management – application of fundamentals in applied apparel
merchandising.
DAY 9 – Tools for order tracking, control and monitoring.
DAY 10 – Risk management and risk response planning.
DAY 11 – Change management and control in apparel merchandising
MODULE 4 – Basic technical knowledge and Retail merchandising
DAY 12 – understanding of design basics – styles, silhouettes, basic sketches.

DAY 13 –Technical knowledge for merchandisers
-understanding of basic stitch types
145
– basics of fit evaluation and pattern correction
– identification of patterns, methods of measurements etc .
DAY14 – Basics of Quality
– AQL, Just in time,
– TQM, Process reengineering, Kaizen, Benchmarking, fishbone, Pareto

charts etc.
– Basic defects – fabric and garment
– Fabric testing & evaluation
MODULE 5 – Sourcing skills
DAY 15 – evaluation of supplier sources and negotiation.

- using micro and macro perspective
– Negotiation strategy and tactics.
DAY16 – Sourcing fundamentals –
- Key factors in sourcing decisions.
- Comparative analysis of various sourcing destinations.
DAY 17&18 – Costing / Pricing – micro and macro perspective
DAY 19 – View from the Buyer’s side – landed costs, retail margins, customer
returns, claims etc.
MODULE 6 – Smart Merchandising skills
DAY 20 – Basics of filing, record keeping, paperwork, approvals and samples, and
professional templates and SOPs for effective merchandising.
146
6.2 Production Functional area
Time Title Resource Person

DAY I
9.00-10.00 AM Registration
10.00-11.00 AM Inauguration Chief Guest:
11.15-12.15 AM Textiles & Apparel – Introduction to current scenario,
International and national perspective. – Market dynamics.
12.15 -1.15 PM Apparel Production Technologies – Introduction to tech. used

across the globe and advantages and disadvantages. –
Technology Management
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Product development: Steps from prototype to production
model – Importance of pre-production activities – Product
data management:
3.15-4.15 PM Understanding and interpretation of specification sheet
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Determination of machine requirements
DAY II
9.30-10.30 AM Basic Pattern Making: Measurement taking – Size chart
and meaning of sizes – Definition of various garment
parts and positions – Drafting: Basic principles used to
draft standard size block patterns
10.30-11.30 AM Drafting of sleeve and collar & Computer grading
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Computerized production pattern making – Hardware, software
and system programming to produce a sample production
pattern – Computer aided manipulation of pattern pieces to
create individual styles
12.45 -1.15 PM spreading and cutting – Types and functions – Spreading and
cutting machines – Developments in spreading and cutting
including computer aided machines
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Sewing machinery Classification - Concept of sewing
machinery functions
3.15-4.15 PM Stitch and Seam Classification
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Sewing needle and sewing thread specification, thread
consumption
DAY III Industrial Visit – Most Modern Apparel
Industry
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DAY IV
9.30-10.30 AM Planning a logical garment construction sequence
10.30-11.30 AM Construction techniques of garment closures: Application of
zippers – fly, kissing, lap; Button and buttonholes, hooks and
eye snaps, Velcro
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea

11.45-12.45 PM Sewing problems and their remedies
12.45 -1.15 PM Classification and tabulation of data, construction of frequency
diagram and its applications- Quality– Measure of dispersion,
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Mean and standard deviation, co-efficient of variation- Quality
control charts for variables and attributes –
3.15-4.15 PM Acceptance sampling – AQL – Test of Significance
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Quality Assurance – ISO 9000 Quality System
DAY V
9.30-10.30 AM Concept and application of fibre quality parameters of natural
(Length, strength, fineness, maturity, moisture and trash) and
man-made fibres ( Length, strength, fineness and crimp) –
Fibre quality index and its relation with yarn strength and
evenness
10.30-11.30 AM Quality parameters of spun(Count and Strength and its CV %, ,
Evenness, imperfection, hairiness, Classimat faults) and
filament yarns (Count and Strength and its CV % , evenness) –
Yarn testing concept application
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Quality parameters of woven and knitted fabrics – Principle
and concept of Physical testing of fabrics – Fabric handle –
Fabric Inspection – Fabric defects – Fabric grading system
12.45 -1.15 PM
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Garment quality parameters –
3.15-4.15 PM Quality control in pattern making, cutting and stitching –
Quality of trims and accessories
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Quality control in garment finishing – Defects in garments
DAY VI Industrial Visit – Exposure to modern Testing
DAY VII
9.30-10.30 AM Job order Costing and its application in Garment industry.
Marginal Costing technique for decision making
10.30-11.30 AM Costing in Knitting and Garments– Elements of cost
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Calculation of garment weight of different sizes, Dia
determination, Setting the knitting program, Dyeing program
12.45 -1.15 PM Consumption of fabric per garment- Estimating of cost of
process loss in Compacting, Bleaching, Raising, Shearing ,
148
Printing and Dyeing
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Estimating the Knitting rates- Calculation of CMT charges.
3.15-4.15 PM Cost sheet with Profit margins and foreign quotes.
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM New concepts in costing – Activity based costing – Target
costing – Cost restructuring issues and Cost Reduction
Measures in the textile industry
DAY VIII
9.30-10.30 AM Preparatory processes of woven fabrics – Singeing – Desizing
– Scouring – Bleaching – Mercerizing – Heat setting – Other
preparatory processes – Process flow charts – Machineries.
10.30-11.30 AM Classification of dyes – Theory of dyeing – Banned dyes and

chemicals – Water quality – Water analysis – Waste water
treatment.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea

11.45-12.45 PM Dyeing of cotton – Dyeing of polyester – Dyeing of blends –
Wool and Silk dyeing
12.45 -1.15 PM Yarn dyeing
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Woven fabric dyeing
3.15-4.15 PM Knit fabric dyeing
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Garment dyeing – Washing – Stone washing, acid washing,
enzyme washing, bio polishing, bleaching, laser fading and
ozone fading - laundering equipment and procedures – garment
processing machinery.
DAY IX Industrial Visit – Exposure to Dyeing and
Finishing
DAY X
9.30-10.30 AM Finishing of woven fabrics – Finishing of knitted fabrics –
Tubular and open-width finishing.
10.30-11.30 AM Softener finish – Anti-shrink finish – Resin finish – Water
proof finish – Fire retardant finish – Anti-bacterial finish.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Modern developments in chemical processing
12.45 -1.15 PM State and modernization of textile chemical processing
industry
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Finishing: Optical brightening, stiffening, softening, crease
resistant and crease retentive finish, anti-static finish, anti-
bacterial finish,
3.15-4.15 PM water proofing, flame proofing, soil release finish, mildew and
moth proofing – Stain removal, care labels.
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Mechanical finishing : raising, sueding, other surface effects.
149
DAY XI
9.30-10.30 AM Product evaluation and profiling.
10.30-11.30 AM Production System - Products and Services – POM functions –
Operation Strategies
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Competitive priorities of textile industry
12.45 -1.15 PM Productivity – Productivity Improvement
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Demand Forecasting – Delphi method – Moving Averages –
Exponential Smoothing –Simple Regression and Correlation
analysis
3.15-4.15 PM Production Planning and Control in textile industry –
Aggregate planning – Master production schedule –
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Material requirement planning – Bill of material – Capacity
requirement planning – Introduction to ERP
DAY XII Practical Training in Garment CAD
DAY XIII
9.30-10.30 AM Inventory Management – Types of Inventory – Cost of
Inventory – Fixed Order Quantity Systems – Fixed Order
Period Systems
10.30-11.30 AM Economic Order Quantity – Other Inventory models – ABC in
Inventory classification – JIT in manufacturing – Kanban.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Manufacturing operations scheduling – Work centers – Work
centre scheduling –
12.45 -1.15 PM Sequencing – Priority Rules and Techniques – Shop floor
Control –
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Facility layout – Process layout – Product layout
3.15-4.15 PM Line Balancing – Cellular layout
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Job Design – Considerations in Job design – Work method
analysis – Work Measurement – Time study – Work sampling
– Work loads in textile manufacturing
DAY XIV Practical Training in ERP Software
DAY XV
9.30-10.30 AM Determination and Description of Material Quality-
Receiving and Incoming Quality Inspection , Acceptance
Sampling Plans, Vendor process capability; Cost
reduction Techniques-Standardisation, Simplification and
Variety Reduction; Value Analysis and Engineering
10.30-11.30 AM Make or Buy Decision, Purchasing Research , Sources of
Supply, Price Determination and Negotiation, Vendor
Rating, Selection and Development,
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
150
11.45-12.45 PM Legal aspects of Purchasing ;Public purchasing and
Tendering ;
12.45 -1.15 PM International Purchasing- Procedures and
Documentation;.
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Purchasing of Capital equipment-Appraisal Methods,
evaluating Supplier’s Efficiency
3.15-4.15 PM Stores Layout, Classification and Codification; Material
Logistics- Warehousing Management, Material Handling
: Cases from Textile and Apparel Industry
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Traffic and Transportation, Disposal of Scrap, Surplus
and Obsolete materials; Inventory control of spare parts,
Materials Information System.
DAY XVI Out Door activity based learning - Ooty
Soft Skills and Management games
DAY XVII
9.30-10.30 AM Introduction to energy management – need for energy
conservation – Demand side management – Energy
Consumption of textile machinery – Specific Energy
Consumption (UKG)
10.30-11.30 AM Cost of energy vs. sales value of textile products
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Energy Conservation in textile industry – Energy
conservation in lighting, compressors and boilers – Energy
Audit in a textile mill
12.45 -1.15 PM Captive generation and different types of fuels – Non
conventional energy Sources – Co-generation
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Types of effluents produced by textile industry – Effluent
treatment processes
3.15-4.15 PM Recent developments like Reverse Osmosis – Concept of zero
discharge
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Water quality and test methods – Quality requirement of
process water and drinking water – Water Pollution –
DAY XVIII
9.30-10.30 AM Effluent standards of pollution control boards – Solid water
management
10.30-11.30 AM Environment pollution and Industrialization – Environment
impact assessment and environment management systems –
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Air Pollution – Air pollution control and equipments in
industry – Air quality monitoring
12.45 -1.15 PM Noise pollution
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Introduction to Business Communication – Meaning and
151
significance – Types – Barriers –
3.15-4.15 PM Principles of effective communication Style of business
writing
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Business letters, routine, bad news, sales, collection and
application – Memorandum
DAY XIX
9.30-10.30 AM Individual; Presentation on Business topics relevant to
Textiles and Apparel-Video Feedback.
10.30-11.30 AM Group Discussions. Seminars aimed at improving
presentation skills.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Individual feedback on Scope for improvement to be
12.45 -1.15 PM provided by Faculty and internal assessment
components awarded on presentation skills
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Principles of non-verbal communication and their application
to clothing styles and body language -
3.15-4.15 PM Speeches, introduction, thanks, occasional and thematic -
Dialoged communication - Interviews, selection, appraisal,
discipline
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Group communication - Structured and unstructured.
DAY XX
9.30-10.30 AM Internal and External Communication of an organization -
Components of organizational communication.
10.30-11.30 AM Report writing - Structure of reports - Presentation skills -
Effective use of audio-visual media .Cases from Textiles and
Apparel
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Conducting Meetings – Procedure – Preparing agenda -
Minutes of meetings – resolutions
12.45 -1.15 PM Conducting seminars and conferences – Procedures of
regulating group discussions.
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Small test / Feedback / Other Discussions
3.15-4.15 PM
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Closing Ceremony Chief Guest
152
6.3 Material Sourcing Functional area
Time Title Resource Person

DAY I
9.00-10.00 AM Registration
10.00-11.00 AM Inauguration Chief Guest:
11.15-12.15 AM Textiles & Apparel – Introduction to current scenario,
International and national perspective. – Market dynamics.
12.15 -1.15 PM Textile Material Uniqueness and its properties

1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Understanding and interpretation of specification sheet
3.15-4.15 PM Availability in the International Arena
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Niche products and accessories
DAY II
9.30-10.30 AM Cotton material – Fibre to End product – Availability and
10.30-11.30 AM Value addition.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Silk – Fibre to End product – Availability and Value
addition.
12.45 -1.15 PM Wool – Fibre to End product – Availability and Value
addition.
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM
Other Natural fibres (Coir, Pineapple, bamboo etc)
3.15-4.15 PM
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Interaction on commodity trading
DAY III Industrial Visit – Fibre markets
DAY IV
9.30-10.30 AM Manmade fibres - Fibre to End product – Availability and
10.30-11.30 AM Value addition
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Other manmade Fibres (mineral etc) Fibre to End product –
12.45 -1.15 PM Availability and Value addition
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Mean and standard deviation, co-efficient of variation- Quality
control charts for variables and attributes –
3.15-4.15 PM Acceptance sampling – AQL – Test of Significance
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Quality Assurance – ISO 9000 Quality System
DAY V
153
9.30-10.30 AM Concept and application of fibre quality parameters of natural
(Length, strength, fineness, maturity, moisture and trash) and
man-made fibres ( Length, strength, fineness and crimp) –
Fibre quality index and its relation with yarn strength and
evenness
10.30-11.30 AM Quality parameters of spun(Count and Strength and its CV %, ,
Evenness, imperfection, hairiness, Classimat faults) and
filament yarns (Count and Strength and its CV % , evenness) –
Yarn testing concept application
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Quality parameters of woven and knitted fabrics – Principle
and concept of Physical testing of fabrics – Fabric handle –
Fabric Inspection – Fabric defects – Fabric grading system
12.45 -1.15 PM
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Garment quality parameters –
3.15-4.15 PM Quality control in pattern making, cutting and stitching –
Quality of trims and accessories
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Quality control in garment finishing – Defects in garments
DAY VI Industrial Visit – Exposure to modern Testing
DAY VII
9.30-10.30 AM Job order Costing and its application in Garment industry.
Marginal Costing technique for decision making
10.30-11.30 AM Costing in Knitting and Garments– Elements of cost
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Calculation of garment weight of different sizes, Dia
determination, Setting the knitting program, Dyeing program
12.45 -1.15 PM Consumption of fabric per garment- Estimating of cost of
process loss in Compacting, Bleaching, Raising, Shearing ,
Printing and Dyeing
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Estimating the Knitting rates- Calculation of CMT charges.
3.15-4.15 PM Cost sheet with Profit margins and foreign quotes.
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM New concepts in costing – Activity based costing – Target
costing – Cost restructuring issues and Cost Reduction
Measures in the textile industry
DAY VIII
9.30-10.30 AM Preparatory processes of woven fabrics – Singeing – Desizing
– Scouring – Bleaching – Mercerizing – Heat setting – Other
preparatory processes – Process flow charts – Machineries.
10.30-11.30 AM Classification of dyes – Theory of dyeing – Banned dyes and

chemicals – Water quality – Water analysis – Waste water
treatment.
154
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Dyeing of cotton – Dyeing of polyester – Dyeing of blends –
Wool and Silk dyeing
12.45 -1.15 PM Yarn dyeing
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Woven fabric dyeing
3.15-4.15 PM Knit fabric dyeing
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Garment dyeing – Washing – Stone washing, acid washing,
enzyme washing, bio polishing, bleaching, laser fading and
ozone fading - laundering equipment and procedures – garment
processing machinery.
DAY IX Industrial Visit – Exposure to Dyeing and
Finishing
DAY X
9.30-10.30 AM Finishing of woven fabrics – Finishing of knitted fabrics –
Tubular and open-width finishing.
10.30-11.30 AM Softener finish – Anti-shrink finish – Resin finish – Water
proof finish – Fire retardant finish – Anti-bacterial finish.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Modern developments in chemical processing
12.45 -1.15 PM State and modernization of textile chemical processing
industry
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Finishing: Optical brightening, stiffening, softening, crease
resistant and crease retentive finish, anti-static finish, anti-
bacterial finish,
3.15-4.15 PM water proofing, flame proofing, soil release finish, mildew and
moth proofing – Stain removal, care labels.
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Mechanical finishing : raising, sueding, other surface effects.
DAY XI
9.30-10.30 AM Product evaluation and profiling.
10.30-11.30 AM Production System - Products and Services – POM functions –
Operation Strategies
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Competitive priorities of textile industry
12.45 -1.15 PM Productivity – Productivity Improvement
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Demand Forecasting – Delphi method – Moving Averages –
Exponential Smoothing –Simple Regression and Correlation
analysis
3.15-4.15 PM Production Planning and Control in textile industry –
Aggregate planning – Master production schedule –
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Material requirement planning – Bill of material – Capacity
requirement planning – Introduction to ERP
DAY XII Practical Training in Garment CAD
155
DAY XIII
9.30-10.30 AM Inventory Management – Types of Inventory – Cost of
Inventory – Fixed Order Quantity Systems – Fixed Order
Period Systems
10.30-11.30 AM Economic Order Quantity – Other Inventory models – ABC in
Inventory classification – JIT in manufacturing – Kanban.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Manufacturing operations scheduling – Work centers – Work
centre scheduling –
12.45 -1.15 PM Sequencing – Priority Rules and Techniques – Shop floor
Control –
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Facility layout – Process layout – Product layout
3.15-4.15 PM Line Balancing – Cellular layout
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Job Design – Considerations in Job design – Work method
analysis – Work Measurement – Time study – Work sampling
– Work loads in textile manufacturing
DAY XIV Practical Training in ERP Software
DAY XV
9.30-10.30 AM Determination and Description of Material Quality-
Receiving and Incoming Quality Inspection , Acceptance
Sampling Plans, Vendor process capability; Cost
reduction Techniques-Standardisation, Simplification and
Variety Reduction; Value Analysis and Engineering
10.30-11.30 AM Make or Buy Decision, Purchasing Research , Sources of
Supply, Price Determination and Negotiation, Vendor
Rating, Selection and Development,
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Legal aspects of Purchasing ;Public purchasing and
Tendering ;
12.45 -1.15 PM International Purchasing- Procedures and Documentation;
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Purchasing of Capital equipment-Appraisal Methods,
evaluating Supplier’s Efficiency
3.15-4.15 PM Stores Layout, Classification and Codification; Material
Logistics- Warehousing Management, Material Handling
: Cases from Textile and Apparel Industry
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Traffic and Transportation, Disposal of Scrap, Surplus
and Obsolete materials; Inventory control of spare parts,
Materials Information System.
DAY XVI Out Door activity based learning - Ooty
Soft Skills and Management games
DAY XVII
9.30-10.30 AM Introduction to energy management – need for energy
156
conservation – Demand side management – Energy
Consumption of textile machinery – Specific Energy
Consumption (UKG)
10.30-11.30 AM Cost of energy vs. sales value of textile products
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Energy Conservation in textile industry – Energy
conservation in lighting, compressors and boilers – Energy
Audit in a textile mill
12.45 -1.15 PM Captive generation and different types of fuels – Non
conventional energy Sources – Co-generation
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Types of effluents produced by textile industry – Effluent
treatment processes
3.15-4.15 PM Recent developments like Reverse Osmosis – Concept of zero
discharge
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Water quality and test methods – Quality requirement of
process water and drinking water – Water Pollution –
DAY XVIII
9.30-10.30 AM Effluent standards of pollution control boards – Solid water
management
10.30-11.30 AM Environment pollution and Industrialization – Environment
impact assessment and environment management systems –
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Air Pollution – Air pollution control and equipments in
industry – Air quality monitoring
12.45 -1.15 PM Noise pollution
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Introduction to Business Communication – Meaning and
significance – Types – Barriers –
3.15-4.15 PM Principles of effective communication Style of business
writing
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Business letters, routine, bad news, sales, collection and
application – Memorandum
DAY XIX
9.30-10.30 AM Individual; Presentation on Business topics relevant to
Textiles and Apparel-Video Feedback.
10.30-11.30 AM Group Discussions. Seminars aimed at improving
presentation skills.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Individual feedback on Scope for improvement to be
12.45 -1.15 PM provided by Faculty and internal assessment
components awarded on presentation skills
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Principles of non-verbal communication and their application
to clothing styles and body language -
157
3.15-4.15 PM Speeches, introduction, thanks, occasional and thematic -
Dialoged communication - Interviews, selection, appraisal,
discipline
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Group communication - Structured and unstructured.
DAY XX
9.30-10.30 AM Internal and External Communication of an organization -
Components of organizational communication.
10.30-11.30 AM Report writing - Structure of reports - Presentation skills -
Effective use of audio-visual media .Cases from Textiles and
Apparel
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea
11.45-12.45 PM Conducting Meetings – Procedure – Preparing agenda -
Minutes of meetings – resolutions
12.45 -1.15 PM Conducting seminars and conferences – Procedures of
regulating group discussions.
1.15-2.15 PM Lunch
2.15-3.15 PM Small test / Feedback / Other Discussions
3.15-4.15 PM
4.15-4.30 PM Tea
4.30-5.30 PM Closing Ceremony Chief Guest
158
6.4 Human Resource Functional area.
\
The Training Module for Human resource Function
1. Prospecting and Selecting Employees for various positions:

HRM – Introduction
Business Environment and HR
Trends in HR
(i) Environmental Scanning

Forecasting the demand for employees
Analyzing the current supply of Employees
Decisions for Human Resource Planning
(ii) Human Resource Information System
(iii) Job Analysis: Writing Job Descriptions

Job Specifications
Job Design
(iv) Sources of Recruitment: Internal and External sources

Alternatives for Recruitment
Cost Benefit Analysis on Recruiting
(v) Selection Process:

Screening and Tests
Interviews
Cost Benefit Analysis on Selection
2. Laws related to Industrial Relation:
(i)The Factories Act

(ii) Employee’s State Insurance Act
(iii) Workmen’s Compensation Act
(iv) Industrial Disputes Act
(v)Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Act
(vi) Minimum Wages Act
3. Welfare Measures
(i)Statutory
(ii) Non Statutory welfare measures
4. Training and Development
159
(i)Training Need Analysis
(ii)Developing the Training Module
(iii) Training Calendar
(iv) On the job Training and Off the Job Training
(v) Training Techniques
(vi) Management Development Programmes
(vii) Coaching
(viii) Mentoring
5. Performance Management:
(i) Need for Performance Appraisal

(ii) Techniques
(iii) Performance Counselling
(iv)Performance Interviews.
6. Compensation Management:
(i)Factors influencing the Compensation

(ii) Pay Decisions –
(iii).Pay structures –
(iv) Direct and Indirect Compensation –
(v) Incentives : Financial and Non financial
Days Titles
1 HRM – Introduction
Business Environment and HR
Trends in HR
2 Environmental Scanning
Forecasting the demand for employees
3 Analyzing the current supply of Employees

Decisions for Human Resource Planning
4 Human Resource Information System
Job Analysis: Writing Job Descriptions

Job Specifications
Job Design
5 Sources of Recruitment: Internal and External sources

Alternatives for Recruitment
160
Cost Benefit Analysis on Recruiting
6. Selection Process:
Screening and Tests
Interviews
Cost Benefit Analysis on Selection
7. The Factories Act
8. Employee’s State Insurance Act

9. Workmen’s Compensation Act
10. Industrial Disputes Act
11. Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Act
12. Minimum Wages Act

13. Statutory and
Non Statutory welfare measures
14. Training Need Analysis

Developing the Training Module
Training Calendar
15 On the job Training and Off the Job Training

Training Techniques
Management Development Programmes
Coaching
Mentoring
16 Need for Performance Appraisal

Techniques
17 Performance Counselling
Performance Interviews
18 Factors influencing the Compensation
Pay Decisions
Pay structures
19. Direct and Indirect Compensation

Incentives : Financial and Non financial
20 Case Discussion
161
6.5 Finance functional area
Time Title Resource
Person
DAY I
9.00 – 10.00 AM Registration
10.00 – 11.00 AM Inauguration Chief Guest
11.15 – 12.15 AM Financial Management-Introduction, Overview and
Current practices
12.15 – 1.15 PM Introduction to Book Keeping and Accounting–
meaning and importance –Distinction between the
Book Keeping and Accounting
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Detailed discussion on various aspects of accounting -
the Account - Debit and Credit – rules for debit and
credit.
3.15 – 4.15 PM The books of accounts - The Journal – The Ledger –
The Trial Balance
4.15 – 4.30 PM Tea Break
4.30 – 5.30 PM The adjusting and closing process: Need for adjusting
entries – Types of adjusting entries – closing entries
DAY II
9.30 – 10.30 AM Ruling and Balancing account – Summary of the
accounting process – Subsidiary books – Internal
controls.
10.30 – 11.30 AM Significant book keeping ideas- discussion with
practical examples followed in the industry.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Introduction to Computerised accounting methods
12.45 – 1.15 PM computers and accounting – need for computerized
accounting methods
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM maintaining accounting data base systems- role of
computers in accounting
3.15 – 4.15 PM manual accounting – its relationship to computerized
accounting - advantages of computerized accounting
methods over manual accounting
4.30 – 5.30 PM software packages for accounting – significance of
accounting softwares
162
DAY VII
9.30 – 10.30 AM Receivables management- Introduciton- importance-
objectives – cost of credit extension – benefits
DAY III Practical training on TALLY
1. Company Creation and Alteration
2. Creating and Displaying Ledger
3. Voucher Creation
4. Voucher Alteration and Deletion
5. Inventory Information – Stock Summary
DAY IV Practical training on TALLY

6. Inventory Information – Godown Creation and
alteration
7. Final Accounts
8. Bank Reconciliation Statement
9. Accounting and Inventory Information’s
10. Bill wise Statements.
DAY V Industrial visit to Textile companies – practical
exposure to other Accounting Softwares
DAY VI
9.30 – 10.30 AM Working Capital Management –Introduction –
Concept – Need for working capital – Types of
Working capital
10.30 – 11.30 AM Techniques for assessing the working capital
requirements
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM sources of finance for working capital – Bank credit-
Appraisal of working capital by banks – Commercial
paper
12.45 – 1.15 PM RBI guidelines on lending for working capital
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Approaches for determining the working capital
financing mix
3.15 – 4.15 PM Issues in managing the Optimum level of Working
Capital
4.30 – 5.30 PM Practical problems of managing working capital –
Examples or case study from the industry
163
10.30 – 11.30 AM credit policies – Credit terms, Collection policies
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Issues in Receivables Management
12.45 – 1.15 PM Inventory Management – Introduciton- importance-objectives
classification and coding – cost of holding inventory- inventory
models – inventory valuation
1.15 – 2.15 PM LUNCH
2.15 – 3.15 PM Inventory - classification and coding – cost of holding inventory-
inventory models – inventory valuation
3.15 – 4.15 PM Issues in Inventory Management
4.15 – 4.30 PM TEA
4.30 – 5.30 PM Practical problems in receivables and inventory management –
examples from the industry
DAY VIII Industrial Visit – How industries Manage their Working Capital
DAY IX
9.30 – 10.30 AM Cash Management- Introduction – importance Motives for
holding cash
10.30 – 11.30 AM Objectives of cash management
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM - Basic problems in managing cash – Controlling the level of cash
– controlling the inflows of cash-
12.45 – 1.15 PM controlling the outflows of cash- optimum investment of surplus
cash.
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Cash Management models for determining the optimum level of
cash balance - Baumol model- Miller –Orr model
3.15 – 4.15 PM Practical issues in cash management
4.30 – 5.30 PM Practical problems of managing cash – Examples or case study
from the industry
DAY X
9.30 – 10.30 AM Overview of Banking Services - Definition of banker and
customer – Relationships between banker and customer -
Opening of account – special types of customer
10.30 – 11.30 AM Types of deposit – Bank Pass book-Banking regulation Act 1949
164
165
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM RBI credit control Measure
12.45 – 1.15 PM Managerial functions in banks- Bank deposits
accounts- Loans and Advances;
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Lending practices; Types of advances
3.15 – 4.15 PM Principles of sound bank lending;
4.30 – 5.30 PM preparation of reports; credit plans; planning
customers; limits of credit; security
DAY XI
9.30 – 10.30 AM Negotiable Instruments - Meaning, Types, Cheque,
Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes, Features of
Negotiable Instruments -Crossing and Endorsement.
10.30 – 11.30 AM Management of finance: Bank accounts; Records;
Reports;
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Statement of advances
12.45 – 1.15 PM Evaluation of loan applications;
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM profit and loss account; balance sheet and statutory
reports regarding cash revenue
3.15 – 4.15 PM Practical issues in banking – examples from the
industry
4.30 – 5.30 PM Practical issues in negotiable instruments– examples
from the industry
DAY XII
9.30 – 10.30 AM Investment Management – introduction- Nature of
bank investment; Liquidity and profitability;
10.30 – 11.30 AM preparation of cheques; Book debts; Securities -
government and commercial.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Bill of lading;
12.45 – 1.15 PM Other Banking Services- Foreign Exchange
Management
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
166
2.15 – 3.15 PM Letter of credit.
3.15 – 4.15 PM Purchase and discounting bill
4.30 – 5.30 PM Traveling cheque, credit card, Teller system
DAY XIII
9.30 – 10.30 AM New Modes of Financing
10.30 – 11.30 AM – Leasing as Source of Finance – Forms of leasing
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Leasing- Current practices with examples from the
industry
12.45 – 1.15 PM Venture Capital –Dimension Functions – Venture
Capital in India.
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM venture capital - Current practices with examples
from the industry
3.15 – 4.15 PM Factoring and Forfaiting – Types – Modus Operandi
of Factoring – Factoring as Source of Finance
Factoring
4.30 – 5.30 PM Factoring - Current practices with examples from the
industry
DAY XIV
9.30 – 10.30 AM Securitisation of assets – Mechanics of Securitisation-
Utility of Securitisation
10.30 – 11.30 AM Securitisation in India – Current practices
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Banks as Financial Intermediaries.
12.45 – 1.15 PM Role of Commercial Banks Financing/Term lending
1.15 – 2.15 PM Role of IDBI, IFCI, LIC, GIC, UTI
2.15 – 3.15 PM Banks as Mutual Fund and Investment Companies.
3.15 – 4.15 PM Role of banks as issue managers
4.30 – 5.30 PM Role of banks in corporate restructuring
DAY XV
9.30 – 10.30 AM Taxation – Introduction & Overview
10.30 – 11.30 AM Income Tax Act – Definition of Income – Assessment
year – Previous Year.
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Assessee – Scope of Income – Charge of Tax –
167
Residential Status – Exempted Income.
12.45 – 1.15 PM Heads of Income: Income from Salaries – Income
from House Property -Profit and Gains of Business or
Profession
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Income from Other Sources.
3.15 – 4.15 PM Capital Gains –Introduction and Overview
4.30 – 5.30 PM Deductions from Gross Total Income – with
illustrations
DAY XVI
9.30 – 10.30 AM Set off and Carry forward of losses
10.30 – 11.30 AM Aggregation of Income
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Computation of Tax liability
12.45 – 1.15 PM Assessment of Individuals
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM
Practical problems in taxation
3.15 – 4.15 PM
4.30 – 5.30 PM Illustrations from the industry
DAY XVII
9.30 – 10.30 AM Special features of Indirect Taxes - Contribution to
government revenues - Taxation under the
constitution - Advantages and Disadvantages of
Indirect Taxes.
10.30 – 11.30 AM Corporate Tax- Introduction and Overview
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Excise- Introduction and Overview
12.45 – 1.15 PM Levy and collection of Excise duty - Kinds of Excise
Duty - Basic conditions for liability to Excise
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Concept of Goods- Excisability and Intermediate
Products- Packing, Labelling and branding of
goods- Valuation of excisable goods -
3.15 – 4.15 PM Registration in Central Excise -Procedure for
Registration -Automatic or Deemed Registration.
4.30 – 5.30 PM Customs – Introduction and Overview
168
DAY XVIII Out bound training – soft skills and personality
development
DAY XIX
9.30 – 10.30 AM VAT: Terms and Definitions and Overview
10.30 – 11.30 AM VAT System in Tamilnadu – Registration of Dealers

– Input and Output Tax – Exempted Sales and Zero
Rated Sales – Penalties – Filing of Return
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM VAT as applicable to textile units
12.45 – 1.15 PM Main features of the Service Tax
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Customs Duty - Different Types of Customs Import
Duties
3.15 – 4.15 PM Abatement of duty in Damaged or Deteriorated
Goods - Remission on duty on lost, destroyed or
abandoned goods
4.30 – 5.30 PM Customs Tariff Act 1985 - Customs Duty Drawback.
DAY XX
9.30 – 10.30 AM Central Sales Tax Act 1956 – Overview-Objectives of
the CST
10.30 – 11.30 AM Levy and Collection of CST – Sales and Deemed
Sales - Subsequent sales
11.30 – 11.45 AM Tea Break
11.45 – 12.45 PM Practical examples – from the industry
12.45 – 1.15 PM Registration - Compulsory Registration - Voluntary
Registration- Security from dealer-registration
procedure.
1.15 – 2.15 PM Lunch
2.15 – 3.15 PM Feedback and Other Discussions
3.15 – 4.15 PM
4.30 – 5.30 PM Valedictory Chief Guest
169
ANNEXURE: Questionnaire
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR UNDERSTANDING THE GAP IN THE

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF MANAGERS IN THEIR FUNCTIONAL AREAS
WORKING IN THE GARMENT INDUSTRY AT TIRUPUR
Section – A
(Common to all)
1. Name:
2. Designation:
3. Address:
4. Phone no/Mobile no:
5. Qualification/s:
6. Experience (starting with present experience)
Organisation Area of responsibility Experience
170
7. What is your present functional responsibility?
(If you are not assigned with any responsibility related to specific
functional area, please mention NIL. You can also add other functional
areas, if you are doing anything other than the area mentioned here)
Functional Area Responsibility
Production
Merchandising
Production
Planning and
Sourcing of
Materials
Human Resources
Finance and
Costing
Any other(Please
specify)
8. Do you posses HR management skills to manage labours and other

members in the supply chain?
Yes No
9. Do you feel the present area of experience and knowledge is sufficient to

discharge your responsibilities of your area of function?
Yes No
10.Is your technical knowledge upto date?
Yes No
171
11.If you wish to update your skills, what will be your convenient timings?
Section B
(For Functional area -Production)
1. Are you thorough with A. production planning,
B.budgeting and costing,
C.machinery planning and
D. layout
2. Do you know Standard Alerted Minute (SAM)?
3. Are you well versed in quality controlling techniques as well as newly

developed fabrics?
4. Are you familiar in Lighting impact, ergonomics and other industrial

engineering aspects?
5. Are you aware of Statistical Quality Control and Operations Research?
6. Do you know about Lean Manufacturing?
(SECTION C-For Functional area -Merchandising)
1. Are you aware of Propecting, Vendor Evaluation?
2. Are you familiar with Sample and Product Development techniques?
172
3. Are you familiar with Printing Dyeing and Washing methods?
4. Are you familiar with sketch studying and Garment Construction methods?
5. Are you familiar with department wise costing details?
6.How good are you in Communication, Interpersonal skills?
7. How familiar are you with fabric consumption details?
(SECTION D-For Functional area –Materials Sourcing)
1. How familiar are you with specification of Fabrics, Geographical

availability and Price?
2. How familiar are you with Trims and Accessories-quality parameters?
3. Are you good in interacting with merchandiser for requisition/
4. How familiar are you in Negotiating and communication skills?
173
5.How familiar are you with incoming quality inspection, Lot to lot variation
of incoming materials/
(SECTION E_For Functional area –Human Resources)

1. How familiar are you with Prospecting and selecting employees for various
positions?
2. How familiar are you with the various Laws of Industrial Relations?
3.How familiar are you with the various Welfare measures ?
4. How familiar are you with the procedures of Rewarding employees for Better
performance?
5. How familiar are you in measuring performance of Employees?
6.How familiar are you with Training and Development of Employees?
(SECTION F-For Functional area –Finance)
1. How familiar are you with Book Keeping Practice?
2. Do you follow a Computerised accounting method?
174
3. How familiar are you with working capital Management Practices?
4. How familiar are you with cash Management?
5. How familiar are you with banking Procedures?
6.How familiar are you with various taxation Procedures?
175
References
1. Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC), various issues, Handbook of

export statistics, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, New Delhi
2. Ministry of Textiles (2006), Report of the Committee to Assess the

Requirement of Human Resources in the Textiles sector-Vision 2010
3. Rehman, Atiq ur and Ghulam Ali (2008). A Study of the Skills Gap
along the Cotton Value Chain:Garments Segment.
Retrieved from
http://www.icac.org/tis/regional_networks/documents/asian/papers/ali.pdf
4. National Skill Development Corporation(NSDC),Human Resource and

requirements in the textile sector (2022)
176

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Training module for the middle level managers

based on the skill gap identification for Garment

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL

The apparel exporters have an ambitious target of USD15 billion in exports by

15. 2.5.3. Regions which will drive human 23

21. 3.1 Instrument 28

22. 3.2 Sample 28

23. 3.3 Statistical tools of Analysis. 28

25. 4.1 Descriptive Analysis 30

27. 5. Findings and Conclusion 139

28. 5.1 Production Functional area. 140

29. 5.2 Merchandising functional area 140

30. 5.3 Material Sourcing Functional 141

31. 5.4 Human resources Functional area 142

32. 5.5 Finance Functional area 142

33. 6. The Training Modules. 143

34. 6.1 .Merchandising Functional area 143

36. 6.3 Material Sourcing Functional 151

38. ANNEXURE: Questionnaire 167

39. References 176

1.2 Problems faced by the Indian Garment Industry

1.3 Government Intervention and need for the study

What’s needed now is the government's support to compete with other

2.2. Skill requirements and skill gaps

In the age of cut throat competition among continuous upgradation of

In addition, literate and educated workers are quicker to learn as compared to

2.3.2Measures to Improve the Institutions

Function Level Skills Required Skill Gaps

Knowledge of various types

Ability to calculate the

Understanding of various Lack of soft skills for

Junior Reviewing materials used for Inadequate understanding of

execution of the order. experience.

Design and develop Inadequate understanding of

Man-management skills. Quality Control (this is

In-depth knowledge of Insufficient knowledge of

Good machine control - Lack of proper knowledge of

standard Ability to stitch the complete

Source: Report of the Committee to assess the requirement of human resource

2.5.1 Research & Development

2.5.3. Regions which will drive human resource requirements

2.6.1 Projected Size of the Textile and Clothing Industry

For undertaking study in the cluster

The data acquired to be compiled

Questionnaire was prepared based on Literature review and discussion with

Sample of 200 middle level Managers working in the cluster in various

3.3 Statistical tools of Analysis.

4.1 Descriptive Analysis: Percentage Analysis was used for

Table 4: Human Relation skills

A vast Majority are confident of possessing Human relationship skills.

Missing System 136 68.0

Total 200 100.0

Table 18: Merchandising: Sample Development

Table20 : Merchandising: Sketch studying and Garment Construction methods

Table 21: Merchandising: Department wise costing details

Nine tenths of the respondents are familiar with Communication, Interpersonal

Missing System 153 76.5

Total 200 100.0

Fabric consumption details are known to nineteenths of the respondents.

Most of the respondents know specification of Fabrics, Geographical

Nine tenths of the respondents are aware of Trims and Accessories-quality

85 % of the respondents are good in interacting with merchandiser for

Table 28: Materials Sourcing -Incoming quality inspection, Lot to lot