Lehrstuhl für Rechnernetze und Internet

Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut für Informatik

Universität Tübingen

UMTS Networks

Leo Petrak, Dr. Christian Hoene

und Prof. Georg Carle
 Course Overview

‰ Motivation
‰ Standardization issues
‰ UMTS architecture basics
‰ UMTS radio link
ƒ Physical layer
ƒ Signaling
‰ UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
‰ Basic functionalities:
ƒ Accessing the network
ƒ Transferring data ‰ IMS
ƒ Detaching from the network ‰ Charging
ƒ Information storage
‰ UMTS Evolution:
‰ Mobility
from R99 to Rel7
‰ QoS
‰ Security ‰ Beyond UMTS

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 2

 UMTS Evolution

‰ UMTS Releases Overview

‰ From GSM via GPRS to UMTS R99
‰ Rel4 Features
‰ Rel5 Features
‰ Rel6 Features
‰ Outlook Rel7/8

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 3

 UMTS Evolution - Literature

TS 23.234 „3GPP System to WLAN Interworking“

TS 23.246 „Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS)

Supplementary Reading:
„Interworking Architecture between 3GPP and WLAN Systems“ K. Ahmavaara et al.,
IEEE Communication Magazine Nov. 2003

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 4

 UMTS Releases Overview

‰ (almost) each year, a new Release of the UMTS standard is published

ƒ UTMS is evolving
ƒ first UMTS Release is "R99“, finalized in 2000 (not 1999)
ƒ subsequently numbered Rel4, Rel5,...
ƒ Work on Rel7 has started

‰ GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4

‰ Rel5 Features
‰ Rel6 Features
‰ Outlook Rel7/8

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 5

 GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 I

‰ GSM
ƒ CS domain
ƒ GSM RAN
• initially < 10kb/s, evolved to today (EDGE) 384 kb/s

‰ GPRS
ƒ adds PS Domain, in parallel to CS Domain
ƒ Initially higher transmission rates than GSM (max 115 kb/s)
• can also be used with EDGE
ƒ Shared radio channel (DSCH)
=> more efficient usage of radio resources,
because bandwidth demands of e.g. web traffic are highly fluctuating
(user needs time to read page) and bursty
ƒ allows a direct connection to e.g. the Internet
ƒ charging per data volume possible
• in GSM always charging per time unit

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 6

 GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 II

‰ UMTS R99
ƒ GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
• W-CDMA
• Higher bandwidth
– Up to 2Mb/s
• Macrodiversity, soft(er) handover
• Functionality differently distributed compared to GSM RAN
ƒ Support for QoS classes

‰ UMTS Rel4
ƒ Separation of Transport and Control in CS domain
ƒ CS Domain may also be IP-based

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 7

 UMTS Evolution

‰ UMTS Releases Overview

‰ GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
‰ Rel5 Features
‰ Rel6 Features
‰ Outlook Rel7/8

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 8

 Rel5 Features

‰ IMS
‰ Layer 2 between RNC and GGSN not necessarily ATM-based
‰ Flexible RANs
ƒ May attach GSM RAN and GERAN to PS domain
(see next slide)
• GERAN = GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
ƒ The proper term to refer to a system including GERAN and GSM RAN is „3GPP
network“ rather than „UMTS network“
• UMTS network implies UTRAN
‰ Iu Flex
ƒ Breaking hierarchical mapping of RNCs to SGSNs (MSCs)
‰ HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
ƒ „3.5G“
ƒ UTRA enhancement to increase downlink packet rate
ƒ Up to 14 Mb/s
ƒ Currently being deployed

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 9

 Rel5 Features – Flexible RANs

Application
HLR HSS Server (AS)
control to SGSN,
MSC-S., Cx to CSCF (SIP), SGSN,
transport GMSC-S. MSC-S., GMSC-S.

Mw Mm
CSCF SIP CSCF SIP
Mg Internet
SIP to UE via Mr SIP Intranet
connectivity service
GSM Gb/ MRF
Radio A Go COPS
Gb/ Gn
SGSN GGSN IP CS-GW
Iu ps IP Gi
Gb/A/ PS domain IMS
GERAN Iu cs/
Iu ps
A/ Nc PSTN
MSC-S. GMSC-S. SGW
Iu cs /ISDN
UTRAN
Iu ps/ Mc Mc
Iu cs IP or
A/ CS-MGW ATM Nb MGW CS domain
Iu cs

GSM / UMTS Core Network

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 10

 Rel5 Features – Iu Flex I

‰ Up to Rel5, RNC to SGSN relation hierarchical

ƒ Each RNC is assigned to exactly one SGSN
ƒ Each SGSN serves one or more RNCs

RNC
SGSN
RNC
GGSN
RNC
SGSN
RNC

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 11

 Rel5 Features – Iu Flex II

‰ Iu Flex allows many-to-many relation of

RNCs and SGSNs (and MSCs)
ƒ RNCs and SGSNs grouped as belonging to “Pool Areas”
ƒ A Pool Area is served by one or more SGSNs
ƒ All the cells controlled by a RNC belong to the same one [or more] Pool Area[s].
ƒ UE may roam in Pool Area without need to change the serving SGSN.

SGSNs SGSN Pool Area 1

serving RNC
Pool Area 1 SGSN
RNC
Overlap of
GGSN
Pool Areas 1 and 2
RNC
SGSN SGSN
serving
RNC Pool Area 2
Pool Area 2

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 12

 Rel5 Features – Iu Flex III

‰ Iu Flex allows
ƒ Load balancing between SGSNs in one Pool Area
ƒ Reducing SGSN relocation
• Reduced signaling
• Reduced access to HLR / HSS
ƒ Overlap of Pool Areas allows mapping mobility patterns onto Pool Areas
• E.g. Pool Areas may cover certain residential zones plus city center

City center

Residential
Zones

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 13

 Rel5 Features: HSDPA I

‰ HSDPA Features
ƒ Introduces new shared downlink transport channel:
HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Channel)
• Associated with up- and downlink feedback / control channels
• Can be allocated to a single PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context or to multiple
PDP contexts of several suscribers
ƒ Can accommodate peek-rates up to 14 Mb/s
ƒ Sustained rates of 1 – 5 Mb/s
ƒ Coexists with R99 UTRA in same frequency band
ƒ Existing Node Bs can be upgraded (theoretically) to support HSDPA

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 14

 Rel5 Features: HSDPA II

‰ Technical Realisation
ƒ 16QAM modulation
• Codes 4 bits per phase/amplitude shift
ƒ Node B based scheduling
• Reduces delay
– E.g. retransmissions handled more quickly
ƒ Node B based adaptation of data rate
• Depending on currently necessary and possible throughput adapt
code rate and modulation scheme
– Without HDSPA data rate fixed per session
⇒ optimize throughput
− Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat-reQuest )
− Upon detection of frame errors, receiver requests retransmission (normal ARQ)
− Information encoded redundantly in each transmission. Retransmission doesn’t
resend complete information, but only some more redundancy, complementing
the redundant data that has already been sent (Hybrid ARQ)
− Turbo Codes for FEC
− Powerful error correcting / encoding scheme suited for low signal-noise ratios
ƒ Usage of MIMO
• Multiple antennas in UE and Node B / spacial multiplexing

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 15

 Rel5 Features: HSDPA III

‰ Codes 4 bites by amplitude-phase shift using 16QAM

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 16

 UMTS Evolution

‰ UMTS Releases Overview

‰ GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
‰ Rel5 Features
‰ Rel6 Features
‰ Outlook Rel7/8

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 17

 Rel6 Features – Overview

‰Flow-based Charging (see slide set on charging)

‰Network Sharing
ƒAllow cost efficient sharing of network resources
•Scenario 1: Multiple core networks sharing common radio access network
(already in R99)
•Scenario 2: Geographically split networks sharing
•Scenario 3: Common Network Sharing
•Scenario 4: Common spectrum network sharing
•Scenario 5: Multiple radio access networks sharing common core network
‰IMS Services
ƒThese are services (mostly) supporting actual user applications
ƒPartly standardized by OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)
•E.g. Push-to-Talk
‰MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service)
‰WLAN interworking
ƒ use WLAN as access network for IMS instead of PS Domain
‰and many more…

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 18

 Rel6 Features – IMS Services I

‰ IMS Presence Service

ƒ What is it?
• User defined visibility to others
– E.g. reachable for everybody by any communication means when online. Except
when in a meeting. Then only reachable by email. Unless it is the boss, then also
available by phone
• User can find out presence of others
• Other services can use this service
– Push services, push-to-talk,…
ƒ Supported via…
• Presence Agent
– Provides information on user presence
– Obtained from UE or network
• Presence Server
– A SIP Application Server
– Stores all presence information
• Watcher Application / Proxy
– Request specific presence information from Presence Server
» Upon-request („pull“)
» By subscription („push“) (e.g. alert when user becomes available)
• Standardized Format for presence information, access rules

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 19

 Rel6 Features – IMS Services II
‰Push Service
ƒ Pushing of information from network to UE
• E.g. notification that mail has arrived, charging information,…
ƒ Problems
• Can only push when user is present
• Need to find current IP address of user
• network cannot activate PDP context
ƒ Support via
• Application Server notifies Proxy AS a Push Message is available for a certain Push Subscriber
• Proxy AS finds out about subscriber presence and IP address from AR
– Stores message until user is available
• When user is available, Proxy AS contacts NA in GGSN
• GGSN performs network-requested PDP context activation
• Push Message is delivered
ƒ Related problem: alert user that MMS has arrived
• Send SMS

AR

UMTS PLMN Proxy AS

AR: Address Resolver
NA AS: Application Server
Operator
External
Packet GGSN Gi Specific
Firewall IP Network AS NA: Notification Agent
UE Domain PDN
Network

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 20

 Rel6 Features – IMS Services III

‰ IMS Group Management

ƒ Setting up and maintaining user groups
• Uses Presence Service
ƒ Supporting service for other services
• Multiparty conferencing
• Push-to-talk
• Etc.
ƒ Standardization in progress

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 21

 Rel6 Features – IMS Services IV

‰ Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC)

ƒ What is it?
• Multicast of speech to predetermined list of parties
(„CB Funk“)
– Pick participants from „buddy list“
» They are alerted and accept by pressing a button
• „Half duplex“: only one person can speak at a time
– Whoever pushes the button first
• No dialing necessary, just „push“
– Uses „always-on“ functionality
– volume-based charging advantageous
ƒ Supported via…
• PoC Server (SIP Application Server)
– Session handling, media distribution, accounting
• PoC Client on UE
• Presence Service, Group Management, Multiparty Conferencing
ƒ Also possible using GSM conference call
– More overhead (call establishment) and more expensive
– Inefficient use of air interface

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 22

 Rel6 Features – IMS Services V

‰IMS Messaging
ƒ SIP-based messaging
ƒ Instant messaging, „Chat room“, and deferred messaging (equivalent to MMS)
ƒ Interworks with Presence Service to determine whether addressee is available

‰Multiparty-multimedia conferencing service in IMS

ƒ utilizing MRF (Media Ressource Function)
ƒ Supported by Group Management Service

‰Location-based services in IMS

ƒ UE indicates it wishes to use local service. S-CSCF routes request back to visited network
ƒ Mechanism for UE to retrieve / receive information about locally available services

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 23

 Rel6 Features – MBMS I

‰ MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

‰ Enables resource and cost efficient data transfer to many users in parallel
‰ Applications
ƒ Multicast of e.g. sport events
ƒ Broadcast of emergency information
ƒ Download of software (games)
ƒ Multiparty conferencing
ƒ Push-to-talk
‰ “streaming type reception”:
present data as it is received
‰ “download type reception”:
store data and replay later

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 24

 Rel6 Features – MBMS II

‰ How does it work

ƒ Application server submits multicast / broadcast data via Gi interface
• May be BMCS (Broadcast Multicast Service Center), or e.g. MRF
• Multicast effective especially on air interface
ƒ Control channel via Gmb interface
• Authorisation, sending encryption keys,…
• Network resource configuration
ƒ In multicast mode, data is transmitted only to cells with UEs that joined the service

MBMS User Service Application

MBMS
Server
Appli-
cation e.g.BMSC
MBMS bearer service control
UE
S G Gmb (AAA protocol)
R
MBMS G G
Bearer
A
N S S
Service Gi (IP multicast)
N N

MBMS data distribution tree

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 25

 Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking I

‰ Use WLAN as access network

‰ WLAN operated either by 3GPP operator or by 3rd party
‰ 6 scenarios are defined:
ƒ Scenario 1: Common billing and customer care
• Receive only one bill
ƒ Scenario 2: Common access control (authentication and authorisation) using a (U)SIM
based solution and charging
ƒ Scenario 3: Access to all 3GPP packet-switched services
(e.g., IMS, Push etc.) and services like SMS or MMS
ƒ Scenario 4: Service continuity between different accesses like WLAN and UTRAN (i.e.
service must not be set-up again, if access technology is changed)
ƒ Scenario 5:
Seamless mobility between WLAN and 3GPP access networks
ƒ Scenario 6: Seamless handover even for CS services
‰ In Rel6, only scenarios 1-3 are supported

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 26

 Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking II

‰ Architecture for supporting authentication, authorization and charging

(scenarios 1 and 2)
ƒ AAA Server is an IETF-standardized entity doing
“authentication, authorization, accounting”
ƒ AAA Server receives data from HSS / HLR
ƒ WLAN UEs
• multi-homed with WLAN and 3GPP access capability
• Contain USIM
ƒ USIM in WLAN UE allows using 3GPP subscription

3GPP Home Network

Intranet / Internet
HSS / HLR

USIM
WLAN Ww Wa 3GPP AAA
WLAN Access Network Charging
UE Server

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 27

 Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking III

‰ Architecture for supporting access to 3GPP packet-switched services

(Scenario 3)

3GPP Visited Network

Intranet / Internet
3GPP AAA
Charging
Proxy
Wa
Wg
WLAN Ww
WLAN Access Network Wn
UE WAG

Wd
Wp
Scenario 3

Wm
Wu 3GPP AAA
Packet Data Server Charging
Gateway
Wi

HSS / HLR

3GPP Home Network

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 28

 Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking IV

‰ UE is authenticated by Proxy AAA Server in visited network relaying

data to AAA Server in home network
‰ PDG (Packet Data Gateway)
ƒ A tunnel is established between UE and PDG
ƒ PDG provides access to 3GPP services (e.g. IMS)
ƒ PDG acts as Policy Enforcement Point for Service Bases Local Policy
(similar to GGSN)
‰ WAG (WLAN Access Gateway)
ƒ Gateway to WLAN, i.e. all packets to/from WLAN routed via WAG
ƒ Enforces routing of packets to PDG

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 29

 UMTS Evolution

‰ UMTS Releases Overview

‰ GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4
‰ Rel5 Features
‰ Rel6 Features
‰ Outlook Rel7/8

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 30

 Outlook Rel7/8 UTRA/UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE)

‰ LTE results in eUTRAN (evolved UTRAN) for

packet-optimized radio-access technology
‰ Goals
ƒ Decrease user-plane latency
• <5ms for small packets in unloaded condition
ƒ Decrease control-plane latency
ƒ Increase User throughput
• about 3 times compared to Rel6
ƒ Increased Peak Data Rate (100Mb/s downlink, 50Mb/s uplink)
ƒ Handover to and from UTRAN and GERAN
ƒ …
‰ Agreements
ƒ Simplification of protocol architecture and actual protocols
ƒ No dedicated channels
ƒ No macrodiversity in downlink, no inter-Node-B macrodiversity
ƒ OFDM on downlink, SC.FDMA on uplink
ƒ Packet-based

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 31

 Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) I

‰ Goals
ƒ Support of multiple (incl non-3GPP) access networks
• Incl. Inter-access mobility
• Streamline architecture
ƒ Accommodate results of LTE work
ƒ Accommodate results of AIPN work
‰ Focus on PS Domain
ƒ Assume voice services are supported by PS Domain

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 32

 Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) II

‰ Evolved Architecture
ƒ MME (Mobility Management Entity)
• Manages and stores UE information
• Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs
• Authentication and Authorization of UEs
ƒ UPE (User Plane Entity)
• terminates downlink path for idle state UEs
• triggers/initiates paging when downlink data arrive for the UE
• manages and stores UE contexts
GERAN Gb

Iu GPRS Core PCRF

UTRAN Rx+
S7
S3 S4

HSS Op.
S6 IP
S1 MME S5 Inter AS Gi Serv.
Evolved RAN (IMS,
UPE Anchor
PSS,
Evolved Packet Core
etc…)
ƒ Inter AS Anchor:
• User plane anchor for mobility between different access systems. S2 S2
• Supports handover between different access systems. WLAN
non 3GPP
IP Access 3GPP IP Access

* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 33

 Outlook Rel7/8 (All IP Network)

• WiMAX integration
– Along the lines of WLAN integration

• Integration of Personal Area Networks and Personal Networks

– Per location only one device has USIM (subscription)
– Other devices route traffic through subscribed device
» Subscribed device authenticates and authorizes on behalf of all others

AIPN

Access
System Access
System
Subscription

Mobile
Terminal
PAN

Device Device
Device

Personal Network (PN)

Use case 1: PN with the terminal away from the user

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 34
 Outlook Rel7/8 - AIPN

ƒ 3GPP SA1 feasibility study and service requirements

on evolution towards All IP Networks (AIPN)
• TR22.978, TS22.258
ƒ Scenarios in TR22.978
• Integration of heterogeneous access technologies and heterogeneous network types
– Personal Network, Personal Area Network, Ad-hoc Network, Mobile Networks, Sensor Networks
– E.g. mobility management can be solved locally (not in AIPN)

Ubiquitous Service
All-IP Network (AIPN)
City
Hotspot AIPN
Service
Bob’s
Home-WLAN

Change of point of Change of point of

Cellular access Sensor
attachment attachment
system connection

Bob's Bob's Bob's

PAN PAN PAN

Bob moves

TS22.978 Scenarios PAN, Moving Network

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 35

 Summary

‰ UMTS R99 (compared to GPRS)

ƒ GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN
ƒ Support for QoS classes
‰ UMTS Rel4
ƒ No major changes to packet-based part
‰ UMTS Rel5
ƒ IMS
ƒ HSDPA
ƒ Iu Flex
‰ UMTS Rel6
ƒ WLAN interworking
ƒ Flow-based charging
ƒ IMS Services
‰ UMTS Rel7 / 8
ƒ Re-thinking 3GPP architecture, protocols and radio technology
ƒ Moves towards All-IP networks
ƒ Integration of heterogeneous network types
ƒ Integration of heterogeneous access technologies

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 36

 Course Overview
‰ Motivation
‰ Standardization issues
‰ UMTS architecture basics
‰ UMTS radio link
ƒ Physical layer
ƒ Signaling
‰ UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain
‰ Basic functionalities:
ƒ Accessing the network
ƒ Transferring data ‰ IMS
ƒ Detaching from the network
‰ Charging
ƒ Information storage
‰ Mobility ‰ UMTS Evolution:
‰ QoS from R99 to Rel7
‰ Security ‰ Beyond UMTS

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 37

Where can we go from today?

What new services?

What new technology?

What is 4G?

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 38

 Outline

‰ What is 4G?
ƒ Evolution from 1G to 4G
ƒ Services
ƒ Technology

‰ Current 4G Activities
ƒ WWI Activities
• Ambient Networks

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 39

 Evolution from 1G to 4G:
Generations of mobile communication systems

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation Beyond 3G / 4G

(1G) (2G) (3G)
Timeframe 50s - mid 90s 90s – 2020? 2001 - ...? in 10 to 15 years?
Technology NMT, AMPS,... GSM (worldwide), IMT 2000 , e.g. ?
IS-95 (Americas, Asia), UMTS, CDMA2000
PDC (Japan),...
One “umbrella” standard
Standards proprietary, A number of international Few, open integrating
domestic standards standards heterogeneous
technologies?
Bandwidth Initially < 10kbps, up to 2 Mbps Yet more
evolves to 384 kbps
A/D Analogue radio, Digital Digital Digital
analogue /digital
network
CS/PS Circuit switched Circuit switched Circuit and packet All-IP?
switched

Cell radius Up to 150 km kilometers Meters to kms cm to kms?

Mobility Basic Advanced Global (within same Global,

(national scope) (continental scope) technology) intertechnology

Services Speech Speech, some data Speech, data, All services, AmI,
(MMS, SMS, WAP) multimedia networking of
networks, ubiquity,…
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 40
 What is 4G?

‰ 3.5G ?
ƒ HSDPA (HSUPA) / more bandwidth
‰ There is not yet a universally agreed-upon definition of 4G
ƒ for some bandwidth > 2Mb/s is 4G (outdated)
ƒ for some seamless integration of 3G and
WLAN / WiMAX /… (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) access is 4G
• Already being specified into UMTS standard
ƒ Korea: “WiBro”
• WiMAX plus simple architecture with mobility support
• Currently in pilot phase
ƒ for some, only a qualitative step forward
in technology and services becomes 4G
• See next slides
‰ When will 4G be available?
ƒ (depending on definition)
may be 2010… or earlier...or later…

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 41

 What is 4G? - Services I

‰ Often cited service features of 4G include

ƒ "translate desktop experience to mobile world“

• Particularly regarding bandwidth

ƒ “always best connected”

• Universal coverage
• Connectivity provided by “best” available radio technology

ƒ Self-configured networking of all user-owned

electronic devices
• Among themselves
• With the rest of the world

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 42

 What is 4G? – Services II

‰ Often cited service features of 4G include

ƒ "Ambient Intelligence"
• multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitous
computing")
• they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings
– learning and adaptive environment
– location-aware, context-aware, person-aware
– raises interesting security issues
» what information is spread and stored where
» user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)
– e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...

ƒ empowerment of user to act as service provider

• movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-
to-peer paradigm

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 43

 What is 4G? – Technology I

‰ Often cited technology features of 4G include

=> Smooth evolution path from 3G / integration of 3G

• In order to protect existing investment
• In order to allow localized deployment

ƒ "translate desktop experience to mobile world“

• Particularly regarding bandwidth
=> Lower cost/bit (than 3G)
=> Bandwidth on air interface >> 2Mb/s
• New radio technologies
• What spectrum?

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 44

 What is 4G? – Technology II

‰ Often cited technology features of 4G include

ƒ “always best connected”
• Universal coverage
• Connectivity provided by “best” available radio technology
=> “All-IP”
• Integration of “network controlled” technologies such as UMTS possible
– as “lower-layer”?
– By gatewaying?

=> Transparent integration of heterogeneous access technologies

• Any fixed access and RAN technology (UTRAN von UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth,...)
– integrated by means of IP-layer
• IP-based core network
=> Seamless mobility across heterogeneous access technologies
=> Reconfigurable multi-mode multiband terminals
• terminals can be adapted to local RAN technology by downloading appropriate software
(SDR - Software Defined Radio)
=> Policy-based decision making

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 45

 What is 4G? – Technology III

‰ Often cited technology features of 4G include

ƒ Self-configured networking of all user-owned
electronic devices
• Among themselves
• With the rest of the world
=> As on previous slide plus…
=> Support for dynamic interworking of networks such as
• moving networks
– a network moves as a whole, thereby changing its point of attachment
– e.g. passengers using train networks as access network
• Ad-hoc networks
– wireless devices communicating without infrastructure
– all nodes can act as routers
– autoconfiguration
» Devices must recognize when to form an Ad-hoc network
– e.g.PANs, BANs, HANs, VANs, WSNs etc.

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 46

 What is 4G? – Technology IV

‰ Often cited technology features of 4G include

ƒ "Ambient Intelligence"
• multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitous
computing")
• they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings
– learning and adaptive environment
– location-aware, context-aware, person-aware
– raises interesting security issues
» what information is spread and stored where
» user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)
– e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...

=> Intelligent Agent technology

• Software agents acting on behalf of the user
=> speech / gesture recognition?
=> Artificial Intelligence?

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 47

 What is 4G? – Technology V

‰ Often cited technology features of 4G include

ƒ empowerment (Ermächtigung!) of user to act as service provider

• movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-to-
peer paradigm

=> Distributed, flexible management and control

• Fixed, hierarchical management structures unfeasible for dynamic, ubiquitous
networks

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 48

 Outline

‰ Background
ƒ Evolution from 1G to 3G
ƒ Comparison UMTS and „mobile Internet“
‰ What is 4G?
ƒ Technology
ƒ Services
‰ Current 4G Activities
ƒ WWI Activities
• Ambient Networks

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 Current 4G Activities - Overview

‰ "Ambient Intelligence" scenarios defined by

EU ISTAG (IST Advisory Group)
ƒ http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm
‰ Vision of the future wireless world ("Book of Visions") by WWRF (Wireless
World Research Forum)
ƒ www.wireless-world-research.org/
ƒ founded in 2001
ƒ over 150 members from industry and academia
‰ EU 6th Framework IST Programme funds large-scale 4G research project
ƒ Previously funded 3G projects, preceeding standardization
ƒ WWRF initiated a group of research projects funded in this programme
under the umbrella of „WWI“ (Wireless World Initiative)
‰ Several industry-funded 4G research institutes
‰ many more activities...

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 Current 4G Activities – WWI

‰ EU 6th Framework Projects, currently running under WWI framework

ƒ „WINNER“
• New radio interface technologies
• Radio topologies for facilitating ubiquitous coverage
• Cooperation of heterogeneous radio technologies
• Efficient spectrum use and spectrum sharing
ƒ „E2R“ (End-to-end Reconfigurability)
• Reconfiguration of network nodes by downloading code and executing it
– E.g. for adaptation to local radio technology
– Other uses …
ƒ Ambient Networks
• Network issues
ƒ MobiLife
• Service issues
– Automatic (self)configuration of communication means, view and use of shared items
– Service lifecycle (creation, packaging, configuration, provisiojn..)
‰ Most major european players (manufacturers / operators / research institutes /
universities) are involved
ƒ Facilitating later standardization
‰ Each project employing 100 or more person-years / year
‰ Duration 2 – 6 years

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 Ambient Networks - Overview

‰ Ambient Network researches

dynamic interworking of networks
ƒ Interworking on both user plane and control plane
ƒ Need network configuration mechanism that is flexible and autonomous
• Need uniform dynamic method for creating, extending and merging networks: “Networks
Composition”
‰ The difference between end-system and network disappears
ƒ Users own networks that they attach to other networks
ƒ NNI = UNI:
an Ambient Network always shows the same interface, independent of its internal
structure (single terminal or composed network)
ƒ When Ambient Networks compose, the result is again an Ambient Network (!)

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 Ambient Networks - Composition Scenarios

Blue
Toot
h
WLAN

Attaching the Access Network

PAN 2

AN WLAN Access

to the Cellular Network

WL
Network in a Café
UMTS

Creation of PAN 1

Cellular Operator Cellular Operator

Network B Network A
Automatic establishment of Roaming Agreements
UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 53
 Ambient Networks: Types of Composition

‰ Network Integration
ƒ Involved networks merge into one common network
ƒ E.g. creation of a PAN
‰ Control Delegation or Control Sharing
ƒ One Ambient Network delegates certain control functions to the other Ambient
Network

Increasing cooperation
ƒ E.g. 3GPP-WLAN interworking:
WLAN delegates authentication, authorization and charging
to 3GPP network
ƒ E.g. PANs on a train:
PANs delegate mobility management to train network à la nemo
‰ Network Interworking
ƒ Cooperation according to the Composition Agreement but no control delegation
ƒ E.g. dynamic roaming agreements

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 54

 Ambient Networks: Comparison to 3GPP AIPN

‰ Both AIPN and Ambient Networks aim to integrate heterogenous access

networks and hetergeneous network types
‰ Both AIPN and Ambient Networks support control delegation
ƒ Network integration not a 3GPP problem
ƒ Network interworking already possible
• Roaming agreements, SLAs
‰ Difference AIPN and Ambient Networks
ƒ Ambient aims to achieve all this by a uniform plug&play procedure (aka
composition)
‰ „Network Composition“ is a new study item for 3GPP

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 Ambient Networks – Control Plane

‰ Network Composition is facilitated by a modular Control plane

ƒ Each network supports different control functionality
• When composing, cannot assume a particular functionality is present
ƒ When composing, an Ambient Network must be ready to take on control functionality on
behalf of another Ambient Network
• E.g. mobility control as in a moving network
• E.g. authentication/authorization as in WLAN/3GPP interworking
‰ A modular control plane
ƒ is not monolithic as in UMTS
ƒ is not a set of (more or less) unrelated ingredients as in IP networks
ƒ is a set of interworking “Functional Areas” (FAs)
• Can be implemented in a distributed fashion

Ambient Ambient
Network Network
Interface Interface
(….) (…)
Ambient
Ambient
Mobility Connectivity Security
Connectivity
GANS FA FA
QoS Composition
Congestion
FA FA
Control
FA

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 Ambient Networks – abstract addressing

Ambient
Network
Interface

Composition FA Composition FA
Connectivity Connectivity
FA FA
ANI ANI
Authentication Authentication
Authorisation Authorisation
Other FAs Other FAs

FA - Functional Area

‰ When two Ambient Networks compose, their Functional Areas need to communicate
ƒ E.g. QoS FAs need to establish Service Level Agreement (SLA)
‰ The FA/ node initiating the signaling usually doesn’t know the IP address of the responsible
FA/node in the other Ambient Network
‰ Need ability to abstractly address FAs, e.g. “QoS FA @ Ambient Network X”
ƒ Address a specific service rather than a particular node
‰ This goes beyond HIP addressing

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 Ambient Networks – abstract addressing Comparison with HIP

‰ HIP (Host Identity Protocol) studied in HIP Working Group of IETF

‰ Basic idea: separate locator and identifier
ƒ IP address continues to serve as locator
ƒ Introduce Host Identifier based on public keys
• A single host can have multiple identifiers
ƒ Applications use Host Identfiers to name peer hosts instead of IP addresses
‰ Host Identifiers are resolved into Locators by infrastructure elements
ƒ DNS
• Define new record to resolve Host Identifier into IP address of HIP Rendezvous Server
ƒ HIP Rendezvous Server
• Hosts register their current IP address there
• Other hosts can send initial HIP packets there for having them redirected
‰ Allows hosts to authenticate current IP addresses
ƒ Using HIP base exchange
‰ Legacy applications can also work with HIP
ƒ Can represent Host Identifiers in concise form as HIT (Host Identity Tag)
which have the structure of IPv4 / IPv6 addresses
‰ Problems solved with HIP
ƒ Dynamic relocation of hosts, dynamic allocation of IP addresses
• Alternative to Mobile IP!
ƒ Anonymity
ƒ Authentication for systems and packets

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 Ambient Networks – Approach

‰ Ambient Networks approach (quite generic for such projects)

ƒ User scenarios
ƒ Technical scenarios
ƒ Requirements
ƒ Modeling and design (UML)
• Use cases
• Object Diagrams, Interaction Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams…
ƒ Specification and Proof-of-Concept Implementation
ƒ Evaluation
• Match against requirements
• Scalability
• Deployability

UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony – Sommersemester 2006 59

 Summary

‰ The definition of what is 4G is not stable yet

‰ A number of 4G features are being discussed
ƒ Higher bandwidth on radio interface
ƒ All IP
ƒ Ubiquity
ƒ Seamless mobility across of heterogeneous access technologies
ƒ Reconfigurability / Autoconfiguration
ƒ Flexible networking
ƒ Ambient Intelligence
ƒ …
‰ Worldwide research on 4G is in full swing

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