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BOOK ONE-GRAMMAR
1. IT’ S A BOOK
a book
It Is a pen
a pencil
It + is = It’s
a book
It’s a pen
a pencil
2. WHAT IS THIS ?
What is this ?
What + is = what’s
a student
I am a pilot
a doctor
I + am = I’m
a student
I’m a pilot
a doctor
a teacher
You are a barber
a cook
1
You + are = you’re
a teacher
You’re a barber
a cook
Bill is pilot
Bill + is = Bill’s
Bill’s a pilot.
I am a teacher am I?
You are a student what are You ?
Betty is a mechanic is Betty ?
Bill + is Bill’s
He + is -- He’s a pilot
Betty + is Betty’s
She + is-- She’s a doctor
THEY’RE DOCTORS.
She is a doctor
He is a doctor
They are doctors.
doctors.
They + are---- They’re pilots.
barbers.
WE’RE STUDENTS.
She is A student
I am a student.
We Are Students.
doctors
We + are----- We’ re pilots
barbers
YOU’RE MECHANICS.
She is a mechanic.
You are a mechanic.
You are mechanics.
doctors
You + are----- You’ re pilots
barbers
2
8. THEY’RE NOT DOCTORS. THEY’RE MECHANICS.
I’m
He’s pilot
She’s Not a doctor.
Bill’s student.
You’re
We’re
Bill and I are doctors.
They’re not teachers.
Mr. and Mrs. Jones are students.
You’re
He
She Is not--- isn’t a barber
You
We Are not-- aren’t barbers.
They
It
This a desk
That is a doctor .
She a pilot
He
He
She a barber
Is This a teacher ?
That a book
It
Those desks
These are doctors .
They pilots
These teachers
Are Those barbers ?
They desks
Am I a student ?
He a pilot ?
Is She a mechanic ?
Bill a teacher ?
It
a book ?
You a mechanic ?
Are You students ?
We pilots ?
they mechanics?
3
IS HE/SHE A DOCTOR? Yes, he/she is/..No, he/she isn’t ..or. No,
he’s/she’s not.
13. ARE YOU A STUDENT? Yes, I’m a student./ no, I’m not a student.
14. ON/IN/UNDER.
THE TELEPHONE IS ON THE DESK/ THE BREAD IS IN THE BASKET. THE BOX
IS UNDER THE BASKET
BOOK 2 – GRAMMAR
cold.
Mr. Wilson hot.
He/She old.
The child happy.
My father Is tired.
Her sister Is not (very) well.
His brother Isn’t sad.
Mrs. Wilson young.
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Miss Adams angry.
Ms. Bates sick
3. IS BILL TIRED ?
Bill
Sue Is Tired.
The student
Bill
Is The student Tired?
Sue
You
The children are Sick.
They
We
You
Are The children Sick?
They
we
Happy?
Angry?
He/she Old?
The boy Hot?
Is The woman (very) Cold?
The man Young?
The child Sad?
Sick?
Well?
Tired?
5. BETTY AND TED ARE TEACHERS. BILL AND BOB ARE TIRED.
Bob is a student. Susan is a student, too ------ Bob and Susan are
students.
Mary is sick. I’m sick, too. ------ Mary and
I are sick.
Betty is a pilot. Ted is a pilot, too. ------ Betty and
Ted are pilots.
Linda is very young. John is very young, too. ------ Linda and John
are very young.
Bill is hot. Joe is hot, too. ------ Bill and
Joe are hot.
You are a student. I’m a teacher. What are you and I? ---- I’m
a student and you’re a teacher.
He’s a cook. She’s a student. What are they ? ----
He’s a cook and she’s a student.
John is a barber. Joe is a teacher. What are John and Joe? ---
John is a barber and Joe is a teacher
5
7. IS BILL HAPPY OR ANGRY. BILL IS ANGRY.
The map?
is The student?
Where The books?
are The pilots?
The map is Under the table.
The book On the chair.
The students In the classroom.
The pilots are In the barracks.
is
She His sister.
is
This Our money.
6
13. THAT IS BETTY’S BOOK. = THAT BOOK BELONGS TO
BETTY.
I
Am
You
They
We Are Inside
The boys outside
Linda
He
She is
It
INSIDE OUTSIDE
I Am Reading.
You Are Repeating.
He Writing.
She Is Sitting.
We Listening.
You are Answering
They going
I’m
You’re Standing up
He’s Talking.
She’s not Eating.
We’re Reading.
They’re Writing.
You aren’t Drinking.
He isn’t Walking.
She isn’t Studying.
We aren’t Sitting.
They aren’t
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17. ARE YOU EATING?
I
Am Eating Breakfast now
Am I
You
Are Studying Your lesson
Are You
He
She Is Listening To tapes
Is He
She
You
We Are
They watching TV
Are You
We
They
18. ? YES NO
8
21. WHAT IS HE EATING? HE’S EATING BREAKFAST.
BOOK 3-GRAMMAR
He
She eats lunch every day.
It
I
You Eat breakfast every morning.
We
They
He
She
Linda does not Eat Breakfast in the mess hall.
The boy doesn’t
It
I
You
We do not eat lunch in the mess hall.
They don’t
The students
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3. MAKING SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE YES/NO QUESTIONS.
I
You
Do We Go to the gym?
they
He
Does she Go to the class?
It
I
You Go to de gym. He Goes to class.
Yes , We Yes, She
they Do. it Does.
No, I Do not Go to the gym. He Does not Go to class
They Don’t No, She Doesn’t
You It
we Don’t Doesn’t
Mark studies English. --------> Does Mark study English?------> What does Mark study?
8. USING ADVERBS – ALWAYS, SOMETIMES, NEVER.
100% 50% 0%
How many students are in your class? Where (are you) from?
I was in Spain last year. What country (are you) from?
I wasn’t at the BX today. It wasn’t bad.
Were you in lab yesterday? In a month; last month.
10
10. ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY + NOUN + BE
I
Do You
We
How many students They See ?
He
does She
it
Am
I Am not
‘m not In the US today
He Is
She Is not
it Isn’t
I
He Was In Spain last year.
She Was not
It Wasn’t
We Are
You Are not In the US now.
They Aren’t
We Were
You Were not In France last month.
They Weren’t
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15. USING WANT TO + VERB.
I Eat.
You Wan to Drink.
We Go.
they Walk.
He Swim.
She Wants to Watch.
It Learn.
I Eat.
You Don’t Wan to Drink.
We Go.
they Walk.
He Swim.
She Doesn’t Wants to Watch.
It Learn.
I
You
Do We Want to eat In the dinning hall?
they
I
Yes, You Want to Eat
We In the dinning hall.
No, they
Don’t want to eat
Frank was in England last year.-------- Who was in England last year ?
Use the BE verb form was for I, he, she, and it.
Use the BE verb form were for we, you, and they..
12
20. PAST TENSE QUESTIONS – WHEN + BE.
Use the BE verb form was with I, he, she, and it..
Use the BE verb form were with we, you, and they.
BOOK 4 - GRAMMAR
Jack played baseball yesterday. He did not play tennis. He didn’t play soccer.
Mark went to the movies last Saturday. He drove his father’s car. Before the movie, he
bought a snack. He saw two movies. Then he drove home at 10:00 p.m.
13
6. CAN
7. MUST
8. MUST NOT
9. MAY/CAN
14
11. IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present Past
Begin Began
Drink drank
Sit sat
Swim swan
Come came
Get up got up
Know knew
Write wrote
Drive drove
Wake up woke up
Speak spoke
Choose chose
Eat ate
Take took
Take off took off
Stand stood
See saw
Wear wore
Hear heard
Say said
Have had
Do did
Sell sold
Leave left
Sleep slept
Buy bought
Bring brought
Fly flew
Go went
NEAR NO NEAR
Singular This That
Plural These Those
BOOK 5-GRAMMAR
Which
Tie Do you want?
Which One
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2. Using some and any
Some Towels.
I Have
Don’t
any
Some
Do you Have Towels?
any
Short answers
Yes. He will
No, he won’t
Year.
Month.
Next Week.
Weekend.
Saturday
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Morning.
Afternoon.
I Will depart Tomorrow Evening.
Night.
Two minutes.
An hour.
in Four days.
A week.
Six months.
A year.
Use a or an before singular count nouns that the listener doesn’t know about.
Exe. Look! I bought a new car.
Use the before nouns (singular, plural, or no count) that listener knows about.
Exe. I had to take the car to a mechanic already.
You can use a or an when speaking of a thing for the first time.
1. Gary bought a new car on Tuesday.
You can use the when speaking of the same thing for the second time.
2. Gary had to take the car to a mechanic on Friday.
Use many with count nouns. Use much with non count nouns.
* Use how many with count nouns. Use how much with non count nouns.
Use don’t have to when an action is not required. It does NOT mean must not..
You have to have an ID card.
You don’t have to give the library a photo of yourself.
You have to live in the city.
You have to pay for the library card.
You don’t have to get a new one every year.
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BOOK 6-GRAMMAR
I
You Think
He
She Thinks (that) the car is nice.
We
You Think
They
I want
Some food.
I would like
He
Would Like
Bruce Like To buy A sports car?
Would I
You
How He
What It Like (to)…?
Who would She
When We
where they
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Statement: Let’s order something for dessert. Use something in af. statement.
Negative : I didn’t eat anything for lunch. Use anything in a negative sent.
Question: Would you like something to eat?
Did she drink anything else? Use something or anything in a
questions.
Both sentences have the same meaning . Use anything when the verb is affirmative, use
nothing..
9. Using also.
Also = too.
The conjunctions and and but can be used to join two statements.
Use and to show addition. It is used when the statements are similar.
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BOOK 7-GRAMMAR
One man is happy. The other man is also happy.----- Both men are happy.
This cake is delicious. The other cake is also delicious --- Both cakes are
delicious.
This restaurant is crowded.
The other restaurant is also crowded .--- Both restaurants are
crowded.
3. OPPOSITES
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The opposite of big is little. ------- The opposite of narrow is wide.
-------- Strong is opposite of weak.
Slow is the opposite of fast.-------- Small and little are alike.
-------- Also and too are alike.
Wet and dry aren’t alike. --------- Check out is the opposite of check in.
-------- Hot is the opposite of cold.
5. MAKING COMPARISONS.
Greg is taller than Diana. This window is cleaner than that one.
ER + THAN
Tall Taller
Clean Cleaner
Narrow -- er Narrower
Weak Weaker
Slow Slower
long longer
Happy Happier
Heavy Heavier
Rainy Rainier
Windy ier Windier
Thirsty Thirstier
hungry hungrier
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WORDS THAT END IN E NEED ONLY R AND THAN.
--r + than
Nice Nicer
Large Larger
Little --r Littler
Late Later
Wide wider
This book is small. The other book is also small. Both books are small. Both are
small.
Tom speaks Spanish and English . Marie speaks English and Arabic . Both speak
two languages.
Did you take my book and his book? Yes, I took both of them.
Do you want milk or coffee? I’ll have both, please.
22
The superlative form of the adjective is used to compare three or more persons, or
things. Add the + est to one syllable-
adjectives and to some two-syllable adjectives. Ex: The small suitcase is the lightest.
BOOK 8-GRAMMAR
I Am
He Is Going to leave At 8:00.
You Are
Certain verbs may be followed by the present infinitive form (to speak, to
work, to talk, etc.). The verbs in the paradigm are verbs that you know, which
follow the pattern.
Begins
Forgets
Learns
Likes
Carlos Needs To speak English.
Remembers
Starts
Tries
wants
I
You
John May Go to the movies.
Marie might
Bob and Linda
Steve and I
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5. TELL LT JONES THAT I’LL SEE HIM AT THE LIBRARY.
TELL LT JOHN I’LL SEE HIM AT THE LIBRARY.
Tell Him
Don’t Tell Her (that) We’ll go at 6:30.
tell Sam
BOOK 9-GRAMMAR
The present progressive (I’m studying, you’re reading, etc.) is sometimes used
to express a future action which is expected to happen soon.
Will arrive
The plane Is going to arrive At 6:00
Is arriving
The word because is used to tell the reason for something. It can come before
or after the main clause…
Is
Feels
This Looks Good.
Sounds
Smells
tastes
The past progressive is used to show that an action took place over aperiod of
time..
I Was studying
Mark Was studying Last night.
Mark and Al Were studying
Ask or tell is used with an indirect object + the infinitive to express and indirect
request or command.
Ask To pay de bill.
Tell Bob To write a check.
To go to the store.
24
6. DID YOU ASK THE WAITER TO BRING US COFFEE?
NO. I ASKED HIM TO BRING THE MENU.
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word. Many adverbs
are formed by adding the suffix ly to the adjective.
* Notice the spelling change when the adjective ends in y.
25
Some have the same form for both the adjective and the adverb. (**)
Adjective Adverb
Good Well (*)
Fast Fast (**)
Forget, guess, hear, realize, learn, think, hope, remember, see, read, know
and understand…
After these verbs indicating mental activity you use a that noun clause as a direct
object. Notice: That is optional…
BOOK 10 – GRAMMAR
Found out
Forgot
Knew
Learned
Bill Remembered How to Fix the car.
Showed
Told Me
Taught
asked (me)
26
2. WHEN, WHILE, AFTER, BEFORE, UNTIL.
4. BE SUPPOSED TO.
I’m Relax.
You’re Supposed to Be on time for class.
He’s Wear a seatbelt.
She’s
We’re Not supposed to Drink and drive.
They’re Smoke in the classroom.
I
Am He Be in this building?
Is She Go to lab now?
Are You Supposed to Report to the captain?
We Obey traffic laws?
They
The infinitive form of the verb (to eat, to leave, to say, etc.) can sometimes follow an
adjective in the paradigm follow this pattern.
Will arrive
Is going to arrive
The bus Is arriving tomorrow
arrives
27
7. GERUNDS.
The object of a verb can also be a gerund. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb. It is
used as a noun.
I like playing basketball .
(gerund)
I like playing basketball.
(gerund phrase)
8. POLITE REQUESTS.
We use could you and would you to make a polite requests. (when we need
another person’s help).
9. BE ABLE TO.
Has Now.
Has had
is Today.
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Has been Since Monday.
We use the present perfect tense to talk about three kinds of actions:
Exe: They have been here for a month. (they got here a month ago, and
they’re still here).
The phrase how long is used to introduce questions about lengths of time.
The present perfect progressive tense stresses that an action or event is not
finished. It also suggests that it will continue into the future.
Keith Has
2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
29
Anyone and anybody are used in affirmative and negative statements and
affirmative questions.
Became and Get are used as linking verbs to show a change in state or
condition.
6. ADJETIVE CLAUSES
Exe: The test was too long for us to finish. (we couldn’t finish the test
because it was longer than necessary)
These shoes don’t fit well. They’re too tight. (these shoes are tighter than
they should be in order to fit well.)
An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after a verb tells the reason for
which something is done.
Exe: Jim didn’t have any news. He just called to talk. (He only called
because he wanted to talk).
30
Beth stopped at the store to buy some milk.(She stopped because she
needed to buy some milk.)
when the suffix “y” is added to a noun , the noun becomes an adjective which
means “like”, “full of”, or “characterized by” something.
Exe: The water was soapy. (the water was full of soap.)
Indirect speech reports what another person has said. For this reason, it is
also called reported speech. The speaker’s exact words aren’t repeated in
indirect speech:
Indirect speech
AT: is used with the time of day, with an age, and with the words night, first,
last, beginning, and end.
Exe: at noon, at night, at midnight , at 07:30 a.m., at the age of twelve. At first,
at last, at the beginning , at the end.
ON: is used with days and dates. It can also be used with parts of certain day
and the words time and schedule.
31
IN: is used with quantities of time and with the words beginning and end.
Exe: in ten minutes, in an hour, in a week, in two years, in the beginning , in
the end.
BEFORE AND AFTER: are used with time of day, with dates , and with
nouns that name events or occurrences.
Exe: before noon, after 5:00 p.m., before December 31, after April 15, before
the game, after dinner.
After six months, after thirty years.
Exe: from 1985 to 1993, from May 1 until June 15., from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30
p.m.
UNTIL/TILL: can also be used alone with days, dates, and times.
Exe: until next Friday, till next week, until 1997, till August 2. until 10:00 p.m.,
till midnight.
Exe: For half an hour, for three weeks, for one year.
BOOK 12 - GRAMMAR
1. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
We drive
If the weather’s good We’re driving To the beach.
We’ll drive
We’re going to drive
MAIN CLAUSE IF
CLAUSE
Can/could
May/might
Tom Should come If he doesn’t have to study.
Must/has to
Is able to
MAIN CLAUSE IF
CLAUSE
Can/could you
Will/would you Read my paper If you have time?
Are you going to
32
If you finish early What will you do?
Where are you going?
Conditional sentences have two parts: The if-clause and the main clause. One
type of conditional sentence is used to show what may/will happen in the
present/future if a certain condition happens. When the if clause has the
present tense, the main clause uses the present or future tense. Note that the
if clause may come before or after the main clause.
4. PRESENT PERFECT
I
We Have
You Haven’t Studied All afternoon.
They
He Has
She Hasn’t
I
We
Have You studied All afternoon?
They
Has He
She
The present perfect tense is formed with have or has + the past participle of
the verb. With regular verbs, the past participle is formed by adding –ed to
the verb. With irregular verbs, the past participle changes its form.
Dale: How long has your car’s engine sounded this way?
Gene: I’ve heard that noise for a week or two, I guess.
Dale: How long has it been since someone put oil in it?
Gene: I don’t think anyone has done it for several months.
Already ( ? & +): We use to say some happened before now or before this
time.
Ed already has a high school diploma. Mr. Smith is already here.
Are they already in elementary school?
Yet (? & - ) We use to ask or talk about something that did not happen before
now, but might in the future. It goes at the end of sentence.
33
I’m very hungry. Is dinner ready yet?. Can you wait ten minutes? John isn’t
here yet..
Anymore and any longer (? & -): They use to say that a past situation
does not exist. They go at the end of the sentences…
Is he in high school anymore/any longer? . She isn’t in the army anymore/any
longer.
No longer (+): Used to say that a past situation does not exist. It goes in the
middle of the sentences with the verb.
He is no longer a student. She no longer works at night.
Clerk: Can you wait until Monday until Monday? or do you need an
appointment today?
Mary: I really feel awful, so I need an appointment right away.
Steven: Does Rex have to stay outside, or can he come in the house?
Mother: He’s wet and dirty, so please keep him outside.
10. I CAN PAY CASH FOR THE GAS, OR I CAN CHARGE IT.
We can go now. We can leave later. We can go now, or we can leave later.
34
The ed adjective describes the person experiencing/having the feeling.
A noun clause is used to report what someone has said. This is called
indirect speech or reported speech.
The following changes are made:
1. The present tense verb in direct speech changes to the past
tense in indirect speech.
2. The conjunction that is used to introduce the clause. It is
sometime omitted.
14. USED TO
15. WOULD.
We use Would when we talk about things that often happened in the
past.
When my sister and I were young, my family would go to the mountains.
If the weather was good, we would get up early and go swimming in the
cold river.
Use to is also possible in these sentences.
Use er for the comparative form of adverbs that don’t end in ly.
BOOK 13 - GRAMMAR
We use so after some verbs as a substitute for a that – noun clause. The most
common verbs followed by so are think, believe, guess, hope, imagine, and
suppose.
Will Jack come to the party? I think so. (I think that Jack will come.)
Has Bill finished his work?. I hope so. (I hope that Bill has finished his work.)
The negative depends on the verb:
I think so. ----- I don’t think so
I believe so ----- I don’t believe so.
I imagine so ----- I don’t imagine so.
35
I suppose so ----- I don’t suppose so.
I guess so ----- I guess not.
I hope so ------ I hope not.
We use a that – clause after the adjective certain , sure, and positive to
express an opinion about someone or something.
I’m certain that I can go this weekend.
He’s sure that he’ll pass the test.
We’re positive that we’ll have enough money for the car.
The conjunction “that” is many times omitted in conversation.
The er and est forms are used with one- syllable adverbs.
Early Earlier (than) The earliest
Far Farther(than) The farthest
Further (than) The furthest
Hard Harder (than) The hardest
High Higher (than) The highest
Late Later (than) The latest
low Lower (than) The lowest
near Nearer (than) The nearest
slow Slower (than) The slowest
soon Sooner (than) The soonest
straight Straighter (than) The straightest
5. REVIEW OF MODALS.
36
Can I swim here?
Could I use your phone?
6. NOUN ADJUNCTS.
7. PHRASAL VERBS.
The term phrasal verb refers to a verb and adverb that are together. This verb
and adverb have a special meaning.
He put on his hat.
She wrote down the telephone number.
They threw away the old newspapers.
Many times a phrasal verb will have an object. There are two possible
positions for the object.
If the object is a noun, it can come before the adverb or after it.
He turned on the radio.
He turned the radio on.
She’ll look up the word in the dictionary.
She’ll look the word up in the dictionary.
If the object of a phrasal verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, etc.) the
pronoun must be between the verb and the adverb.
I like the hat. Try it on.
I’ll give you the money, but you must pay it back.
She is sleeping. Don’t wake her up.
Phrasal verbs are very common in conversation.
37
Exe: WHAT DID SHE SAY? . SHE SAID WE MIGHT GO.
Lt Allen: Sir, are we going to fly today?
Capt. Smith: It’s cloudy, but we may still fly.
(later…)
Lt. Bass: What did the Captain tell you?
Lt. Allen: He told me that we might still fly.
The suffix –er and –or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to express
the meaning of “one who” or “that which”.
He teaches students to read. He’s a teacher.
She collects stamps. She’s a stamp collector. *
The question word how has many uses. It is often used with adjectives to ask
questions.
* tall is used to refer to someone or something from the ground up; high is
used when talking about something at a point above the ground.
11. IF CLAUSES.
LARGE QUANTITIES
Many is used to refer to count nouns.
38
Much is used to refer to no count nouns. It’s usually used in neg. sentences.
A lot is used to refer to both count and no count nouns.
SMALL QUANTITIES
A Few is used to refer to count nouns.
A Little is used to refer to no count nouns.
GENERAL QUANTITIES
Some, any, and none are used to refer to both count and no count nouns.
Use some in an affirmative statement and question.
Use any in a negative statement and a question.
Use none in a affirmative statement only.
Example: Mrs. Vernon needs some more pencils. Does Ed have any?
Yes, he has some. No, he doesn’t have any. No, he has none.
BOOK 14 - GRAMMAR
A book a man
An apple a fish.
Irregular plurals
- es to words -es and changing - s to other Have different
ending in these the Y to I to words words. Forms:
letters: ch, ce, s, ending in a
z, ge, sh, x, consonant + Y
Fish
Boxes Families Books Deer
Sandwiches Duties Chairs Children
Dresses Cities Tables Feet
Inches libraries Words Teeth
Pages Boys Men
wishes Women
knives
The –es that is added to count nouns to form the plural has three different
pronunciations.
IZ S Z
Boxes Books Tables
Dresses Suits Sons
Sandwiches Cooks Words
Dishes Cups Windows
Pages Boots Boys
Quizzes Crops Duties
Horses Recruits Jobs
Chances Ranks Times
Classes basics Caves
services Eggs
39
Just is used to indicate recent completion in the past.
Soon is used to indicate expected completion in the near future.
3. AS……AS COMPARISONS.
4. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE.
5. ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
We can use certain adverbs before adjectives and others adverbs to make the
meaning stronger.
These adverbs have the general meaning of very . For example:
Extremely cheap (adverbs + adjective)
Really interesting ( adverb + adjective)
Rather good ( adverb + adjective)
Terribly noisy ( adverb + adjective)
40
after the noun.
The summer was hot. We went to San Francisco(during the summer)
The summer when we went to San Francisco was hot.
(When refers to summer, a noun of time.)
7. “IF” CONDITIONAL .
You can turn off the radio by pushing this button. Are you interested in
learning German? .. He apologized for being late.
The following is a list of common preposition combinations with verbs and
adjectives that gerunds can follow:
Verb + preposition
Adjective + preposition
41
9. MUST AS PROBABILITY.
Must is used with the simple present tense or the present progressive to
express probability.
Steve is smiling. He must be happy.
I smell smoke. Something must be burning.
Must not is used for the negative.
John’s light are off. He must not be at home.
Betty isn’t eating. She must not be hungry.
We use the modals must , may, might, and could to make deductions and
conclusions from the information that we receive.
Must is used when we are very sure or very certain about something.
May, might , and could are used when we are less sure or certain.
42
He is going to finish packing tonight.
Will Would
Present-Be going to Past-Be going to
*Notice that had to is used instead of must in the past tense reported speech
when must means necessity.
13 . IRREGULAR ADVERBS.
BOOK 15 - GRAMMAR.
43
She is Seldom On time
Is she Usually On time?
She Never Comes here.
Does she Always Come here?
More and Most are used with adverbs of 2 or more syllables for the
comparative and superlative forms.
ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
The suffix ion may be added to some verbs to form nouns. Note the spelling
changes….
Collect ---collection Confuse------confusion
Educate---education Instruct -----instruction
Locate------location Select------selection
Operate -------operation Promote-----promotion
Can I help you please? Yes, I’d like a cheese sandwich. (= I want a cheese
sandwich.)
We’re having a party next weekend. Can you come? Yes, I’d love to.( = Yes, I
want to come.)
That box looks heavy. I’ll help you with it. ( = I want to help you with it.)
7. REVIEW OF MODALS.
Should , ought to, and be supposed to have the same meaning. They are
44
used to give advise.
You should study more.
You ought to do better.
We’re supposed to take off our hats inside.
Would is used to express an action that was repeated regularly in the past.
Used to can also be used this way.
When I was a boy, my father would play baseball with us. When I was a boy,
my father used to play baseball with us.
8. LET’S GO SOMEWHERE.
Nowhere. (+)
9. ELSE.
The word else is used with adverb and pronoun compounds of some , any,
no, and every:
Someone else/somebody else = some other person
Anyone else/anybody else = any other person
45
No one else/nobody else = no other person
Everyone else/everybody else = every other person.
Myself Itself
Yourself Ourselves
Himself Yourselves
herself themselves
A reflexive pronoun is used as an object and refers to the subject of the
sentence or clause.
He looked at himself in the mirror. She injured herself during the game.
The children went to the movies by themselves .
Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis.
Who cooked dinner? . Betty herself cooked dinner, not her mother.
She cooked dinner herself….
We use adjectives after certain verbs called linking verbs. When an adjective
is used after a linking verbs, the adjective modifies the subject of the
sentence.
The most common linking verbs are:
Appear Get Smell
Be Keep Sound
46
Become Remain Stay
Feel seem taste
Examples:
Your friend is very nice
The coffee taste strong.
Tom appeared calm during the storm.
The food will remain cold on the ice.
Bill seems nervous about his operation…
BOOK 16 - GRAMMAR
Use the infinitive of the verb (without to) after “why don’t you” and “why
not”..
I Ask for a drink?
Don’t you Call him?
Why We Watch the news?
not Start jogging?
Open it now?
The past perfect tense expresses an activity that was completed before
another activity occurred in the past.
He Started the car After they’d fastened their seat belt
I Hadn’t met him Before he came to our class.
She Had gone inside By the time he thought to ask her.
47
The past perfect tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the
verb. It ‘s used when you’re talking about two things that have already
happened…
I
You Meat to chicken.
He Prefer (s) Boating to skiing.
She Tea rather than coffee.
We To ride rather than walk.
they
Am
I Was
Isn’t able to
Sue Is unable to Install de battery.
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Can’t
Wasn’t able to Be here last night
Frank Was unable to Be here last nighr.
Couldn’t
11. ENOUGH.
Count nouns are things that can be Non count nouns are things that can’t
counted. be counted..
Lessons Information
Showers Rain
Dollars Money
Spoons Sugar
Cups Coffee
Glasses Water
Minutes Time
peoples news
Too many is used to express “more Too much also means “more than
than enough”. .Use too many with enough”. .Use too much with non
count nouns. count nouns.
BOOK 17 - GRAMMAR
1. A LINKING VERBS.
The linking verbs in the list are used to express a state or condition. They
also reflect a point of view.
Angry
Seems A nice person.
He Appears (to me*) To be In a hurry.
Interested in books.
49
* This is sometimes placed at the beginning or at the end of the
sentence.
Note that the present tense verbs change to past tense, the order of the verb
and the subject changes , and the pronouns and possessive adjectives
change from one person to another.
Is it supposed to rain?
I don’t know
I wonder
I can’t remember If It’s supposed to rain (or not).
I’ve forgotten whether
I’ve not sure
I have no idea
When a yes/no question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to
introduce the clause.
Do you know
Can you tell me
Could you tell me when The library open?
Could you please tell me what Time it is?
Do you have any idea
Do you by any chance
know
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When a question-word-question is changed to a noun clause, the same
question word is used to introduce the clause…
Decide
Find out
Forget When To leave
Know Which To buy.
Learn How To cook.
I didn’t Remember Who To ask.
Show (her) Where To go.
Tell (him) what To do.
Teach (them)
ask (you)
51
11. EVEN THOUGH!!!
MANY PEOPLE DRIVE 65 MPH EVEN THOUGH THE SPEED LIMIT IS 55….
Soft
The fire Weak The pots.
I Black The dishes.
You Hard
Dark
TAG QUESTIONS
You You?
Have a large family, Don’t
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She doesn’t like fish, and Neither do they.
They don’t either..
BOOK 18-GRAMMAR
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUCTIONS.
Neither the passengers nor the bus driver was injured in the
accident.
3. INDIRECT SPEECH
4. ANTICIPATORY IT
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someone made mistake
It is Possible
was Clear (that) the party was over
The If-clause can also follow the main clause. In the pattern, there is no comma
between the clauses.
Used to can indicate a discontinued past habit. Something that was once done
regularly but is not anymore. When it is used in this way, it is followed by an
infinitive without to (the simple form of the verb).
54
Jean isn’t used to Eating supper at six o’clock.
We were accustomed to Dry weather in Arizona.
I wasn’t accustomed to Carrying an umbrella everywhere.
These are some of the verbs which can appear in this pattern:
Ask, Advice, Allow, Cause, Convince, Expect, Help, Instruct, Invite, Need,
Order, Permit, Require, Select,Teach,Tell, Want, Warn, Would like.
9. NEGATIVE QUESTIONS.
Negative questions are formed by adding the word not after the verb or
modal..
However, a contraction of not and the verb or modal is almost always used
in informal speech and writing.
The use of a negative yes-no question indicates that the speaker thinks he
already know the answer. He hopes for or expects an affirmative response
from the listener, even though he does not always receive one.
STATEMENT TAG
You’re a pilot, Aren’t you?
They study a lot, Don’t they?
We can leave now, Can’t we?
He’s not pilot, Is he?
They don’t study a lot, Do they?
We can’t leave now, Can we?
55
11. CAN’T/COULDN’T AS LOGICAL IMPOSSIBILITY.
Can’t and Couldn’t are often used to mean “It’s not possible that” or “It’s
impossible that……”
Have, make and get are often used to indicate that one person has the
power to force another to do something.
Get is followed by a noun or pronoun and a to-infinitive . Have and make
are followed by a noun or pronoun and an infinitive without to.
Had
Made Fix
He The mechanic The car.
got To fix
Must have indicates that a deduction is being made about a past action or
condition..
Should have and ought to have indicate that a past obligation wasn’t
fulfilled. They also express the idea that a sensible action was no taken.
Should not have is used to indicate that the a past action or condition was
not wise(no se sabia)
EX: He shouldn’t have changed lanes without signaling.
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Advertise Advertisement
Agree + ment = Agreement
Appoint Appointment.
BOOK 19-GRAMMAR
1. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
57
1. call for Go to get, pick The movie stars at seven o’clock. I’ll call
up. for you at about six.
2.call on Pay a a. I call on him whenever I’m in NY.
visit/request b. And now I’d like to call on our guest
someone to speaker to say a few words to us.
speak or recite
3. catch up overtake This student was never able to catch up
with with the rest of the class.
4. check out ofEnd stay in I checked out of the hotel at eleven.
hotel.
5. check up on Investigate the The police are checking up on the recent
background… activities of all four men.
6. chip in Contribute If we all chip in a dollar a piece, we’ll be
something, able to buy a nice gift.
usually money
7. come across find When a was cleaning out a drawer, I came
across some interesting old photographs.
8. come along accompany Why don’t you come long with us?
with. There’s plenty of room in the car..
phrasal verbs meaning examples
9. come to total The hotel bill came to $71.40.
10. drop in on Visit informally Our neighbor from up the street drops in
on us from time to time.
11.drop out of Stop attending, A few students have dropped out of
quit. school. They’ll probably have trouble
finding a good job.
12. get along Maintain a good I understand he’s getting along better
with relationship with with his mother-in-law than he used to.
13. get behind Delay in meeting Thy had so much sickness in the in the
in. some family that they got behind in paying their
obligation.. bill.
14. get in/get Enter or leave Get in front seat; the back’s full of stuff!!
out (of).. car, or others He got out of the taxi at Time Square..
small vehicles..
15. get on/get Enter or leave Get on the bus at the next corner.
off bus or other I got off the ship at Naples.
large vehicles..
16. get on with continue Let’s get on with our math lesson.
17. get over Recover from It took me two months to get over that
illness, surprise.. cold I caught at Christmas.
18. get through Finish, complete I’d like to read that book when you get
with through with it.
19. go on with continue Go on with your story; I’m enjoying it!
20. go over review Let’s go over the last two pages again.
21. go through Endure/search in a. That was the worst experience I
ever went trough.
b. Would you mind going through
this box of cold clothing to see if
there’s anything worth keeping.
22. keep on Continue to I kept on walking, though I no longer
knew where I was going.
23.keep up Remain equal a. She works so fast that I can hardly
with with/remain keep up with her.
informed… b. I subscribe to several news magazines.
24. look after Guard, take care We have a baby-sitter to look after our
of children when we want to go out.
25. look down Feel superior to She looks down on everyone who has
on less education than she does.
26. look Anticipate… I look forward to meeting you again in the
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forward to. near future.
27. look in on Pay a brief visit I think I’ll look in on my sister on my way
to home.
28. look in to investigate While you’re in NY, you might look in to
the possibility of finding a job there.
29. look out for Be careful about When you drive in residential areas, you
have to look out for children.
30. look up to Respect, admire He’s trusted by his employers and look
up to by all his fellow workers.
31. put up with Tolerate, endure You have to put up with a lot of
inconveniences when you travel.
32. run across Meet by chance When I was in Rome, I ran across several
of my former students..
33. run into Meet by chance We ran into some old friends last night.
34. run out of Exhaust the Coming back from Austin, we ran out of
supply of gas.
35. see about Find out what I have to see about shipping my excess
has to be done baggage by boat.
and then to do..
36. send for Order by mail I had to send for those books…
37 send for Summon a I have to go. The boss just sent for me
person by and wants to see me at once.
means of
another person.
38. take after Resemble a John takes after his father, but Mary
parent, etc.. doesn’t look or act like of her parents.
39. take out Pursue, chase The policeman took out after the
after speeding car.
40. talk back to Answer without They child talked back to his teacher and
respect was sent to the principal’s office.
41. think up create He’s always thinking up new ways to get
rich quickly.
42. wait on serve Here you can never find anyone to wait on
you
4. COULDN’CT HAVE.
We use couldn’t have + past participle to express logical impossibility about
a past action.
Example: Mark couldn’t have quit job.
I saw him at work just this morning.
Lt Rice couldn’t have been promoted yet.
He only recently became a lieutenant.
5. COULD HAVE.
We use could have + past participle to express past unfulfilled ability.
Examples: Curtis could have gone to college.
He decided to get a job instead.
Molly could have been a supervisor, but she turned down the offer.
59
A little is more positive and means some. They are used with no count nouns.
We’re so busy at the job that we have little time for conversation (neg.)
Let’s sit here. We have a little time before the bus leave. (pos.)
Conditional sentences have two parts: The If-clause and the main clause. One
type of conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or
situation . It tells what could , would , or might have happened in the past if
certain condition or situation had been true. The if-clause has the past perfect
tense, and the main clause uses could have, might have, would have plus a
past participle. Note that the if – clause may come before or after the main
clause.
Could
If we had left earlier, we Might Have been on time
Would
Could
If you had had more money, what Might You have done?
Would
Could
Ed Might Have passed If he had studied harder.
Would
Could
Might You have gone If you had finished your work?
Would
60
A passive to-infinitive (to / be / past participle) can be used as a direct object
of certain verbs such as expect, hope, like, need, prefer, and want.
Direct
Speech Ann: I ‘ m going to the coast this weekend.
Indirect
Speech Ann said that she was going to the coast this weekend.
Direct
Speech Ed: Al, are you taking the bus to work tomorrow?
BOOK 20
PRONOU QUANTIFIERS – OF
61
4. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PASSIVE
Am
Is being past participle
are
The use of the passive form emphasizes the receiver of the past action rather
than its agent. It can also indicate that the agent is not known.
6. ELSE
Question – words
Who Will be at the party?
Whom else Should we ask to the party?
What Can I do?
Where Can I look for my keys?
When else Do you have time?
How Can I get there?
Why Would he do it?
Pronouns
Adverbs
She does not know Where else she should look.
When else to have the party.
Can you tell me How else I can do it?
Why else he would say that?
62
When we have someone else perform a job for us, we often use a verb of
volition (like , want, need, or expect) , followed by a direct object and either a
passive infinitive or a past partciple.
Like, want, need and expect can be folowed by either a past partciple or a
passive infinitive.
8.Have and get are followed by a direct object and a past partciple. The
sentences below show the pattern.
Joe had His precription Filled.
Linda got Her letter Approved
I have to get My transmission Checked.
Did you get Your laundry Done?
How often do have Your hair Cut?
you
Why does not have Her car Painted?
she
When was the had The oil in your car Changed?
last time you
1. The tense of the verb changes from simple past to past perfect.
10–IVE/-TIVE/-ATIVE SUFFIX
Sometime we can add the suffixes IVE, TIVE, or ATIVE to a verb or noun to
make an adjective. Adjectives formed in this way indicate a certain tendency,
character, or quality.
63
Examples: Linda talks all the time. She is very talkative.
This watch has a defect. It is a defective watch.
Our farm produces large crops. The land is very productive.
A change in the spelling of the verb or noun is required in some cases. When
either IVE or TIVE is added to a word that ends with the letter e, that letter is
omitted.
Examples: Communicate/communicative
Create/creative
Defense/defensive
Produce/productive
In other cases , letters in the stem (raiz) are changed.
Examples: destroy/destructive
Persuade/persuasive
12. SO (THAT)
To express the idea of equality or the lack of it, we ca use as much as, or as
many as in the following pattern:
BOOK 21.
64
Pretty Prettier The prettiest
ADVERBS
Late Later The latest
Fast Faster The fastest
Early Earlier The earliest
COMPARATIVE: MORE/LESS
ADJECTIVES
Careful More careful Less careful
beautiful More beautiful Less beautiful
ADVERBS
Often more often Less often
Carefully more carefully Less beautifully
softly * more softly Less softly
ADVERBS
Often The most often The least often
Carefully The most carefully The least beautifully
softly * The most softly The least softly
* NOTE: There are exceptions...
Questions
What did Al say ? / what did Al tell you?
65
Reported Speech with past perfect progressive.
Al said
Al told me (that) Ben had been eating When Tom called.
Questions.
What did Al say? / What did Al ask you ?
If
Al asked (me) Ben had been eating When Tom called.
wheter
Where
What Was Ben eating When Tom called?
Questions
What did Al say?; What did Al ask you?
Al asked (me) Where Ben had been eating When Tom called.
What
5. SO....(THAT) / SUCH....(THAT).
SITUATION RESULT
Jim is So Tall (that) He has to bend to
Such A tall man enter.
66
How sick was your father? He was so sick that he had to go to the hospital.
How near do you live? I live very near...
8. REVIEW OF BE-PASSIVE
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the
passive verb. The pasive is formed with the verb BE + the past participle.
The agent may or may not appear in passive voice sentences.
67
11. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES(L3)
A restrictive adjective clause modifies a noun by describing or giving
additional information about that noun. It always directly follows the noun to
which is relates. Since it follows so closely, this clause frequently separates
noun from the verb.
Adjective clauses can be introduced by the relative pronouns that/which/who
and relate to the subject of the clause. In this type of structure, the clause is
linked to part or all of the main clause.
The relative pronouns may not be omitted.
Examples:
The book is on the table. It is interesting.
The book that is on the table is interesting.
Examples:
The woman was beautiful. I met her in the library.
The woman ( who(m) ) I met in the library was beautiful.
16.ANTICIPATORY IT + GERUND
A gerund is frequently used as the subject of a sentence.
68
Not buying a new car was a big mistake.
Mr. Kent is the man (whom) you should talk to about your taxes.
Mr. Kent is the man to talk to about your taxes.
Relative clauses introduced by when and where can also be reduced to to-
infinitive phrase.
The to-infinitive and gerund forms can be used as subject complements after
the verb BE. There are differences in the usage of the two. Subjects which
express duty, advice, purpose, etc, are often followed by infinitive.
“that” can be used to introduce these clauses, It can also be omitted in this
structure. When a noun clause follows one of these verbs, the verb in the
clause has no –s for third person singular and no –ed for past tense. Be is
used instead of is, am, are. We say that the verb is a subjuntive form.
69
BOOK 22
1. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE VS. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Use the present progressive to talk Use the simple present tense to talk
about something that is happening about something that happens all the
now. time.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Look!! It’s snowing !! It’s usually snws here in the winter.
Excuse me, what are you doing? What do you do after class most of the
time?
John and his cousin are jogging Do you ever jog? Yes, I jog every
around the block. morning.
3. PREFIX RE-
The prefix re- has the meaning of again.
Examples:
Bill: I’m glad we’re fixing this old radio.
Fred: I’m , too, but reconnecting the wires will be difficult.
4. AS IF / AS THOUGH
The conjunctions as if and as though are preferred in formal speech to
introduce an adverb clause of manner which expresses how someone or
something looks, sounds, smells, feels, or seems. Informally, however, we use
“like”.
As if
It smells As though Something is burning.
like
70
Dark/ darkness great/greatness
Dizzy/dizziness happy/happiness
Empty/emptiness ill/illness
Ready/readiness quick/quickness
Friendly/friendliness sick/sickness
Examples:
Cars that are parked on the grass/must be moved.
Cars parked on the grass must be moved.
Study the columns below. They show the kinds of words that can be used to
describe something and the order in wich the words are usually placed.
Determiner Adjective that Adjective that Noun used Noun
that tells gives a general gives a as an headword
which or how description. physical adjective
many. description.
An Exciting Soccer Match
Mom’n Delicious Hot Apple Pie
Dangerous Narrow Mountain Roads
Their Heavy Combat Boots
The Clear Blue Sky
No Major Health Problems
71
Two Interesting New TV Programs
Eager Young College Students
Several Small State Colleges
A dozen cheap white paper Plates.
72
Examples: Ed has lost his watch and is unable to find it.
The sound was too low, so we were unable to hear the tape clearly.
Had better is used to give advice.
Examples: We had better call off the soccer game tonight.
It’s starting to rain. You’d better take your umbrella.
BOOK 23
1. PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS NOUN MODIFIERS
A partciple is a verb form which can be used either in a verb phrase or as an
adjective. The present partciple ends in – ing. The past participle ends in –ed,
-d, -t, -n, or –en.
Examples: The water which boiling produces steam.
(present participle used in a verb phrase)
Boiling water produces steam.
(present participle used as an adjective)
73
SUBJEC VERB DIRECT OBJECT PARTICIPLE
We found The other guests Waiting for us.
He kept His fear of heights Hidden.
74
Example: Jim said, “Ann has been teaching French.”
Jim said that Ann had been teaching French.
One adverb of degree differs from these: enough follows the adjective or
adverb it modifies.
75
Example: accep + -ance= acceptance.
(the act of accepting)
Examples:
Beauty/beautify glory/glorify pure/purify
Class/classify just/justify simple/simplify
Electric/electricity liquid/liquefy solid/solidify
76
4. THE PREFIX CO- (L2)
Co- is a prefix which has the meaning of “joint” and “together with”.
Sometimes co- appears as com-, con-, or col- like in the words compress,
contain , and collect.
EXAMPLE:
Thank you for being my friend.
We were happy about not having homework.
When he spoke to the soldiers, the colonel insisted on their standing at
attention.
8. TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions are short questions which are attached to statements.
Affirmative statements have negative tag questions. Negative statements
have affirmative tag questions.
Examples:
You can understand this , can’t you?
You locked the front door, didn’t you?
There isn’t a television in that room, is there?
You like lemon in your tea, don’t you?
There aren’t any problem, are there?
77
Required
Urgent
78
Something, someone, somebody,anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, no
one, and nobody can be used in affirmative sentences.
Examples:
Ed put something in his desk.
I saw someone/somebody in the library.
You may choose anything you want from the menu.
Examples:
John went someplace/somewhere this morning.
Example:
We saw him run/runing across the field.
Can’t you smell the cookies baking in the kitchen?
BOOK 25
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Certain coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or
clauses that funtion the same way within a sentence. When a coordinating
conjunction connects these same structures, it is called “parallel structure”.
The most common are: and, or, but, and not.
And: It’s used to indicate addition.
Or: is used to indicate a choice of two items or an alternative.
But: show a contrast between two items.
79
Not: shows an acceptance of one and a rejection of another. It’s usually set
off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION.
The following conjunctions are called correlative conjunctions:
Both ......and
Not only.....but also
Either.......or
Neither.....nor
Both ..and shows the addition of two or more items or persons. It is stronger
than and.
The items that are joined by correlative conjunctions must be parallel, the
same kinds of words or phrases. Notice in the examples below that each item
in each part of the paired conjunction is the same grammatical structure.
Other conjunctions used are anywhere and everywhere, with or without that
following it.
Examples:
Apple don’t grow where the weather is hot.
The weather was cool wherever we traveled.
Wherever we traveled , the weather was cool.
You may sit anywhere (that) you like.
80
Yet, already, still, and anymore are adverbs of time. They have different
meanings and are used in different types of sentences.
Yet shows that we expect some action to take place in the future. It is used in
Yes/no questions and negative statements at the end of the sentence.
There are certain words which can join two related ideas or sentences.
These words are frequently called connectives, or transitions. Some of them
are used in conversation while others are used mainly in writing.
One type of connective expresses addition. They mean and. They are used
when you want to add something to what has already been said or when you
want to add an additional though which supports a previous one.
The following is a list of connectives that express addition:
Also , besides, furthermore, in addition, and moreover..
6. BE ABOUT TO
Be about to is used for the very immediate future.
The ship is about to leave. ( the ship will leave any minute now).
When we talk about the past, be about to is commonly used with a time clause
beginning with when.
We were about to leave when friends came to visit.
81
7. THE PREPOSITION “OF”
The preposition”of” has many different usages in English. He following are
some of the most common ways of used.
a. Of is used to indicate possession or association .
82
9. SUFFIX –AL
When we add this suffix , it has the meaning of “the act of or the process
of”. Look at the examples.
She will arrive a week from tomorrow.
We are looking forward to her arrival.
List of the most common nouns that are formed by adding the suffix –al .
Verb noun
Approve approval
Arrive arrival
Deny denial
Dissapprove dissapproval
Dismiss dismissal
Refuse refusal
Remove removal
Withdraw withfrawal
It disturbs me that you never help with the work around here.
It bothers a lot of people that Mr. Smith is quitting his job.
BOOK 26
1. BE ALLOWED TO / BE PERMITTED TO
The expressions be allowed to and be permitted to are used to indicate
permission. Look at these examples:
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Sure, go ahead. Yes, of course.
Sure, (it’s) okay. Yes, you (can/may).
Sure, no problem. Of course.
No, I don’t mind at all. Certainly.
DENYING PERMISSION
Sorry. Sorry, I can’t
Sorry , (it’s) not allowed/permitted. (No) I’m afraid not.
I’m sorry ,but.... Please don’t
I wish you wouldn’t
The tank was damaged Even though (it was) made of armor.
Even so,
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However,
Pete is looking for Nevertheless, He hasn’t resigned from
a new job; Nonetheless, his old one yet.
On the other hand,
Regardeless of that,
Even so,
The students did However, They did poorly on their
well in class. Nevertheless final exams.
Nonetheless,
On the other hand,
Regardeless of that,
6.STUDY THIS LESSON DESPITE THE FACT (THAT) YOU ARE TIRED.
Despite
In spite of What he’s done in the past, the jury should consider
No matter only the facts of this case.
Regardless of
Despite The fact (that) it’s been raining all week, the
In spite of graduation ceremony will still be held outdoor.
Regardless of
Examples:
Did you meet anyone interesting in the class?
No, there was no one special in the group.
10. I WILL NEVER SPEAK TO HIM AGAIN!!
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The frequency adverb negator, never, seldom, rarely, hardly, and scarcely,
are used toexpress the idea of infrequency. Frequently, they are used
together with the optional ever or the phrase at all as intensifiers of their
meaning. Notice the position of the adverbs in sentences. They will appear
before the verb, and/or after BE.
Examples: I am hardly ever able to catch up on my work at the office.
Randy never brings his own cigarettes.
Col Timmons scarcely look at the weekly reports.
Never say never.
BOOK 27.
1. USING WILL, WON’T , AND WOULDN’T TO EXPRESS WILLINGNESS AND
REFUSAL.
The word Will can be used to express this willingness. Won’t and wouldn’t
are used to express refusal.
Will + a verb can be used to express present or future
willingness. This structure has the same meaning as be
WILL + willing + to infinitive.
Example: John will lend me a dollar.
Jhon is willing to lend me a dollar.
Will + not (won’t) + a verb can be used to express
refusal in the present or future.
WON’T Example: Ed won’t give me a hand with the work.
Ed refuses to give me a hand with the work.
Would + not (wouldn’t) + a verb is used to express past
WOULDN’T refusal.
Example: He wouldn’t talk to us yesterday.
He refused to talk to us yesterday.
EXPRESSION + ING
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Waste an hour waiting
4. THE SAME AS, SIMILAR TO, ALIKE, AND DIFFERENT FROM. (L2)
b. Same indicates that the items being compared are identical, or without
differences. The always precedes same, and BE + the same is followed by
as. A noun or pronoun may come between BE + the same and as.
This picture is the same as that one.
c. Similar indicates that there are small differences between the items which
are being compared. BE + similar is preceded by a plural noun or
pronoun or a compound subject.
This picture and that one are similar.
d. Alike indicates that the items being compared are either almost or
completely identical. BE + alike is preceded by a plural noun or pronoun
or a compound subject.
These pictures are alike.
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6. SUMMATION USING ADVERBIAL CONNECTIVES
All in all
Consequently
In all
In conclusion
To conclude
To put in briefly
In short
To summarize
In other words
In summary
7. USING BE TO(L3)
meaning “be required to”, “be supposed to”, or “be scheduled to”, is used to
express necessity/obligation or future time.
The plane is scheduled to leave at noon.
The plane is to leave at noon.
8. EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
Example:
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You can borrow my book provided/providing (that) you return it tomorrow.
You can borrow my book if you return tomorrow.
The pronouns each other (entre si) and one another(uno al otro) are used to
indicate a reciprocal or mutual relationship.
BOOK 28.
1. REVIEW OF MODALS
Modals are used with the bare infinitive, a simple form of the verb without
“to”.
Examples:
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Where are you going on your vacation?
I’m not sure. We might go to Hong Kong.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER.
We use should, ought to, and had better to give advice, recommend, or
remind someone of something important, for questions and negatives. We
usually use should and had better.
Example:
Bill: That report should be ready by tomorrow.
Lee: Then I guess I ought to stay until I finish it.
2. TO- SUBSTITUTION
“To” – substitution can be used in the following constructions:
a. After verbs that take infinitive obcjects.
Frank has asked me to help him, but I really don’t want to (help him)
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4. THE SUFFIX –IST
“A person who does , makes , or follows” or “one whose profession is”.
Violin + - ist = violinist (one who play a violin)
Biology + -ist = biologist (one whose profession is biology).
5. ADVERBIAL CONNECTIVES
Abverbial connectives such as first, second, next, then , finaly, and last are
used when explaining the order in which events occur or the order in which
steps of an operation are performed.
Example: I got dressed first; then I ate breakfast and brushed my teeth.
Finally I went to work.
now
_____________________________ | ____x______x___________future
| event 1 event 2
d. The future perfect is used with the action that happens first., The other
action is often introduced by a time expression beginning with by, when,
before, or by the time. If a time clause is used , it will be in the present
tense.
now
_____________________________ | ____x______x___________future
| will arrives
have
left
e. Finally , the event expressed in the future perfect tense can actually be
one that begins in the past and ends in the future.
Example: John will have lived there for five years when you visit him
next March.
now
_____________________________ | ____x______x___________future
| will have visit
lived
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8.THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
The future perfect progressive tense is formed as follows:
WILL HAVE BEEN + VERB – ING
Examples: Will have been living.
Like the future perfect, the future perfect progressive is used with time
expressions beginning with by, when, before, or by the time. If a time clause
is used, it will be in the present tense. Also, the event expressed in the future
perfect progressive tense can actually be one that begings in the past and
ends in the future.
Example: I will have been studying for three hours when you see me.
now
_____________________________ | ____x______x___________future
| |............ |
studying see
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If I had studied harder, I could have passed the test.
If you had studied harder, Would you have passed the test.
The noun suffix –ist can be added to some nouns to express the meaning
“one who” or “that which”
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Nonrestrictive adjective clauses usually modify proper nouns or nouns
modified by this or that. They are set off from the rest of the sentence by a
comma or a pair of commas. Who , whom, and which are used to
introducce nonrestrictive adjective clauses. That is not used.
Example: Mr. Smith, who lives next door, is moving to Ohio.
The clause “who lives next door” does not identify the man who is moving
to Ohio. He has already been named by the proper noun “Mr. Smith”.
I wasn’t able to return the coat Because I’d lost the receipt.
Having lost my receipt.
The students stood at the corner Because they were waiting for the
bus.
Waiting for the bus.
BOOK 29.
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1. REVIEW OF CAUSATIVES
The verbs have, make , and get are commonly used in causative
constructions.
MAKE/MADE
Mrs. Jones makes her children clean their rooms.
The instructor made the students stay after class.
When you “make someone do something” it gives the idea that there are no
choices; someone must do something. The bare infinitive(simple form) is
used after the verb.
HAVE/HAD
We have Mr. James paint our house every four years.
He had his friend help him with his homework.
GET/GOT
He’ll get the carpenter to build a bookcase.
She got the mechanic to adjust the brakes.
PASSIVE CAUSATIVES.
I had my film developed. (by someone)
We got our car repaired. (by someone).
2. TIME EXPRESSIONS
Examples:
He lives in New york now. (adverb)
We went to the post office yesterday. (adverb)
I sometimes visit the library. (adverb)
Class start at 0730.(prepositional phrase)
They went to the bank on Sunday . (prepositional phrase)
She has lived in China for two years. (prepositional phrase)
3. VERB SUFFIXES
- EN, - FY, - IFY AND –IZE.
Wide – widen (to make wide)
Deep – deepen (to make deep)
Strength – strengthen (to make stronger)
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Length – lengthen (to make longer)
Clear – clarify (to make clear)
Solid – solidify (to become a solid)
Liquid – liquefy ( to become a liquid)
Modern- modernize (to make modern)
Familiar – familiarize (to make familiar).
4. GO + GERUND (L2)
The expressions with GO + VERB-ING are ones that describe activities.
Example:
We went fishing last weekend.
What do you usually do in the summer?
I like to go swimming at the lake.
The following are some common expressions with go+gerund:
Go dancing go shopping
Go fishing go sightseeing
Go jogging go swimming
Go running go walking
Advise need
Allow order
Ask permit
Cause persuade
Convince remind
Expect require
Forbid teach
Force tell
Hire urge
Instruct want
Invite warn
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Direct speech , or quoted speech, refers to the original words of the
speaker, quotation mare is used.
When the verb of the indirect speech sentence is in the past tense (said,
told, ask) the verb in the noun clause will also be in a past form. This
change to a past form is usually used when the words of the speaker are
reported at a later time, not immediately after it was said. Look at the
following examples of the sequence of tenses used in changing an indirect
speech noun clause to a past form.
Notice also the change in pronouns. The conjunction “that” is optional in
the indirect speech noun clause.
Many adverbs are formed adding the suffix –ly to adjectives to show
manner.The –ly adverbs describe the action of the verb and answer the
question “How?”. They are usually found at the end of the clause.
Adjective: slow
Adverb: slowly
Adjective: careful
Adverb: carefully
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“WHIT”
Express how something is done when an instrument or part of the body is
used.
Must have
We use to make conclusion or deductions about the past. ( we use must not
have ,not contraction in negative statement.)
BOOK 30.
1. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS
A gerund is often used as the subject of a sentence.
Subject Complement verb Complement
Driving Across the city takes About an hour
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| was Nice Meeting You.
It | was wonderful To see Maria again.
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how to wrap this package.
I don’t know were to find that book.
what to bring for the party.
6. CONNECTIVES
CONNECTIVE USE EXAMPLES
Indicates Albert prefers to read rather than watch TV.
RATHER preference or Martha likes working in the garden rather than
THAN alternative in the kitchen.
(similar to We’ ll walk rather than take a taxi.
“instead of”)
Indicates addition The game was long as well as tiring.
AS WELL AS (similar to Paul ordered rice as well as potatoes.
“besides”) Sally swims as well as skis.
Indicates contrast The curtains fit the windows in length, but not
BUT NOT NOTE: But not width.
does not join The party was great fun, but not long enough.
verbs.
7. NOUN/ADJECTIVE APPOSITIVES
8. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES(L3)
-y, -ly, -fu, -less, -ern, -ous, -ic, -ical, -ish, -like, -al, -ar , -ary
Examples:
Silk/silky hysteria/hysterical
Brother/brotherly style/stylish
Use/useful child/childlike
Home/homeless station/stationary
North/northern family/familiar
-ent, -ant
Examples:
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Differ/different assist/assistant
Ward.
Examples:
Back/backward land/landward.
9. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Singular Indefinite Pronouns:
One, each, either, neither, every, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no
one, nobody.
Examples:
One of the teachers in our school has a foreing car.
Each of the children in the class has a dictionary.
There + Be:
Examples:
There is a pencil on the table.
There are some pencils on the table.
Compound subjects:
Examples:
Her brother and president of the company was at the party.
Betty , together with her sister, is going to Italy.
David , accompanied by Theresa, was at the theater.
Every student and every teacher was at the meeting.
Each coach and each player knows this rule.
Beacon and eggs is my favorite breakfast.
Tomas or Eric operates the new computer.
Neither Todd nor Roy understands the problem.
Either you or the girl has to complete the task.
Either you or the girls have to complete the task.
Neither Tom nor Jim was here.
Neither Tom nor his friends were there.
And when two or more subjects are joined by and, a plural verb is used.
Examples:
Ross and Ted are good friends.
Mr. and Mrs. Jones are hardworking individuals.
Expressions of quantity.
Any, all, some, none, more, and most.
Examples:
Are any of the students from Ecuador?
All of the water in this area has a lot of minerals.
None of the pie was eaten.
None of the pies were eaten.
Irregular construction:
Some nouns which are irregular always appear in plural form, and therefore require
plural verbs.
Example:
The clothes are in the dryier.
Other irregular nouns end in –s and are singular in meaning, and therefore take a
singular verb.
Example:
The news about more US jobs is good.
Plural :
The man works eight hours. The men work eight hours.
Singular:
One fish was in the shallow water. Ten fish were in deep water.
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INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Neither of the two instructors was at the party.
Every room in the house needs to be painted.
Someone from Spain is visiting Bruce.
THERE + BE
There is a student from Spain in our class.
There are many decisions to be made before we settle here.
COMPOUND SUBJECTS
The student and team captain is Mr. Smith’s son.
Sgt. Carson, together with Sgt Evans, rides the bus to the city.
Bread and butter is served at dinner.
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
Some of the butter contains less animal fat.
None of the pilots have checked in.
IRREGULAR CONSTRUCTION
The following sentences contain irregular singulars and plurals.
- Physics keeps Ed very busy at he university.
- Mathematics confuses many students in that class.
- Whose pliers are on the table?
- The children go out to play everyday.
- The fish in the lake grow very quickly.
- The sheep on our ranch produce a lot of wool.
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Sing. I me my mine myself
You you your yours yourself
She her her hers herself
He him his his himself
It it its itself
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