UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA

CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS E INGENIERÍAS.

DIVISIÓN DE INGENIERÍAS.

Final Project. Manuscript.

Career: Bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering.

Students:

Akita Ocampo Ernesto Masaru. Code: 216579777.

Davalos Chapa Erick. Code: 216504556.

Gutiérrez Méndez Lexi Noel.  Code: 216742503.

Subject: Materials Engineering.

NRC: 72236  Key: I7390  Section: D03

Hours: Tuesday 11:00-13:00, Thursday 11:00-13:00.

Group: Q25

Professor: Rivera Tello, Cesar Daniel.

Delivery date: Tuesday, May 12, 2020.

Introduction

What is a ceramic?

Ceramic materials are non-metallic inorganic materials, consisting of metallic and

non-metallic elements bound mainly by ionic and/or covalent bonds. The chemical
compositions of ceramic materials vary considerably, as they are non-metallic
inorganic compounds, mostly oxides, although carbides, nitrides, borides and
silicons are also used.

Ceramics compared to metals and plastics are hard, non-combustible and non-
oxidizing. This material can be used in high temperature environments. corrosive
and tribological. In these environments many ceramics exhibit good
electromagnetic, optical and mechanical properties. A fundamental feature for
ceramics is their ability to be manufactured in shapes with certain dimensions,
dictated by the use to be given to the material.

Some books also attempt to define ceramics as "refractory" materials, which is a

technical term for materials science that means being able to withstand everyday
abuses such as extreme temperatures, acid and alkali attacks, and general wear. It
often seems easier to define materials in terms of their properties (how they
behave when heated, passed electricity to them, or submerged in water, for
example).

But once we start doing that, things can get confusing. For example, graphite (a
form or carbon allotropic) is considered a ceramic because it is not metallic and
inorganic, but (unlike most ceramics) it is soft, easily wears out and is a good
conductor of electricity. So, if I looked at only the properties of graphite, I wouldn't
consider it a pottery at all. Diamond (another form of carbon) is also a ceramic for
the same reason; Its properties may not be more different from those of graphite,
but they are similar to those of other ceramics. (Like modern ceramics, such as
tungsten carbide, diamond has long been used in cutting and drilling tools).
Properties of ceramic materials

The properties of ceramic materials, like their chemical compositions, vary greatly
due to differences in bonds, having a large amount of mechanical and physical
properties. The properties of ceramic materials are determined in four levels which
are atomic, atom, crystalline or amorphous ordering, microstructure and
macrostructure.

In general, ceramic materials are typically hard and fragile, with low toughness and
ductility. Ceramic materials usually behave as good electrical and thermal
insulators due to the absence of conductive electrons, they usually have relatively
high melting temperatures and, also, relatively high stability in most of the most
aggressive media due to the stability of their strong bonds. Because of these
properties ceramic materials are indispensable for many of the designs in
engineering.

Typical Properties of Ceramics

 High hardness
 High elastic modulus
 Low ductility
 High dimensional stability
 Good wear resistance
 High resistance to corrosion and chemical attack
 High weather resistance
 High melting point
 High working temperature
 Low thermal expansion
 Low to medium thermal conductivity
 Good electrical insulation
 Low to medium tensile strength
 High compressive strength
 Medium machinability
 Opacity
 Brittleness
 Poor impact strength
 Low thermal shock resistance

Constitution of ceramic materials

Tailoring the properties and structure of ceramic materials to their specific functions
in devices and equipment, and also the development of adequate processing
require a deep understanding of the relationships between composition and
properties. This book discusses the structure of crystalline and amorphous ceramic
phases, surfaces and interfaces. It also reviews the morphology of polycrystals,
multiphase materials (including composites), fibrous, and dispersed ceramic
systems.

Ceramics are formed by a combination of crystalline and/or vitreous phases, these

can be presented depending on the application as dense solid, fine powder, film,
fiber, etc. Ceramics consisting of a crystalline phase or a vitreous phase, called
monophase. There are also ceramics made up of many crystals of the same
crystal phase that are called polycrystallines. And monocrystal ceramics that refer
to materials consisting of a single single-phase crystal.

Ceramic materials used for engineering applications can regularly be classified into
two groups: traditional ceramic materials and ceramic materials for specific
engineering use.

Traditional ceramic materials are usually made up of three basic components: clay,
silica (flint) and feldspar. Examples of traditional ceramics are bricks and shingles
used in the construction and electric porcelain industries for use in the electrical
industry.
Engineering ceramics, on the other hand, are typically composed of pure or almost
pure compounds such as aluminium oxide ( Al 2or3),siliconcarbide (SiC), and silicon
nitride(Si3N4). Examples of application of engineering ceramics in state-of-the-art
technology are silicon carbide in the high temperature areas of the gas engine
turbine, and aluminum oxide at the base of the support for the integrated circuits of
the chips in a thermal conduction module.

History (Timeline)

  24000 BC: Statues for ceremonial purposes.

 14000 BC: First tiles found in Mesopotamia.

 10000 BC: Origin of the first vessels.

 5000 BC: Discovery of glass in Egypt.

 1500 BC: Beginning of manufacture of glass objects.

 1500: Refractory ceramics are created, used to make steel, cement, etc.
 1800: Electric bulb is created, also porcelain insulators.

 1920: Automotive car and crystal spark plugs.

 1940: Capacitors and electronic applications

 1960: Insulators for 220 Kv, first applications of carbides and nitrides.
 1970: Cellular ceramics for Diesel engine catalysts

 1980: High temperature superconductors.

 2000: Porsche implements its ceramic brake discs.

 2004: Porsche creates a ceramic clutch disc.

 2012: Mercedes Benz incorporates new ceramic technology in brake discs
and clutches.

Automotive Industry

In recent decades, great advances have been made in the industry, thanks in part
to the properties of these new materials. These properties in certain cases far
exceed that of traditional materials such as steel or alloys. They are obtained
thanks to the high purity of the base materials and meticulous manufacturing
process.

Automotive ceramics, advanced ceramic materials that are made into components
for automobiles. Examples include spark plug insulators, catalysts and catalyst
supports for emission control devices, and sensors of various kinds. This article
briefly describes two important automotive applications of modern advanced
ceramics—support structures for catalytic converter elements and various pressure
and heat sensors.

Traditional Engineering ceramics

 ceramics

Conformation Clay, Silica, Iron Chemically prepared powders: Silicon Nitride,

Oxide. Boro Carbide, Silicon Carbide, Zinc Oxide, Itrio
Oxide.

Molded Pottery or High pressure extrusion, injection, isostatic

casting wheel. pressing, casting.

Processing Flame oven Electric oven, high pressure, plasma, microwave

oven.

Final Glazed or Laser machining, erosion, pickling.

processing polished

Final Optical Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction.

inspection microscope

Automotive Catalytic Converter: Substrates Catalytic converters are used to reduce

the amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unreacted hydrocarbons in
automotive emissions. (Catalytic conversion requires a precisely balanced air-to-
fuel ratio, hence the need for oxygen sensors such as those described in
conductive ceramics: Oxygen sensors to aid in feedback control of fuel injection.)
In dual-bed converter systems the exhaust gases are first reduced in order to
eliminate the oxides of nitrogen; then they are oxidized with added air in order to
eliminate carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. In more advanced three-
way converters individual catalysts accomplish reduction of each species
simultaneously.

Catalysts are either platinum-group metals or base metals such as chromium,

nickel, and copper. In base-metal catalysts the active surfaces are actually ceramic
oxides of the metals. Because platinum metals are extremely expensive, they are
deposited on ceramic catalyst supports as salts and then reduced to finely divided
metal particles.
Forconversion efficiency, extremely large surface areas are required. These are
achieved by the ingenious microstructural engineering of the ceramic support
structure. Two types of structure are manufactured: pellets and honeycomb
monoliths. Pellets are porous beads about 3 millimeters (1/8 inches) in diameter.
With a single pellet with up to 10 square millimeters of internal pore surface, a liter
of pellets can have up to 500,000 square meters of support surface. The pellet
material is often alumina (aluminum oxide, Al 2or3). High internal porosity is
achieved by carefully burning organic additives and through incomplete sintering.
Honeycomb monoliths are 1,000 to 2,000 longitudinal pores of approximately one
millimeter in size separated by thin walls. The material is commonly cordierite, a
magnesium aluminosilicates (Mg2Al4Si5or18) known for its low thermal expansion.
The extruded cordierite structure is coated with an alumina wash, which in turn
supports the platinum catalyst particles. The surface of the monolith is typically in
the range of one square meter; however, this figure must multiply many times due
to the porosity of the alumina on the surface.

Sensors: In addition to the oxygen sensor used to monitor and control the air-fuel
ratio (see conductive ceramic), many other sensors are used in automobiles to
measure a number of variables, including temperature, pressure, speed and fuel
level. Many of these sensors are made of ceramic. For example, sensors to read
pressure in intake or exhaust manifolds may incorporate an alumina diaphragm
substrate in which thick film circuits are screen-printed. As the diaphragm deviates
due to pressure fluctuations, a change in capacitance is recorded. Dynamic
pressure sensors, for example, for combustion chamber pressures, are made of
piezoelectric ceramic, which generate a voltage when subjected to pressure.
Piezoelectric sensors can be quite small and have short response times. A variety
of position sensors-actuators and acceleration-deceleration sensors are made of
piezoelectric ceramic. Piezoelectric ceramic is described in the dielectric and
piezoelectric ceramic article condenser.

Heat Engine Ceramics: Refractory ceramics have made inroads as discrete

components and as coatings for metallic components in the internal combustion
engine. Ceramic parts and coatings offer the distinct advantages of lower fuel
consumption (due to their higher operating temperatures, higher thermal efficiency,
and lighter weight) and reduced exhaust emissions (because of the more complete
combustion of fuel at higher operating temperatures). The outstanding wear
resistance of ceramics is also advantageous. So-called thermal barrier coatings of
ceramics on metal cylinder heads, piston crowns, and intake and exhaust ports are
one example of how the thermal and mechanical properties of ceramics can be
combined with the ruggedness of the metal parts that they protect.

Ceramics also can be formed into the complex shapes of rotors and stators
employed in gas-turbine engines. Gas turbines have rotating rather than
reciprocating parts, and here the refractoriness of ceramics, their resistance to
corrosion and wear, and their light weight make for highly efficient high-
temperature operation. Turbine engines with ceramic parts or ceramic-coated
metal parts are currently in operation as auxiliary power sources. Automotive
ceramics are only one of several types of advanced structural ceramic. For a
survey of the issues involved in adapting ceramics for demanding structural
applications, see advanced structural ceramics. For a directory to all the articles
covering both traditional and advanced industrial ceramics, see Industrial
Ceramics: Outline of Coverage.

Methodology:

Ceramics in the automotive industry have great use and applications, the areas or
products where the application of ceramics stands out noticeably over the rest of
the materials, being indispensable in certain applications or as important
improvements in terms of performance or performance, are:

 Piston Coating: Ceramics allow for greater efficiency, less wear, increase
component life and reduce material expansion.
 Bearings: The use of ceramics allows very low friction rates (10 times better
for materials that do not use ceramics), allows to rotate at a higher number
of revolutions per minute, causes less expansion, prevents corrosion and
extends the life of the product.

 Exhaust catalysts: The use of ceramics in this product helps to eliminate

contaminants, favors the combustion process (by being located near the
engine) and its interior formed by a ceramic cell favors its operation creating
a more efficient material.
 Brake discs and ballasts: The use of ceramics represents lower friction,
lighter product, increased strength, less wear over time and use, a wider
working temperature range and greater braking capacity.

 Sensors in general: Ceramics allow floats, lambad probes, parking sensors

and air bag sensors.

 Ceramic discs: used in the clutches of vehicles up to 600 hp of high-end

such as Porsche, Ferrari, Lamborghini. a balance has been achieved
between comfort and efficiency thanks to this ceramic material and its high
wear resistance, as well as non-combustible hard and do not generate rust.
 Chassis: Lighter and more steel-resistant aluminum chassis have been
created.

 Bodies: The bodies have evolved, are now lighter and stronger.

Ceramic processing.

More traditional and technical ceramic products are manufactured by compacting

powders or particles into dies that are then heated to huge temperatures to bind
the particles to each other.
The basic stages for the particle agglomeration ceramic process are: (1) material
preparation; (2) molding or casting; (3) heat treatment by drying and heating the
ceramic part at temperatures high enough to keep the particles linked.

1. Preparation of materials:

Most products are manufactured by particle agglomeration. The raw materials for
these products vary, depending on the propertiesrequeridas por la pieza de
cerámica Finished. Particles and other constituents such as binders and lubricants
can be mixed dry or wet. For ceramic products that do not need to have very
"critical" properties, mixing ingredients with water is a common practice. For other
ceramic materials, raw materials are dry lands with binders and other additives.

2. Forming techniques:

Ceramic products made by particle agglomeration can be formed by various

methods in dry, plastic or liquid conditions. Cold forming processes are prevalent in
the industry, but hot modeling processes are also frequently used. Pressing,
barbing and extrusion are the most commonly used ceramic modeling methods.

Pressing: The raw material can be pressed in a dry, plastic or wet state, inside a
die to form processed products.

Dry pressing: This method is frequently used for refractory products (high thermal
resistance materials) and electronic ceramic components. Dry pressing can be
defined as simultaneous uniaxial compaction and the formation of granulated
powders with small amounts of water and/or organic glues in a die. After cold
stamping, the particles are normally heated (sintered) so that the desired strength
and microstructural properties are achieved. Dry pressing is widely used because it
allows a wide variety of parts to be manufactured quickly with small uniformity and
tolerance.

Isostatic compaction: In this process the ceramic powder is loaded into a flexible
(usually rubber) airtight container (called a cartridge) that is inside a hydraulic fluid
chamber to which it is applied under pressure. The applied pressure force
compacts the powder evenly in all directions, taking the product the shape of the
flexible container. After pressing the isostatically cold part it has to pass through
the fire (sintering) to obtain the required microstructural properties.

Hot compression: In this process high density parts and optimized mechanical
properties are achieved by combining unidirectional pressure such as isostatic
pressure.

Extrusion: Simple cross sections and hollow shapes of ceramic materials in plastic
state through a funnel die. This process is commonly applicable in production.
 3. Thermal treatments

Heat treatment is an essential step in the manufacture of most ceramic products. In

this subdivision we consider the following heat treatments: drying, sintering,
verification.

Drying and removal of binders: The purpose of drying ceramics is to remove water
from the plastic ceramic body before being subjected to high temperatures.
Generally, water removal takes place at less than 100oC and can take as long as
24 hours. for a large piece of ceramic. Most organic binders can be removed from
ceramic pieces by heating in the range of 200 to 300oC, although some
hydrocarbon residues may require heating at higher temperatures.

Sintering: The process by which small particles of a material are held together by
diffusion are called sintering. In the manufacture of ceramics this heat treatment is
based on the transformation of a porous product into a compact and coherent one. 
Sintering is widespreadly used to produce ceramic forms of, for example, alumina,
berilia, ferrite and titanates.

In the sintering process the coalescing particles by diffusion to the solid state at
very high temperatures, but below the melting point of the compound to be
sintered. In sintering, atomic diffusion takes place between the contact surfaces of
the particles so that they are chemically bonded.

Verification. Some ceramic products contain a vitreous phase. This vitreous phase
serves as a means of reaction so that diffusion can take place at a lower
temperature than in all other ceramic solid materials. During high-temperature
treatment of this type of ceramic solid material, a process called verification takes
place whereby the vitreous phase is liquefied and filled the pores of the material.
This liquid vitreous phase may also react with some of the remaining refractory
material solids. Under cooling, the liquid phase solidifies to form a vitreous matrix
that binds unmeltened particles.

New technological developments

In recent decades, great advances have been made in the automotive industry,
thanks in part to the properties offered by these new ceramic materials. These
properties, in some cases, far outweigh that of traditional materials such as steel
and alloys. These benefits are obtained by the high purity of the base materials
and the meticulous manufacturing processes.
The use of ceramic materials in the creation of motors allows them to improve their
efficiency with respect to the behavior at high temperatures. With the use of mixed
ceramic materials in internal combustion engines, their efficiency is increased,
although their current cost and their development still today make them unworkable
despite already being used in other industries.

In the use of sensors, piezo-ceramic components act as sensors for electronic

controls and provide them with information on the quiet operation of the vehicle
engine, position or changes in steering. Electronic components based on ceramic
substrates react to this information, control engine management and safety
systems, such as ABS or ASR, and release the airbag when needed. Ceramic
sensors are also used in the development of advanced monitoring systems. For
example, ceramic tire pressure monitoring systems warn occupants if there is any
sudden loss of tire pressure or if one of the tires is improperly pressurized. Ceramic
coated zirconia oxygen sensors monitor combustion efficiency, allowing the driver
to maintain peak engine performance.

Ceramic brake technology in vehicles has been gaining strength and relevance
today because of the great advantages of the uses of these technologies, such as
the low weight of the components that causes a now about 50% weight per wheel,
the high resistance it gives to wear of the brake discs extending the service life
approximately four times that of the convention metal discs, increases the
resistance to thermal shocks and greatly increases the friction rate of the disc, the
pickup by increasing operating temperatures. This is thanks to the C/SIC ceramic
compound which is a silicon carbide reinforced with carbon fiber, silicon carbide
has diamond-like properties and is characterized by a high hardness, which in turn
gives it very high resistance to abrasion wear and very good thermal stability.

On the part of the use of ceramics in automotive paints, these compounds have
presented a breakthrough for the creation of high durability protective layers that
are presented in a liquid and transparent state that is used in several layers. These
coatings when applied are transformed into a permanent shield of flexible glass,
being able to describe this type of paint as an additional transparent paint with a
greater hardness and with qualities of self-cleaning.
A few years ago, researchers found a way to reduce manufacturing costs and the
development time of electronic ceramics by applying electric fields at a rate of 60
Hertz. The result of subjecting ceramic materials (used for the manufacture of non-
metallic electronic components) to the exposure of electric fields to 60 Hertz levels,
was the decrease in manufacturing time, costs and size, the latter by 63% since
porosity was removed with only a temperature of 1,250 degrees Celsius and not to
1,500 degrees as regularly needed , provoked a totally positive reaction in the
manufacture of the ceramics itself. A breakthrough in reducing costs and making
the use of ceramics in the automotive industry more viable, as these electro-
ceramic materials are used for the creation of spark plugs.

Valve systems enabling smooth inflow and outflow of gases in combustion

chambers are important for reciprocal engines operating at high revolution speeds.
The multi-valve system is beneficial for exchanging gases in the combustion
chambers because of the large opening areas. Valve weight reduction is also
effective for smooth opening and closing, and lightweight materials, such as
siliconNitride a ceramic, have been investigated as possible replacements for the
Ni-based super alloys currently used for exhaust valves. Moreover the valve
materials have to withstand very high temperature Recently silicon nitride valves
have been used in formula racing cars. Soon it will enter into the Commercial
segment vehicles also.

Supercharger systems enable the generation of extraordinarily high engine powers

This is achieved by producing high pressure air in the engine cylinders.
Turbochargers, consists of a turbine-driven by exhaust gases i.e. It use a turbine
rotor driven by the gases from the engine exhaust manifolds. An impeller linked by
a shared axle with the turbine, compresses ambient air to deliver it to the engine's
air intake manifold. Turbocharger systems are advantageous for yielding
extraordinarily high power. However, there is an inevitable delay between the
intention to accelerate as expressed by stepping on the accelerator pedal and the
actual acceleration of the automobile. This Turbo-lag is caused by the time
required for the turbine to reach the speed Required to supply boost pressure.
Reducing the rotor's inertial mass is an effective way to shorten turbo-lag. A
ceramic turbocharger made of silicon nitride reduces turbolag because silicon
nitride is lighter than the traditional Ni based super alloys.

Future prospects

Pertaining to the inevitable advancement of technology throughout the long

duration of time, the automotive industry had also been riding its wave of success
judging its progress today. Since its starting point more than a hundred years ago
where the first motor-powered vehicles were invented and developed, the industry
has been continuing to show progressive innovation which will probably shape the
future of the said industry.
According to source, the automotive industry has two main industrialized
subsections which are the manufacturing sector and the retail, services and repair
(RS&R) sector. The manufacturing sector is mainly responsible for the
manufacture of all types of vehicles such as cars and buses. The manufacturing
sector is also responsible for the production of all the motor vehicle’s components
and accessories while the RS&R sector is only accounted to the sale, retail,
maintenance and all other vehicular aspects excluding its manufacture.

Various technological and manufacturing industries are also involved with the
development of the automotive industry including mechanical and machine tool
manufacturing industries, glass and ceramic industries, electrical, electronics and
safety engineering, design and any other respective subsections for automotive
manufacture. Each is responsible for the development of individual components of
motorize vehicles such as the engine, power transmission, electric and electronic
components of the vehicle, the body, the designs etc.

The manufacturing components for motorized vehicles have specific technical

requirements for the materials to be used. Henceforth, the utilization of the
materials to be used has one main purpose of maximizing the overall efficiency of
the component to be built as well as to minimize the manufacturing cost while
retaining the efficiency, reliability and durability of each fabricated component.
Though, safety is still the major concern in all the manufacturing industries.

Therefore the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the materials are
the key components to their exploitation as primary components which meet the
technical requirements of automotive industry. High-quality ceramic based
materials on the other hand are considered to be the major constituents of various
components integrated and formed todays’ motor-powered vehicles. In fact, the
ceramic materials have wide range of industrial applications and are considered as
the key engineering materials.

Ceramic material properties such as physical, thermal and electrical properties

have made it reliable, highly durable and cost-efficient alternative to metal and
other non-ceramic based materials. Ceramic materials are commonly known for
their hardness and thermal insulating properties. However, ceramic materials are
naturally brittle therefore traditional ceramics aren’t applicable to this industry thus
the latter is relying only to advance and engineered ceramics.

Advance ceramic materials have been considered as one of the leading

constituents of motorized vehicular components for so many decades now.
Furthermore, the fast growing progress of innovative designs and features and the
increasing demand for vehicles as primary medium of transportations throughout
the globe had also subsequently resulted to ongoing growth of ceramic industries
through research and development of advance materials.

Integrated components for motorized vehicles are individually installed for specific
purpose thus each component has particular property which could be reliable and
efficient all through the long term operation. Hence, research and testing prior to
utilization of certain component focused on distinct property such as mechanical
strength, dimensional stability, thermal and electrical property, chemical inertness,
long term durability, dielectric property, and other key properties before a certain
component is to be considered.

Today, the use of ceramic materials in automotive industry has become common
and widespread all over the world. Such utilization and integration include its
application to transducers and sensors such as fuel talk ultrasonic level sensors.
Utilizing specifically the piezo-electric properties of PZT (or lead zirconia titanate)
ceramic materials made it an ideal component for transducers and sensors.

Incorporation of piezoceramic materials to fuel tanks of motor vehicles provides

additional space for larger amount of fuel while reducing the number of openings
and minimizing evaporative emissions. Piezoceramic materials have been used in
automotive industries for more than 50 years now and it is proven to offer long term
reliability on everyday operation.
Another good example is the utilization of ceramic based materials such as
alumina and zirconia in harsh automotive environments such as the seals for
injector units, pump bearings and valve plates. Technically, in diesel engines, an
air temperature of 800 degrees Celsius is attained during compression stroke of its
engine cycle. Additionally, the injector pump also delivers diesel fuel at a pressure
of 2000 bar which clearly required material that can withstand such high
temperature and pressure for seals and bearings.

Moreover, ceramic’s resistance to abrasion through long cycles make the materials
more reliable in this matter. Like for example, “the key advantage of using alumina
plates in such valve assemblies are that the valves are typically used for more than
20 million cycles.” Therefore, ceramic based materials have been used as primary
constituents to major automotive components and their physical and chemical
properties are made them an attractive option to such industry.

Ceramics has already started to be used in the creation of internal combustion

engines because of the great advantage that this material represents in its high
resistance to high temperatures, but these engines are still in the research phase
as an example with the companies NISSAN, TOYOTA, MOTORRES CUMMIS.
Although ceramics are already being used in various automotive fields (such as
ceramic engine blocks, valves, cylindrical jackets, pistons, bearings and other
products) there is still improvement in the field of internal combustion engines
because of the extensive improvement in fuel utilization and minimizing pollution
gases.
The total weight that a vehicle reaches in running order is a critical factor that
affects all phases of its design. Its decrease will reduce the power required for its
drag, increase the efficiency of the drive system, decrease both the rolling
resistance of the tyres and the amount of energy used in its acceleration, and
which is subsequently wasted in its braking. An ultralight design must be made
without sacrificing neither the robustness nor the safety of the vehicle structure,
replacing most of its steel parts with others built in new materials such as
advanced polymeric compounds and ceramics. The use of ceramics in different
parts of a car causes it to see its weight decrease, which in turn generates a
domino effect on almost all other parts of the vehicle, which can be much lighter
since by reducing the load or tension they support can be lightened without
becoming impaired with their functionality. So the use of mostly ceramic parts is
denoted with a great projection in the future to improve the performance of the cars
as a result of a reduced weight.

Ceramic compounds as a standard use, and as a substitute for materials such as

metal, in the automotive industry are located as a great prospect in the ecological
issue, since as has been proposed throughout this text, their characteristics of
durability, being anticorrosive and their use in engines that causes less pollutants
to occur, and thanks to their performance the use of fuels in these is noticeably
reduced. These virtues by ceramics drive them in the future to be an almost
regulatory product for the automotive industry to the best in terms of the ecological
aspect that today loves the world so much. The ecological motive is of great
importance and the automotive industry from birth to involved a problem for the
planet, so ceramics are almost a fact for the industry that is increasingly aiming to
go down a more environmentally friendly path.

Conclusions

We can conclude that ceramic materials in the automotive industry have been of
great help to this has been developed in large numbers over the last few years,
since much of the parts that make up an automobile are made from ceramics.
Thanks to all the virtues of these compounds, their future projection is abysmalally
large, represented to a more ecological and economical form by the expense of
fuels, if they come to develop processes and products with affordable prices for the
general public, in addition to offering products more resistant to time and other
conditions that are presented as an adversity in the other materials currently used
for the manufacture of automobiles.

The good characteristics and qualities they offer to ceramics have caused it to
surpass other materials traditionally used in this field and today large automotive
companies prefer to make their parts of this material. A notable example in which
ceramics have surpassed another material is in the case of metal, since ceramics
far exceed it in aspects such as its resistance to corrosion, its low electrical
conductivity, its more efficient stamina to the use for which they are designed, a
wide margin of resistance to different temperatures, among other characteristics
that make ceramics a winning bet in the future , and together is the fact that
research follows to improve ceramics that only promise to have a product of better
properties for the automotive industry.

Although not everything is perfect in the definitive implementation of ceramics to

the automotive industry due to its restrictions, which is its slow boom as a result of
what has already been said before, its high costs, costs that make it very difficult
for its use to become a standard in the industry, resulting in this compound being
used only in very specific components and in a very controlled quantity. For the
economic reason, smaller-budget automotive companies follow the traditionalism
of using metal materials that are cheaper and can sustain costs. And larger
companies incorporating their use are restricted to one-off uses of the compound
so that manufacturing prices do not rise to stratospheric figures that make their
marketing difficult.

In a not too distant time we will see how most automotive industries will prefer to
make parts and components for their ceramic-based cars, since these by their
good characteristics are more convenient and efficient in what the industry is
looking for. There are currently many companies that conduct research to make
this material more cost-effective and affordable for its more extensive in automobile
manufacturing. With all that is exposed be seen as ceramics represent an
imminent improvement for the industry only hindered by the high prices involved in
its use, but it is not crazy to say that in some years its use will be widespread to be
able to have products of higher quality, durability and with a great ecological
involvement for the world. Ceramic materials are of vital importance at the moment
in the automotive industry and will be more important in the future. We only have to
see which ceramic technologies we are about to be amazed by the near future.

References

William F. Smith. (2020). FABRICACIÓN DE PIEZAS CERÁMICAS. Monday, May

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