Submitted By: Ayesha Azam

Submitted to :Mam Mamoona Kanval

Roll # : 008
Department : Bs. Biochemistry
Semester : 2nd
Geography of Pakistan:
The Geography of Pakistan is a profound blend of landscapes varying
from plains to deserts, forests, and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas
of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of
the Karakoram, Hindukush .Pakistan, populous and
multiethnic country of South Asia, Himalayas ranges in the north.
Climate:
 Pakistan is situated on the edge of a monsoonal (i.e., wet-dry
1-Winter (mid December to march)
2-Early summer ( april to june)
3-Late summer (July to September)
4-Post monsoon(October to mid December)

Pakistan lies in the temperate zone. The climate is generally arid,

characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters, and wide
variations between extremes of temperature at given locations. There
little rainfall. These generalizations should not, however, obscure the
distinct differences existing among particular locations. For example, the
coastal area along the Arabian Sea is usually warm, whereas the frozen
snow-covered ridges of the Karakoram Range and of other mountains of
the far north are so cold year round that they are only accessible by
world-class climbers for a few weeks in May and June of each year.

Pakistan has are four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through
February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy
season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September;
and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset
and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial
center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. Only July and
August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the Karachi
area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The temperature is
also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging from an
average daily low of 13° C during winter evenings to an average daily
high of 34° C.

Location Of Pakistan:
Located in South Asia, Pakistan shares an eastern border with India and a
north-eastern border with China. Iran makes up the country's south-west
border, and Afghanistan runs along its western and northern edge. The
Arabian Sea is Pakistan's south

Major Physical Division Of Pakistan:

1-Himalayas:

Himalayas, Nepali Himalaya, great mountain system of Asia

forming a barrier between the Plateau of Tibet to the north and the
alluvial plains of the Indian subcontinent to the south. The Himalayas
include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks
rising to elevations of 24,000 feet (7,300 metres) or more above sea
level. One of those peaks is Mount Everest  the world’s highest, with an
elevation of 29,035 feet (8,850 metres;  Height of Mount Everest.
2-Hindukash and Karakorum:
The Hindu Kush , commonly understood to mean Hindu killers or killer of
the Hindus  is an 800-kilometre-long (500 mi) mountain range that
stretches through Afghanistan, from its centre to Northern Pakistan and
into Tajikistan.
It forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan
the Karakoram and the Himalayas. It divides the valley of the Amu Darya to
the north from the Indus River valley to the south.
3-The Balochistan plateau:

The balochistan plateau contains a great variety of physical features.

In the northeast a basin centred on the towns
of Zhob and Loralai forms a trellis-patterned lobe that is surrounded
on all sides by mountain ranges. To the east and southeast is
the Sulaiman Range, which joins the Central Brahui
Range near Quetta, and to the north and northwest is the Toba Kakar
Range the general landform of northwestern Balochistan is a series of
low-lying plateaus divided by hills

4-The potwar plateau and salt range:

Potwar Plateau. Lying between the Indus and Jhelum rivers and
bounded on the north by the Hazāra Hills and on the south by the Salt
Range, its varied landscape is constantly affected by erosion. Its
elevation varies from 1,000 to 2,000 ft (300 to 600 m) in a system of
residual hills and hillocks formed from glacial debris as remnants of
the Ice Age. The Kāla Chitta Range thrusts eastward across
the plateau toward Rāwalpindi.
.

Salt Range, series of hills and low mountains between the valleys of
the Indus and Jhelum rivers, located in the northern part of the
Punjab region of Pakistan. It they are of Precambrian age and range
up to more than 1,600 feet (490 m) in thickness. The range is
approximately 186 miles (300 km) long from east to west, and its
width, in the central and eastern parts, is from 5 to 19 miles. Its
average height is 2,200 feet, and its highest altitude, at Sakesar
mountain, is 4,992 feet (1,522 m).

5-Landscapes:
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and
how they integrate with natural or man-made features. A landscape
include the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as
(ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such
as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including
indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land
use, buildings, and structures, and transitory elements such
as lighting and weather conditions.

Highest peaks of Pakistsan

World Height
Rank (Pakistan) Name Location
Rank (m)

2 1 K2 8611 Karakoram
9 2 Nanga Parbat 8126 Himalaya

11 3 Gasherbrum I (K5) 8080 Baltoro Karakoram

12 4 Broad Peak 8051 Baltoro Karakoram

13 5 Gasherbrum II (K4) 8035 Baltoro Karakoram

Province of Pakistan:
Punjab:
 Panjāb  lit. ' "Five waters"') is Pakistan's most populous province Forming
the bulk of the transnational Punjab region,It is bordered by the Pakistani
provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave
of Islamabad, and Azad Kashmir The capital is Lahore, a cultural, historical,
economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's cinema
industry, and much of its fashion industry, are based.[4][5]
Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times was first discovered
at Harappa.] Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem,
the Mahabharata, and is home to Taxila, site of what is considered by
many to be the oldest university in the world. 
Punjab is Pakistan's most industrialised province with the industrial
sector making up 24% of the province's gross domestic product.[13] Punjab
is known in Pakistan for its relative prosperity,[14] and has the lowest rate of
poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces.

Sindh:
Sindh play an important role in Pakistan economy. It is one of the second
provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeast of the country, it is the
historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of
Pakistan by area, and second largest province by population after Punjab.
 Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west, and Punjab
province to the northSindh has Pakistan's second largest economy, while
its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and financial hub
Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains
two of Pakistan's commercial seaports, Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi
Port.
The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy, and produces
fruits, food consumer items, and vegetables for the consumption of other
parts of the country.

Balochistan:

Balochistan is one of the third provinces of Pakistan. It is the largest

province in terms of land area, forming the southwestern region of the
country, but is the least populated. Its provincial capital and largest city
is Quetta.
The main ethnic groups in the province are the Baloch people and
the Pashtuns, who constitute 52% and 36% of the population
respectively The remaining 12% comprises smaller communities
of Brahuis, Hazaras along with other settlers such
as Sindhis, Punjabis, Uzbeks and Turkmens.
The name "Balochistan" means "the land of the Baloch". Largely
underdeveloped, its provincial economy is dominated by natural resources,
especially its natural gas fields, estimated to have sufficient capacity to
supply Pakistan's demands over the medium to long term.
Khayber pakhtunkhwa:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa‫ا‬: formerly known as the North-West Frontier

Province, is one of the four administrative provinces of Pakistan, located in
the northwestern region of the country along the International
border with Afghanistan.
It was previously known as the North-West Frontier Province until 2010
when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by the 18th
Amendment to Pakistan's Constitution and is known colloquially by various
other names. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the third-largest province of Pakistan
by the size of both population and economy Gilgit baltistan:
Gilgit-Baltistan:

formerly known as the Northern Areas,[12] is a region administered

by Pakistan as an administrative territory, and constituting the northern
portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a
dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 It is the
northernmost territory administered by Pakistan.[1] It borders Azad
Kashmir to the south, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west,
Gilgit-Baltistan is part of the greater Kashmir region, which is the subject
of a long-running conflict between Pakistan and India. The territory shares
a border with Azad Kashmir, together with which it is referred to by
the United Nations and other international organisations as "Pakistan
administered Kashmir.

 Area of Pakistan:

Pakistan covers an area of 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi), approximately

equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. It is
the 33rd-largest nation by total area, although this ranking varies
depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted.
The area of balochistan47./., Punjab26./.,Khyber pakhtunkhwa6./. and sidh
is18./. The largest river is the indus river 2900km in length.

Neighbouring states:
There are three states and 1 union territory that SHARE A BORDER WITH
Pakistan, namely Punjab,rajhistan, Gujrat and Jammu Kashmir. The India
Pakistan bborders is
Jammu Kashmir:
The union territory mainly in himalayan mountains. It has a total
geographicalk area of 2,22,236 sq.km. The indian union territory of jammu
Kashmir touches Pakistani administered Gilgit baltistan and Azad Kashmir
in the north and west respectively.
Punjab:
Having a geographical area of 50,362 sq.km, Punjab touches mainly India
state,besides Pakistani provinceof Punjab in the west. It borders Indian
states of janmmu and Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh,Haryana and rajasthan.
Rajasthan:
Located in the north west region of India,rajasthan touches Pakistani
provinces Sindh in the west and Punjab in the north west Rajasthan is also
india largest state by area covering of 3,42,239 sq,.km.
Gujarat:
The state with third largest economy borders Pakistani province of Sindh to
the west,.Gujarat has a total area of 1,96,024 sq.km. It also borders the
indian regions, namely, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,Daman and Diu,
Maharashtra,and rajasthan.It also borders by Arabian sea.
Borders:

1- The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called as the Durand

Line and is 2,430 kilometres long.

2- The Radcliffe Line became the official border between Pakistan and
India on August 17, 1947.

3-The border between Pakistan and Iran is also called the Pakistan-Iran
Barrier and is 909 kilometres long. A concrete wall (three feet thick and 10
feet high) is currently under construction and would replace the bordering
fence

4-The Arabian Sea is located south of Pakistan with a coastline of 1,046-

kilometres. Pakistan's Indus River drains out in the Arabian Sea.
5-The border between Pakistan and China is nearly 523 kilometres long and
is situated in the northeast of Pakistan. A number of agreements took place
between 1961 and 1965 in which the borderline was determined between
the two countries.
Thank You.