Nano Technology Switching Applications

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NANO TECHNOLOGY
SWITCHING APPLICATIONS
ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology is a key for innovation in biology and material science. New

motors move material samples or instruments with a step size of the atom
diameter.TinyGrippers and other tools work precisely on micro and nanostructures. The
world of the small things is formed which has revolutionized the world. Nanotechnology
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offers tools for applications in various areas such as medicine, nanotechnology, military,
machinery and many other spheres of life. These include micromanipulators, grippers ,
AFM, STM, Assemblers and still more which are being designed everyday. By the end of
this sentence, may be millions of Nan tools be created . These tools are of nanosize (as
small as our hair tip) and can perform even the tiniest operation in places which are
inaccessible to human-beings.
In this paper we have discussed how Lead Selenide nanocrystals can be easily
incorporated into thin film or planar optical devices for ultrafast switching, all-optical
processing, and wavelength conversion that will be extremely useful for the
implementation of next generation optical communication systems.
INTRODUCTION: DNA, requiring unprecedented
We live in the information amounts of computer processing to
age where computing and data make sense of the abundance of
transport is based upon aging silicon information. Collaborators no longer
technology. Scientists are starting to need to work at the same facility but
unlock the fundamental secrets of our can be separated by miles with the
Internet. The public now demands device reliability problems. All-optical
increased data flow to their homes switching presents a fundamentally
including such broadband applications different solution to these issues and
as digital cable, video-on-demand problems. By using photons traveling
services and real-time video phoning. through fiber and all-optical
With this explosion of information, switching, interference problems are
comes an increased need to share data reduced. In addition, photonic circuits
and transport information from across are more cost effective at higher
the room or across the country. Hence, speeds and have no cross-talk between
there is a continuing need to increase electrical signal components.
the speed of computing and for ultra- EVIDOTS:
fast, all-optical switching (i.e. The ideal material system
switching light with light) for both the for optical switching would make use
telecommunication and computer of currently
industries. available fabrication methods and
OPTICAL SWITCHING have extremely high nonlinear
TECHNOLOGY- A optical properties. The ideal
REPLACEMENT nonlinear materials for optical

switching are those, which interact
FOR TRADITIONAL
with light strongly and can therefore
TECHNOLOGY:
be used to switch light with light. An
Through advanced lithography
optical switching component
techniques it is now possible to fit 300
requires efficient nonlinear materials
million transistors on a single
for its operation. A restraining factor
processor chip. Moore’s Law still
on building optical switches and
holds that the number of transistors
transistors is the inefficiency of
per chip doubles every 18 months. As
currently available optical materials
these densities increase, problems are
and the high power requirements to
introduced such as dielectric
switch these materials.
breakdown, hot carriers and short
channel effects, all contributing to
polymer or glass matrix. These
devices can then be used to
implement advanced optical
telecommunication capabilities such
as all-optical packet switched
routing, optical time division
multiplexing, 3-R regeneration, etc.
Evident Technologies’
semiconductor nanocrystals (EviDots)
are extremely fast nonlinear optical
material that can be used to build
switching components that are many
orders of magnitude faster than other
semiconductor technologies.
Additionally, they exhibit sub- Semiconductor Nanocrystals:
picosecond switching speeds, are A Material with Engineered
extremely nonlinear, and can be tuned Propertie. EvidentTechnologies’
to specific wavelengths through band EviDots are man-made,
gap engineering commercially available, nanocrystals
Evident is producing Lead that have tunable electronic
Selenide (PbSe) nanocrystals that properties. Hence the user is given
can be engineered to have extremely an extra degree of freedom in the
strong and fast nonlinear optical component design since the raw
responses at the relevant 1310nm or material properties can be altered.
1550nm wavelength ranges or Tuning the electronic properties of
additional wavelengths if required. the raw material is usually
The nanocrystals can be considered impossible but the
implemented directly into an optical nanotech material developers at
fiber or into a thin film using a Evident have mastered this band
structure manipulation. Evident QUANTUM
Technologies, Inc. is offering CONFINEMENT EFFECTS:
commercial quantities of mono-
Semiconductor nanocrystals
dispersed, precision tolerance Lead
like PBS, PbSe, and PbTe are an ideal
Selenide(PbSe) nanocrystals for
material for nonlinear optical devices
research into nonlinear optical
due to the unusually strong quantum
elements and devices in the infrared
confinement effects on excitons and
region of the electromagnetic
phonons (quantized lattice vibrations).
spectrum.
The degree of confinement of charge
WAVELENGTH: carriers can be many times stronger
Enhanced nonlinear optical than in most II-VI and III-V
properties occur at specific semiconductors, and lead
wavelengths corresponding to semiconductor nanocrystals may be
electronic energy transitions the only materials in which the
(excitons) that can be observed as electronic energies are determined
peaks in the absorption spectra. The primarily by quantum confinement.. In
wavelengths of these peaks are a effect, the nanocrystals are a 0-
function of the average nanocrystal dimensional system that discritize the
diameter and can be tuned from electron energy states and result in a
1000nm to 2000nm by growing the controlled blue shifting of the bulk
nanocrystals to a specified size. energy bandgap, so that properties
. The strongest nonlinear such as absorption onset and
optical response at a particular photoluminescence wavelength are
wavelength occurs with nanocrystals size dependent.
having narrow size distribution. Decreasingabsorption
Evident achieves a mono-dispersed
coefficient:
distribution having a standard
Optical property changes are
deviation less than 5% of mean
generally strongest when the photon
diameter.
energy matches the optical transition
in the solid. Semiconductor
nanocrystals have enhanced optical confinement of charge carriers
transition strengths due to quantum without the properties being
confi nement. The result is a dominated by the surface of the
decreasing absorption coefficient as nanocrystal. In addition, nanocrystals
the incident light is increased. The composed of inherently narrow
qualitative picture of the effects of bandgap semiconductors, such as the
the quantum confinement in PbSe, PbS, and PbTe can be tuned to
semiconductors is supported by near infrared wavelength regions that
rigorous theoretical calculations. are the most widely used in the
SMALLER BOHR RADIUS: telecommunications industry,
The linear and resonant namely 1310nm and 1550nm and to
nonlinear optical properties will some extent 1480nm.
exhibit the greatest enhancement Enhanced Optical Designs

when the nanocrystal radius, R, is with EviDots:
much smaller than the Bohr radius of A nonlinear optical device in
the exciton (aB) in the parent bulk either a discrete component format
materialThe similarly small electron or implemented into a planar
and hole effective masses of the lead lightwave optical device has many
semiconductors (PbS, PbSe, PbTe) uses for advanced optical
imply large confinement energies, telecommunication protocols and
split almost equally between optical signal processing. Because of
electrons and holes. In contrast, the the drawbacks in terms of data rate
spectra of II-VI and III-V and transparency to data protocols, it
nanocrystals are relatively congested is desirable to eliminate slow, format
due to closely spaced hole levels, dependent electrical devices from
and are complicated further by optical communications systems.
valence band mixing. Another All-optical components that do not
potential advantage of lead require the electronic conversion of
semiconductor nanocrystals is the the original optical data is the best
possibility of achieving strong way to dramatically increase optical
system performance. This trend has incident light when the spacing
been advanced by the advent of all- between the mirrors equals an
optical amplification via Erbium integer number of half-wavelengths
Doped Fiber Amplifiers and to a in the material filling the cavity (i.e.
large degree by optical wavelength resonanceThe equation describing Q
routing via optical filters, however, is described by the following
many data routing and processing equation: where c is the speed of
functions still light, n is the index of refraction of
require electronic components. The the cavity material, d is the distance
promise of nonlinear optics is that between mirrors, and R1 and R2 are
the electronic conversion may the reflectivities of mirrors 1 and 2
ultimately be eliminated. respectively. This equation shows
Optical Microcavities: that as the mirror reflectivities
EviDots are an increase so does the Q. Depositing a
excellent choice as a nonlinear nanocrystal film of precise thickness
optical material. The optical between two reflecting surfaces can
architecture that houses the make a discrete nonlinear optical
nanocrystal material can further element.
enhance the nonlinear optical

response. Optical devices classified
as “microcavities” are good
candidates to enhance the
performance of the nanocrystal
material since the optical signal
reaches a peak intensity within the
Optical Microcavity
cavity.. Typical optical cavity
enhancement with EviDots:
devices (also known as Fabry-Perot
An optical
resonators) consist of a two parallel
microcavity significantly alters both
partial mirrors, spaced some distance
the amplitude of a given nonlinear
apart. Transparency only occurs for
response as well as its
intensity/nonlinear relationship. A
given level of nonlinear response
(either refraction or absorption
change)occurs at a reduced incident
light intensity because the photon
intensity within the cavity is greatly
increased over that of the incident
light. Normally, the refractive index
Evident Technologies is developing
and/or absorption coefficient
a planar lightwave microcavity using
gradually change as the intensity of
conventional microfabrication
light incident upon the material
techniques. The microcavity is, in
increases. The cavity alters the
essence, a tiny Fabry-Perot resonator
normal nonlinear response of the
that utilizes interference
material in such a way to produce a
phenomenon to reflect light of a
very sharp and pronounced refractive
designated wavelength back and
index and/or absorption coefficient
forth within the cavity. Thus, the
change above a threshold intensity.
reflective mirrors increases photon
This effect is known as optical
intensity within the cavity, hence it
bistability and results in an element
enhances the response of nonlinear
that behaves much like a digital
material placed within the cavity.
switch.
The planar lightwave microcavity
can be fabricated by etching two
parallel and narrowly spaced Bragg
mirrors (Bragg mirrors are a periodic
array of trenches designed to reflect
specific wavelengths of light) with
the associated input and output
waveguides into a substrate designed
to guide light. The actual footprint of
the microresonant structure with the
implemented nanocrystals measures and coupled via optical waveguides
roughly 10x10 microns. Because of as well as integrated together with the
the small size and the requisite lasers using microfabrication
microfabrication processes used to technology.Such a chip could be used
make them many hundreds to as a switching fabric to route optical
thousands of devices can be data signals without conversion. More
manufactured simultaneously on a complex chips could be used to
chip. decipher the headers of a data package
Optical Components to implement packet switched routing
protocols.
Conclusion:
Due to quantum confinement
effects, semiconductor nanocrystals
exhibit nonlinear optical properties at
wavelengths determined by their
physical size. In general, effects
including saturation absorption,
and Applications: optical Kerr effect, etc. occur at
An optical pump beam lower pump intensities and,
can alter the transparency of the depending on the composition, at
optical element and dramatically extremely fast rates compared to
change whether or not a second bulk materials. This ratio is the
optical beam propagates through. In important factor that determines the
this configuration, the element nonlinear enhancement. Lead
behaves as an optical analog of a Selenide nanocrystals can be easily
transistor and can be utilized in a incorporated into thin film or planar
similar manner, albeit for optical optical devices for ultrafast
signals instead of electrical ones Many switching, all-optical processing, and
hundreds to thousands of planar wavelength conversion that will be
lightwave all-optical switches can be extremely useful for the
fabricated simultaneously on a chip implementation of next generation
optical communication systems. REFERENCES:
Because of the nonlinear 1. Nanotechnology by
enhancement, inexpensive low
“Steve Jackson”.
power diode laser sources could be
2.www.thenanotechnologygro
used for actuating the nanocrystal-
based components, a solution to the up.org.
dilemma faced by contemporary 3. www.nanonewsnet.com.
nonlinear optical materials. 4. www.nanotech-now.com

Nano Technology Switching Applications

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www.1000projects.

Nanotechnology is a key for innovation in biology and material science. New

INTRODUCTION: DNA, requiring unprecedented

We live in the information amounts of computer processing to

age where computing and data make sense of the abundance of

transport is based upon aging silicon information. Collaborators no longer

REPLACEMENT nonlinear materials for optical

extremely nonlinear, and can be tuned Propertie. EvidentTechnologies’

to specific wavelengths through band EviDots are man-made,

gap engineering commercially available, nanocrystals

Evident is producing Lead that have tunable electronic

Selenide (PbSe) nanocrystals that properties. Hence the user is given

can be engineered to have extremely an extra degree of freedom in the

responses at the relevant 1310nm or material properties can be altered.

1550nm wavelength ranges or Tuning the electronic properties of

additional wavelengths if required. the raw material is usually

The nanocrystals can be considered impossible but the

implemented directly into an optical nanotech material developers at

The linear and resonant namely 1310nm and 1550nm and to

nonlinear optical properties will some extent 1480nm.

exhibit the greatest enhancement Enhanced Optical Designs

EviDots are an increase so does the Q. Depositing a

excellent choice as a nonlinear nanocrystal film of precise thickness

optical material. The optical between two reflecting surfaces can

architecture that houses the make a discrete nonlinear optical

nanocrystal material can further element.

enhance the nonlinear optical

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