Working on the Linux Terminal and Shell

Amra terminal onk way te ante pari. Keyboard alt+F2=gnome-terminal lika enter dila chole asbe.
Ekon terminal vivvno shell environment niya alaf korbo.

Terminal ta ki. Terminal amra onk a shell name chini r ki. Linux amra 2i way te kaj korte pari.1. cmd
mode 2. Gui mode. Same kaj 2i ta te korte pari. Click kore firefox open korte pari. Terminal giya
firefox & likle asbe. Asle ekoi. Terminal ta amder ki kaj kore dei.

Amra sorasori hardware infecting korte pari na.karon hardware level interacting korte gela kono na
kono application ba programing level kichu lage r ki. Ekna pic dekta pachi amra hoci user (user
input diche shell er maddome. Shell maddome eita kothai jache kernel. Kernel hoi seita pochache
kothai hardware ) (aber hardware tka kernel hoiye shell maddome amder output diche)

Shell hoche user and kernel maj kane viya hisabe kaj kore.

Login hober por dekte pachi [test@tanmoy Desktop]$ eita ekta bash shell environment. Ortat user
input ei shell amra dichi r ki.

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ cal

September 2018
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ date
Wed Sep 12 12:01:48 BDT 2018 eigula ekta output sei kernel jache. Kernel teka execute hoya amder
screen aber repaid astache. Eitai holo shell environment r ki .

Amra vivinno somai bash shell use korte pari r ki. Ami ekon kon shell use korchi sei ta deker jonno

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ echo $SHELL

/bin/bash

Amr system ki shell ache deker jonno

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ chsh -l
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh

Ami je shell niya kaj korbo sei shell set kore nite pari. Red hat centos default shell hoche bash
shell.linux sob chaile bash shell ta besi use hoi.

Amr machine ki ki shell install ache verify korte pari r ki

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ cat /etc/shells

/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh

Bash shell environment

System user holo amra jokon mail ftp games daemon amr system kono virus oh duka seita system
user hisabe kaj korbe. System user login kora jai na. by default kono regular user takbe na root user
eigula create kore dei.

Physical console amra 6 ta tty pai.

Ami ekon kon console login hoi achi deko.

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ tty
/dev/pts/0
Ami ekon gui terminal login hoi achi. Baki 5 jon cli console alt+ctrl+f2-f6 chap diya use korte parbe
1ta gui baki 5ta cli console.
Ekon ami cli console jabo just alt+ctrl+f2 chap dibo. alt+ctrl+f1 chap dila aber gui ta switch hoi jabe.

[test@tanmoy Desktop]$ who

test :0 2018-09-12 11:05 (:0)
test pts/0 2018-09-12 11:58 (:0)
ami 2i ber login korechi test user diya tai console gula dekache. (:0) remote user ekon oh login kore
ni tai 0

ekon ami windows machine teka login korbo. aGei ip address ta change kore ni

[root@tanmoy network-scripts]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777736

HWADDR=00:0C:29:8D:7D:C5
DEVICE=eno16777736
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=192.168.100.2
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.100.1
DNS1=192.168.100.2
ONBOOT=YES

[root@tanmoy network-scripts]# systemctl restart network

[root@tanmoy network-scripts]# systemctl start network

[root@tanmoy network-scripts]# ifconfig

eno16777736: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
ether 00:0c:29:8d:7d:c5 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

[root@tanmoy network-scripts]# ifconfig

eno16777736: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.100.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.100.255
ether 00:0c:29:8d:7d:c5 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

Ami testing purpose vm interface ta k host only kore dibo. Windows machine teka ping kore dekbo

Pinging 192.168.100.2 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.100.2: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=64
Reply from 192.168.100.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
Reply from 192.168.100.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
Reply from 192.168.100.2: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
Putty install korer por 192.168.100.2 ssh select kore enter dibo. Putty diya amra kono kichu upload
download korte pari na. tohe secure shell diya korte pari. Aj ami 2i tai kore dekbo.

SSH Secure shell client

Eiter moddome amra fileziller motho file upload download korte pari.
R eita diya configure korthe pari
Ekon ami linux machine back kori. Ekon ami testing purpose ta terminal open korachi tty console
kintu change hoche

Pts gula hola holo pseudo terminal mane gui terminal tty holo command line terminal. R tty terminal
gula holo Atlt+contl+f2-f6 porjonto. Ekon ami Atlt+contl+f2 Atlt+contl+f3 diya duklam. Ekon deki
who cmd diya

(192.168.100.3 ip gula holo ssh user) jkon ssh diya login kora hoche tkon kinu pseudo console diya
login kora hoche. :0 holo first gui console login . ekon ami Jodi logout kore graphically. Not listen
teka root user diya duki tkon asbe :0 tkon test user console ta muche jabe
 Written by
Tanmoy Raj Tuhin