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MAPPING
OF EMOTIONS
IN FRANCE
Madeleine Hamel • May 2020
Paper # 1
Under the direction of Dominique Reynié, Executive Director of the Fondation pour
l’innovation politique Editor Madeleine Hamel Production Victor Delage, Willy Delvalle,
Anne Flambert, Madeleine Hamel, Katherine Hamilton, Matthieu Hanisch Translation
Katherine Hamilton Graphic design Julien Rémy Publication May 2020.
The data used in this work have been collected for the project “ Citizens’ Attitudes Under COVID-19 Pandemic ”
by the following research team: Sylvain Brouard (Sciences Po – CEVIPOF & LIEPP), Michael Becher (Institute for
Advanced Studies in Toulouse & Université Toulouse Capitole 1), Martial Foucault (Sciences Po – CEVIPOF),
Pavlos Vasilopoulos (University of York), Vincenzo Galasso (Università Bocconi), Christoph Hönnige (Hannover
Universität), Eric Kerrouche (Sciences Po – CEVIPOF), Vincent Pons (Harvard Business School), Hanspeter
Kriesi (European University Institute), Richard Nadeau (University of Montreal), Dominique Reynié (Sciences
Po – CEVIPOF).
Covid-19 • Mapping of emotions in France
The essentials
• On average, from 24-25 March to 8-10 May 2020, among the feelings tested in the twelve French regions
studied, fear decreases, hope increases moderately, yet anger does not diminish.
• Comparisons between the number of hospitalisations and the spread of emotions felt at the regional level
indicates a dissociation between perception and reality regarding the situation induced by the Coronavirus.
• Some areas with fewer hospitalisations have higher degrees of fear and anger than areas with more
hospitalisations. This may be the fear of what is not yet present in the area or, beyond the health effects,
fear of the economic and social repercussions specific to the region’s context.
• On average, over the period considered and in four of the regions studied, more than one in two inhabitants
said they felt angry about the Covid-19 pandemic: in Burgundy-Franche-Comté (54.2%), in Provence-Alpes-
Côte d’Azur/Corsica1 (52.6%), in Northern France (51%) and in Occitanie (51%).
• Brittany is a champion of optimism and its inhabitants can be distinguished by their low levels of anxiety.
•A
n additional survey, conducted between the 22 and 24 May 2020, shows that following the first procedures
of the post-lockdown, fear and anger decrease, but hope remains at half-mast.
Summary
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
I. France: regional mapping of emotions
on the eve of the end of lockdown .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
II. The evolution of emotions regarding Coronavirus in French regions .................................. 10
III. After the end of lockdown, less fear, less anger,
but hope remains at half-mast ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
1. The “Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Covid-19” survey aggregates data from the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur and Corsica regions.
Introduction
Political, economic and social systems must This contribution focuses on data of the emotions
overcome the considerable challenges associated reported by the French interviewees between
with the Covid-19 pandemic. This health crisis is March and May 2020, in a comparative perspective
disrupting our lives and our relationship with others; between twelve regions 3.
it is affecting our emotions, our behaviours, our
Emotional levels are measured from responses to
life plans. In this context, a public opinion study,
the question: “When you think about the situation
collective representations and attitudes help to
regarding Coronavirus (Covid-19) in France, do
guide public action and encourage debates. It is
you feel... (on a scale from 0 to 10)” asked for
also a way of contributing to the memory of an
three emotions: “fear”, “hope” and “anger”. For
unprecedented event. This is why the Fondation
a given individual, an emotion is experienced when
pour l’innovation politique is a stakeholder in
its response is between 7 and 10 on this scale (i.e.
the international research programme entitled
“yes”). The level of emotion corresponds to the
“Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Covid-19”. This
percentage of people experiencing that emotion.
research takes the form of a series of public opinion
A separate question is asked for each of the
surveys conducted by Ipsos at regular intervals in
above-mentioned emotions: each respondent thus
twenty countries 2.
consecutively indicates the extent to which he or
The consortium of partners comprises the Agence she feels fear, the extent to which he or she feels
nationale de la recherche (ANR), the Agence hope and the extent to which he or she feels anger.
française de développement (AFD), Cerdi-CNRS,
The French population has already been surveyed
the World Bank, Cevipof (CNRS, Science Po), France
eight times, at intervals of two to three weeks.
Stratégie, IAST (Toulouse School of Economics,
However, in order to guarantee the robustness of
University of Toulouse), Hanover Universität,
the regional samples, we decided not to take into
Harvard Business School, University of Montreal,
account the data from 16 March and 1st-2 April, in
McGill University, Università Bocconi, the European
the graphical representations and in our calculations
University Institute and the University of York.
as they did not meet the conditions for guaranteeing
This programme aims to provide an unprecedented the regional representativeness of these samples. A
monitoring of public opinion in the context of ninth round of the survey was administered on the
the Covid-19 crisis: feelings experienced, one’s 22-24 May, its data are analysed page 13.
relationship to health safety, acceptance or
At the same time, we used data on the number of
weariness regarding the protective devices put
hospitalisations by region to compare the emotions
in place or public health recommendations, etc.
reported in the twelve regions studied with the data
These surveys should enable, on the one hand, a
concerning the fight against the Coronavirus.
better understanding of the way in which different
publics adapt psychologically to the measures of
social distancing and, on the other hand, a better
apprehension of consent in relation to the measures
put in place.
2. Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Morocco, New Zealand,
Nigeria, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.
3. Since we do not have data for France’s overseas territories, they are not included in this regional comparison of emotions felt in
France regarding the Coronavirus crisis. These territories are also not represented on the maps accompanying this analysis. In the
rest of this study, the term “region” is used but only includes the twelve studied regions. The “Citizens’ attitudes towards COVID-19”
survey aggregates data for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur and Corsica regions.
Number of hospitalisations
as of 8 May 2020
Anger
The feeling of anger is more heterogeneously
distributed throughout the country. In four regions,
more than one in two inhabitants say they feel angry
about the current situation: in Burgundy-Franche-
Comté (54.2%), in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur/
Corsica (52.6%), in Occitanie (51%) and in Northern
France (51%). In two regions, the level of anger is
significantly lower: Brittany (32.5%) and Loire Valley
(37.6%). The other regions are in an intermediate
group, with anger levels ranging from 43.7% to
49.5%.
METHODOLOGY
In France, the questionnaire of the survey “Citizens’ attitudes towards COVID-19” has been administered eight
times so far, at regular intervals, from 16-17 March to 8-10 May (questionnaires are generally administered over two
days). For two of these occurrences, that of 16-17 March and that of 1st-2 April, the data are not included in this
report’s graphical representations and calculations as they did not meet the conditions for guaranteeing the regional
representativeness of these samples. A ninth round of the survey was administered on 22-24 May. Its data are not
included in the graphs opposite but analysed on page 13.
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes In numbers
Loire Valley In %
In numbers In %
3 ,500 65 1 ,200 65
2,959 3,004 60 60
3 ,000 54.9 2,760 996 968 55
51.6 55 1 ,000 50.5 46.9 965
2,489 49.5 50
45.4 50 43.6 41.4 46.8 869
2 ,500 51.8 43.7 49.7 45
47.4 40.3 45 41.2 41.2
45 45.1 800 803 37.6 40
42.4 2,128 40 40.7 43.4
2 ,000 43.5 39.7 40.6 35
35 36.7 37.4
29.3 600
32.8 34.8 30 31.5 32.3 31.4 30
1 ,500 25
28.9 25
26.9 400
1,230 22.9 20 20
1 ,000
15 15
500 10 200 10
5 165 5
0 0 0 0
24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May 24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
In numbers
Burgundy-Franche-Comté In % In numbers
Grand Est In %
1 ,600 62 65 6 ,000 65
60 60
1,400 55 1,341 53.3 50.6 54.2 4,877
55 5 ,000 4,819 55
55.3 53.9 49.4 4,416
1,283 50 46.6 43 50
1 ,200 1,212 53.3 45.1 51.5 44.3
3,902 43.7
1,181 45 42.2 45
49.6 4 ,000 45.3 45.3
1 ,000 37.5 43.1 40 37.4 36.5 40
1,011 39.8 39.8 3,378
37.4 35 36.7 37 35
800 30 3 ,000 34.5 35.2 30
32.4 33.4 31.2
25 2,720 29.2 25
600 25.5 25.4
591 20 2 ,000 20
400 15 15
200 10 1 ,000 10
5 5
0 0 0 0
24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May 24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
In numbers
The twelve French regions studied In %
35 ,000 65
31,489 60
29,726 29,022
30, 000 50 26,117
55
50.1
44.7 46.8 46.6 50
25 ,000 47.5 48.5 46.4 45
22,554
41 41.9 42.9 40
20 ,000 38.3 35
36.7 37.3
34 35.4 30
15, 000 30.2 29.9 25
10 ,000 11,960 20
15
5 ,000 10
5
0 0
24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May
Île-de-France In numbers
Occitanie In %
In numbers In %
14 ,000 13,018 65 1 ,200 1,031 65
12,074 11,950 60 54.1 60
12 ,000 53.1 10,901 55 51 55
1 ,000 49 913 48.8 48.2
48.4 46.3 50 47.2 50
10 ,000 49.5 44 43.4 44.1 48.1 804
46.6 45 44.4 40.7 45
9,429 800 46.2 39.3
40
38 41.4 41.9 40 41.7 42 36.1
8 ,000 37.6 35 41.3 38.6 35
36.4
30 600 39.4
32.6 636 30
6 ,000 31.5 31.1 31.4 30.9 31.5
25 25
400 469 440
20 20
4 ,000 4,389
15 15
2 ,000 10 200 10
5 5
0 0 0 0
24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May 24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
In numbers
Normandy In % In numbers
Pays de la Loire In %
800 65 900 65
713 686 60 58 794 60
700 51.1 47.6 55 800 53.4 747 55
49.1 614 49.1
57.1 587 47.4 50 700 694 48.8 50
600 42.7 45.4
56.7 41.7 49.1 45 45
47.3 526 600 40.6 46 46.1 43.1
500 40 46.4 40
35.7 42.8 41.5 580
39 35 500 38.7 629 35
400 34.8 35.3 35 36.9
33.8 30 400 30
31.3
300 27.8 25 28.4 27.1 25
26.1 300 24.7
20 20
200 225 15 200 236 15
10 10
100 5 100 5
0 0 0 0
24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May 24-25 March 7-8 April 15-16 April 23-24 April 30 April 8-10 May
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations Fear Hope Anger Number of hospitalisations
© Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020 © Fondation pour l’innovation politique – May 2020
Fear is declining in most of the 57.1% of respondents reporting feeling fear. The
highest level of fear over the period is recorded
regions studied in Northern France (59%) during the 24-25 March
Throughout France, each of the emotions studied survey, followed by the Pays de la Loire (58%) on
follows distinct trajectories. At the beginning of the the same dates.
period, on average, one in two French people (50%)
declares feeling fear when thinking about the
situation induced by the Coronavirus. Thereafter, Cautious optimism throughout
it is during the 15-16 April survey that we observed
the country
the lowest levels of fear (41%), but also of anger
(44.7%). Paradoxically, this is the time when the For hope, there was a continuous decline in the
number of hospitalisations reached its peak. This first phase of the survey, from 36.7% to 29.9%
apparent discrepancy could be the effect of the from 24-25 March to 30 April. Then, the survey
announcement by the French President on 13 April from 8-10 May, on the eve of the end of lockdown,
2020 that the process of ending the lockdown indicated an increase in the proportion of French
would begin on 11 May. people who are optimistic about the current
situation (35.4%), a level similar to that observed at
After an imperceptible increase (1 point more
the beginning of the period (36.7% on 24-25 March).
between 23-24 April and 30 April), the proportion
For the first time in two months, respondents
of French people expressing fear decreased again
expressing hope outnumbered those expressing
during the 8-10 May survey, reaching its lowest level
fear in four out of the twelve regions surveyed:
in most regions (38.3% on average, 11.7 points
Brittany (34.7% hope vs. 31.6% fear), Loire Valley
lower than at the beginning of the period). A few
(37.4% vs. 31.4%), New Aquitaine (38.9% vs. 33.8%)
regions are the exception to this pattern: Burgundy-
and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur/Corsica (39.1%
Franche-Comté, which experienced a decline in
vs. 33.7%).
fear later, on 23-24 April, and Normandy, which
recorded a significant peak on 7-8 April, with
Question: “When you think about the situation Question: “When you think about the situation
regarding Coronavirus (Covid-19) in France, do you regarding Coronavirus (Covid-19) in France, do you
feel fear? (on a scale from 0 to 10)” feel anger? (on a scale from 0 to 10)”
Answers: yes (from 7 to 10) Answers: yes (from 7 to 10)
The case of the Grand Est region helps to reported elsewhere in the country. Symmetrically to
demonstrate that, for a given region, on the eve of this apprehension of being contaminated in turn,
the end of lockdown, there is no direct link between we find another situation, that of heavily affected
the number of hospitalisations and the spread of regions where the capacity for resilience would have
feelings of fear or anger among its inhabitants. developed, as well as the hope of getting out of it.
In regions with relatively fewer cases, if any, this The fear of being affected by the pandemic among
discrepancy between the feelings experienced those who have been spared could be matched by
by the population and the reality of the situation the hope of overcoming it among those who have
could be explained, at least in part, by an anxiety- been most affected.
provoking expectation of the wave of the virus being