COORDINATION AND RESPONSES / KOORDINASI DAN GERAKBALAS

1. Diagram 1 shows two types of neurons X and Y / Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua jenis neuron X dan Y

X: Afferent

Y : Efferent

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

(a) Name neurons X and Y / Namakan neuron X dan Y [2 marks]

(b) By using arrows, show the direction of impulse along the neurons / Dengan menggunakn beberapa anak
panah, tunjukkan arah impul sepanjang neuron [1 mark]

(c) Suggest two structures of neuron X which distinguish it from neuron Y / Cadangkan dua struktur pada
neuron X yang membezakannya dengan neuron Y [ 2 marks]

1. Neuron X has longer dendrite but shorter axon than neurone Y

2. Neurone X has the cell body at its site but neurone Y has the cell body on top of it

(d) Neuron X and Y have different function. How are they different ? / Neuron X dan Y mempunyai fungsi
yang berbeza. / Bagaiamanakah ianya berbeza ?

1. Neuron X transmits impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system ( brain and
spinal cord) but neurone Y transmits impulse from the central nervous system ( brain and
spinal cord) to the effector.
2. Diagram 2 shows a cross-section of a synapse and the transmission of an electrical impulse across the W
space /Rajah 2 menunjukkan keratan rentas sinaps dan pemindahan isyarat elektrik

Pre synaptic neuron / Post synaptic //

Neuron penghantar neuron penerima

M Y
N
W
Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

(a) Name the structure of neuron labeled with X and Y / Namakan struktur neuron yang berlabel X dan Y
[ 2 marks]

X : Synaptic terminal

Y : Dendrite

(b) Other than organel M, suggest another organel found abundantly at the end of presynaptic neuron /
Selain daripada organel M, cadangkan organel lain yang didapati dengan banyak di hujung neuron
penghantar. [1 mark]

Mitochondria

(c) Give an example of substance W / Berikan contoh bahan W [ 1 mark]

Dopamine , serotonin …..

(d) Explain how impulse is transmitted from pre synaptic neuron to post synaptic neuron / Terangkan
bagaiamana impuls saraf dihantar daripada neuron penghantar ke neuron penerima. [ 6 marks]

1. The electrical impulse is converted into chemical impulse ( neurotransmitter)

2. Synaptic vesicles release the neurotransmitter
3. The neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft
4. The neurotransmitter binds with the receptor at the membrane of the dendrite
5. The neurotransmitter is reconverted into electrical signal
(e) Due to some factors ,structure N fails to be formed in post synaptic neuron. Will this affect the
transmission of impulse. Give your opinion. / Disebabkan beberapa faktor, struktur N tidak
dapat dihasilkan di neuron penerima . Adakah ini akan memberi kesan kepada penghantaran
impuls saraf. Berikan pendapat anda. [ 3 marks]

1. Yes.
2. The neurotransmitter has no receptor to bind with
3. The neurotransmitter cannot be reconverted into electrical signal
4. No electrical signal is transmitted along the post synaptic neuron
5. No response carried out by the effector

(f) Suggest how the transmission of nerve impulses across the synapse is affected after a
depressant drug is injected into human body / Cadangkan bagaimana penghantaran impuls
saraf merentasi sinap mendapat kesan selepas dadah penenang disuntik kedalam badan
manusia [ 4 marks]

1. The synaptic vesicles are less stimulated

2. Synaptic vesicles release less neurotransmitter
3. Less neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft
4. Less neurotransmitter binds with the receptor at the membrane of the dendrite
5. Less neurotransmitter is reconverted into electrical signal
6. Less electrical signal is transmitted along the post synaptic neuron
7. Less response carried out by the effector

8. Caffeine found in coffee, colas and tea is a stimulant which can increase the heart rate and
alertness. Support the statement with more information. [ 4 marks]

1. The synaptic vesicles are morestimulated

2. Synaptic vesicles release more neurotransmitter
3. More neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft
4. More neurotransmitter binds with the receptor at the membrane of the dendrite
5. More neurotransmitter is reconverted into electrical signal
6. More electrical signal is transmitted along the post synaptic neuron
7. More response carried out by the effector
3. Diagram 3 shows the transmission pathway of information involving voluntary action / Rajah 3
menunjukkan laluan maklumat yang melibatkan tindakan terkawal.

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

Based on Diagram 3 describe briefly the pathway of transmission of information / Berdasarkan rajah 3
jelaskan dengan lengkap laluan maklumat tersebut [ 6 marks]

1. The audio / sensory receptor detects the sound

2. The receptor generates impulse
3. The impulse is transmitted by afferent neuron to the interneurons in the brain at the
synapse
4. The impulse is then transmitted from the interneurone to the efferent neurone at the
synapse
5. The efferent neuron transmits the impulse the muscle ( bicep muscle)
 6. Diagram 4 shows a cross section of a spinal cord / Rajah 4 menunjukkan keratan rentas
sebahagian satu saraf tunjang

B: Grey matter C: White matter

D: Dorsal root
A: Ganglion
E: Ganglion

F: Spinal nerve

G: Ventral root

Diagram 4 / Rajah 4

(a) Label the structure of the spinal cord / Labelkan struktur saraf tunjang.

(b) Complete diagram 4 with afferent neuron, interneuron and efferent neuron / Lengkapkan rajah
4 dengan neuron aferen, interneuron dan neuron eferen [ 3 marks]

7. Diagram 5 shows a reflex action of a boy who accidentally touched a sharp needle / Rajah 5
menunjukkan tindakan reflex seorang budak lelaki yang tanpa sengaja terpegang jarum yang
tajam.

Tissue P
Z

Diagram 5 / Rajah 5
(a) Based on diagram 5 , how is the function of afferent and efferent neuron different in reflex
action / Berdasarkan rajah 5, bagaimanakah fungsi neuron aferen dan eferen berbeza dalam
tindakan refleks ? [ 1 mark]

Afferent neuron transmits impulse from the pain / sensory receptor to the interneurons in the
spinal cord but efferent neurone transmits impulse from the interneurone of the spinal cord) to
the effector.

(b) Name tissue P / Namakan tisu P [ 1 mark]

Cardiac muscle tissue

(c ) Can you describe how tissue P responds to the stimulus. / Bolehkan anda jelaskan bagaimana tisu P
bergerakbalas terhadap ransangan tersebut . [ 2 marks]

1. Tissue P contract

2. To allow the forearm to bend

(d) Suggest the importance of the response done by tissue P / Cadangkan kepentingan tindakan yang
dilakukan oleh tisu P [ 1 mark]

To prevent serious injury

8. Encik Ahmad was involved in an accident. When his knee was tapped with a reflex hammer, he
did not give any response. An MRI result showed that his efferent neurone was damaged.
Suggest how the damage has affected him . / Encik Ahmad telah terlibat dalam kemalangan.
Apabila lututnya diketuk dengan tukul reflex, dia tidak memberi sebarang tindakbalas.
Keputusan MRI menunjukkan saraf eferennya telah rosak. Cadangkan bagaiamana kerosakan
tersebut memberikesan kepadanya. [ 4 marks]

1. His knee cannot be jerked forward

2. Impulse from the grey matter of the spinal cord cannot be transmitted to the quadricep
muscle
3. No impulse received by the quadriceps muscles
4. No contraction of the quadriceps muscles