Chapter 12
Generates blood pressure
Heart
Lecture Outline
The Cardiovascular System 1
The heart is a muscular organ that is
essential for life because it pumps
blood through the body.
The heart is a member organ of the
cardiovascular system, which consists
of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The heart of a healthy adult, at rest,
pumps approximately 5 liters (L) of
blood per minute.
For most people, the heart continues to
pump at approximately that rate for
more than 75 years.
The Cardiovascular System 2
Figure 12.1
The Cardiovascular System 3
The heart is a member organ of the
cardiovascular system, which consists
of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The heart is actually two pumps in one,
with the heart’s right side pumping to
the lungs and back to the left side of the
heart through vessels of the pulmonary
circulation.
The left side of the heart pumps blood
to all other tissues of the body and back
to the right side of the heart through
vessels of the systemic circulation.
The Circulatory System
Figure 12.2
Functions of the Heart
1.
2.Routes blood
3.Ensures one-way blood flow
4.Regulates blood supply
Heart Characteristics
Size:
size of a fist and weighs less than 1 lb.
Location:
between lungs in thoracic cavity
Orientation:
apex (bottom) towards left side
Figure 12.3
Pericardia
Pericardium:
double-layered sac that anchors and
protects heart
Parietal pericardium:
membrane around heart’s cavity
Visceral pericardium: membrane on
heart’s surface
Pericardial cavity: space around heart
Figure 12.4
Heart External Anatomy 1
A coronary sulcus extends around the
heart, separating the atria from the
ventricles.
Two grooves, or sulci, which indicate
the division between the right and left
ventricles, extend inferiorly from the
coronary sulcus. The anterior
interventricular sulcus extends
inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on 16 The Atria
the anterior surface of the heart. Superior chambers

Heart External Anatomy 2 Holding chambers

Small, thin walled
The posterior interventricular sulcus Contract minimally to push blood into
extends inferiorly from the coronary ventricles
sulcus on the posterior surface of the
heart. Interatrial septum:

The superior vena cava and inferior
vena cava carry blood from the body to
the right atrium, and four pulmonary
veins carry blood from the lungs to the
left atrium.
Twoarteries,oftencalledthegreatvessels
orgreatarteries, carry blood away from
the ventricles of the heart.
12 Heart External Anatomy 3
The pulmonary trunk, arising from the
right ventricle, splits into the
right and left pulmonary arteries, which
carry blood to the lungs.
Theaortaarisingfromtheleftventricle,
carriesbloodtotherest of the body.
• separates right and left atria
17 Ventricles
Inferior chambers
Pumping chambers
Thick, strong walled
Contractforcefullytopropelbloodoutof
heart
Interventricular septum:
• separates right and left ventricles
Atrioventricular Heart Valves
Valves between the atria and ventricles

13 Surface Anatomy of the Heart 1 Tricuspid valve:

Figure 12.5a
• AV valve between RA and RV
14 Surface Anatomy of the
Heart 2 Figure 12.5c • 3 cusps
Bicuspid valve (mitral):
15 Heart Chambers
• AV valve between LA and LV
Four Chambers:
• 2 cusps
• left atrium (LA)
Valvular Control
• right atrium (RA)
• left ventricle (LV)
• right ventricle (RV)

Coronary sulcus:
• separates atria from ventricles
Each ventricle contains cone-shaped, rigid attachment site for cardiac
muscular pillars called papillary muscle.
muscles.
These muscles are attached by strong, 25 Cardiac Skeleton 2 Figure
connective tissue strings called chordae 12.9
tendineae to the free margins of the
cusps of the atrioventricular valves. 26 Blood Flow through Heart 1

When the ventricles contract, the 1. RA

papillary muscles contract and prevent
the valves from opening into the atria 2. Tricuspid valve
by pulling on the chordae tendineae 3. RV
attached to the valve cusps. 4. Pulmonary semilunar valve
5.Pulmonary trunk 6.Pulmonary
Semilunar Heart Valves arteries
7. Lungs
The semilunar valves have three half- 8.Pulmonary veins
moon shaped cusps, and are valves 9. LA
between the pulmonary trunk and aorta. 10.Bicuspid valve
11.LV
Pulmonary valve: 12.Aortic semilunar valve 13.Aorta
• between RV and pulmonary trunk 14.Body
Aortic valve: 27 Blood Flow through Heart 2
• between LV and aorta Figure 12.10
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
28 Blood Supply to the Heart 1
Figure 12.6
Coronary arteries:
Heart Valves 1
• supply blood to heart wall
Heart Valves 2
• originate from base of aorta (above
Figure 12.8 aortic semilunar valve)

Cardiac Skeleton 1 Left coronary artery:

A plate of connective tissue, sometimes • has 3 branches

called the cardiac skeleton, or fibrous • supply blood to anterior heart wall
skeleton, consists mainly of fibrous and left ventricle
rings that surround the atrioventricular
29 Blood Supply to the Heart 2
and semilunar valves and give them
solid support.
Right coronary artery:
This connective tissue plate also serves
as electrical insulation between the
• originates on right side of aorta
atria and the ventricles and provides a
• supply blood to right ventricle
Cardiac veins:
• drain blood from the cardiac muscle
• parallel to the coronary arteries
• most drain blood into the coronary
sinus
• from the coronary sinus into the right
atrium
Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials
1
Changes in membrane channels’
permeability are responsible for
producing action potentials and is
called pacemaker potential.
1. Depolarization phase:
• Na+ channels open

30 Blood Supply to the Heart 3 • Ca2+ channels open

Figure 12.11
2. Plateau phase:
• supply blood to anterior heart wall
and left ventricle • Na+ channels close
• Some K+ channels open
Blood Supply to the Heart 3 • Ca2+ channels remain open
Figure 12.11 Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials
2
Heart Wall
3. Repolarization phase:
Epicardium:
• surface of heart (outside) • K+ channels are open
Myocardium: • Ca2+ channels close
• thick, middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle Plateau phase prolongs action potential
by keeping Ca2+ channels open.
Endocardium: In skeletal muscle action potentials take
• smooth, inner surface 2 msec, in cardiac muscle they take
200-500 msec.
Figure 12.12
35 Action Potentials in Skeletal
Cardiac Muscle
and Cardiac Muscle
1centrallylocatednucleus Branching
•Na channelsclose
cells
• Some K+ channels open
Rich in mitochondria
Striated (actin and myosin) • Ca2+ channels remain open
Ca2+ and ATP used for contractions
34 Cardiac Muscle Action
Intercalated disks connect cells Figure
Potentials 2
12.12
35 Action Potentials in Skeletal
(b)©EdReschke
and Cardiac Muscle Figure 12.14
36 Conduction System of Heart
1 4
Contraction of the atria and ventricles
is coordinated by
specialized cardiac muscle cells in the
heart wall that form the conduction
system of the heart.
All the cells of the conduction system
can produce spontaneous action
potentials.
The conduction system of the heart
includes the sinoatrial node,
atrioventricular node, atrioventricular
bundle, right and left bundle branches,
and Purkinje fibers.
37 Conduction System of Heart
2 the cardiac muscle of the
Sinoatrial node (SA node):
• in RA
• where action potential originates
• functions as pacemaker
• large number of Ca2+ channels
38 Conduction System of Heart
3
Atrioventricular node (AV node):
 located in the lower portion of
the right atrium
 action potentials from SA node
sent to this node
 action potentials spread slowly
through it
 slow rate of action potential
conduction allows the atria to
complete their contraction
before action potentials are
delivered to the ventricles
39 Conduction System of Heart
Atrioventricular bundle:
• action potentials from AV node travel
to AV bundle
• AV bundle divides into a left and
right bundle branches
40 Conduction System of Heart
5
Purkinje Fibers
 at the tips of the left and right
bundle branches, are Purkinje
fibers
 Purkinje fibers pass to the apex
of the heart and then extend to
ventricle walls
• action potentials are rapidly delivered
to all the cardiac muscle of the
ventricles
Action Potential Path
41
through Heart
1.SAnode
2.AV node (atrioventricular)
3.AV bundle
4. Right and Left Bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
42 Conduction System of the
Heart Figure 12.15
43 Electrocardiogram (EKG)
ECG (EKG)
• record of electrical events in heart
• diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
• uses electrodes
• contains P wave, QRS complex, T
wave
44 Components of ECG/EKG
P wave:
• depolarization of atria QRS complex:
• depolarization of ventricles
• contains Q, R, S waves T wave:
• repolarization of ventricles
45 Electrocardiogram Figure
12.16
46 Cardiac Cycle 1
The cardiac cycle is a summative
description of all the events that occur
during one single heartbeat.
The heart is a two sided pump, with the
atria being primers for pumps and the
ventricles being the actual pumps.
47 Heart Chamber Contractions
Cardiac muscle contractions produce
pressure changes within heart
chambers.
Pressure changes are responsible for
blood movement.
Blood moves from areas of high to low
pressure.
48 Cardiac Cycle 2
45
Figure 12.16
4 Cardiac output equals stroke volume
Cardiac Cycle 3
Figure 12.17
Events of the Cardiac Cycle
Figure 12.18
Heart Sounds
Heart sounds are produced due to the
closure of heart valves. A stethoscope
is used to hear heart sounds
The first heart sound makes a ‘lubb’
sound.
The second heart sound makes a ‘dupp’
sound.
The first heart sound is due to the
closure of the atrioventricular valves.
The second heart sound is due to the
closure of the semilunar valves.
Heart Valve Locations
Figure 12.19 ©JuiceImages/AlamyRF
Regulation of Heart Function 1
Stroke Volume:
• volume of blood pumped per ventricle
per contraction • 70 milliliters/beat
Heart Rate:
• number of heart beats in 1 min. • 72
beats/min.
54 Regulation of Heart
Function 2
Cardiac Output:
• volume of blood pumped by a
ventricle in 1 min.
• 5 Liters/min.
multiplied times heart rate CO = SV x
HR
55 Intrinsic Regulation of the
Heart 1
Intrinsic regulation refers to the
mechanisms contained within the heart
itself that control cardiac output.
Venous return:
• the amount of blood that returns to
heart
Preload:
• the degree ventricular walls are
stretched at end of diastole
Venous return, preload, and stroke
volume are related to each other
56 Intrinsic Regulation of the
Heart 2
Starlings Law of the Heart:
 relationship between preload
and stroke
 volume
 influences cardiac output
 Example - exercise increases
venous return, preload, stroke
volume, and cardiac output
After load:
• pressure against which
ventricles must pump blood
57 Extrinsic Regulation of Heart
Extrinsic regulation refers to
mechanisms external to the heart, such
as either nervous or chemical
regulation.
Nervous system control of the heart
occurs through the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions of the
autonomic nervous system. influences
of heart activity are carried through the
autonomic nervous system.
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerve fibers innervate the SA node.
58 Baroreceptor Reflex 1
The baroreceptor reflex is a mechanism
of the nervous system
that plays an important role in
regulating heart function.
Baroreceptors:
• monitor blood pressure in the aorta
and carotid arteries
• changes in blood pressure cause
changes in
• frequency of action potentials
• involves the medulla oblongata
59 Baroreceptor Reflex 2 Figure
12.20
60 Chemoreceptor Reflex 1
The chemoreceptor reflex involves
chemical regulation of the heart.
Chemicals can affect heart rate and
stroke volume.
61 Chemoreceptor Reflex 2
Chemical actions:
 epinephrine and norepinephrine
from the adrenal medulla can
increase heart rate and stroke
volume
 excitement, anxiety, and anger
can increase cardiac output
  depression can decrease cardiac
output
 medulla oblongata has
chemoreceptors for changes in
pH and CO2

• K+, Ca2+, and Na+ affect cardiac

function

62 Chemoreceptor Reflex—pH
Figure 12.21

63 Summary of Extrinsic
Regulation Figure 12.22

64 Heart Disease
Coronary Artery Disease

• due to decrease blood supply to the

heart

• coronary arteries are narrowed for

some

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

reason

 due to closure of one or more

coronary arteries
 area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking
adequate blood supply die, and
scars (infarct)

65 Heart Procedures

Angioplasty:
• procedure opens blocked blood
vessels

Stent:
• structures inserted to keep vessels
open

Bypass:
• procedure reroutes blood away from
blocked arteries