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INTRODUCTION
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 39
BACKC.~LCULATION RULES
The SHRP b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e is b e s t i l l u s t r a t e d by
r e f e r e n c e to F i g u r e 1. The p r o c e d u r e relies on the w e a l t h of
i n f o r m a t i o n s t o r e d in t h e LTPP data b a s e -- deflection, p a v e m e n t
s t r u c t u r e and materials, and surface layer t e m p e r a t u r e data. -- to
g e n e r a t e the input for the b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n program. M o r e specifically,
d a t a b a s e queries and rules are u s e d to g e n e r a t e d a t a files for input
into the M O D U L U S program, and additional rules address the subsequent
e v a l u a t i o n of the b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n results.
T h e SHRP b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n rules address t h r e e m a j o r areas. The
first g r o u p of rules focuses on the d e f i n i t i o n of t h e m o d u l i ranges
r e q u i r e d to run t h e M O D U L U S program, the second set of rules addresses
t h e m o d e l i n g of t h e p a v e m e n t s t r u c t u r e for p u r p o s e s of backcalculation,
and t h e t h i r d and final set of rules focuses on the e v a l u a t i o n of the
b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n results. In addition, n e w rules or m o d i f i c a t i o n s to the
e x i s t i n g ones b a s e d on p r e l i m i n a r y L T P P data a n a l y s i s results are
d i s c u s s e d in a later section.
B e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h the d i s c u s s i o n of t h e backcalculation
rules, it is w o r t h w h i l e noting two k e y points r e l a t e d to the d e f l e c t i o n
data to be used in the analysis. First, at any g i v e n SHRP p a v e m e n t test
location and for e a c h FWD drop height, four r e p e a t drops are p e r f o r m e d
and t h e v a r i a n c e of these drops is c h e c k e d to e n s u r e that it is w i t h i n a
s p e c i f i e d tolerance. Second, t h e d e f l e c t i o n d a t a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e
four r e p e a t drops are averaged for purposes of the b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n
analysis to m i n i m i z e t h e effects of r a n d o m errors. F u r t h e r details on
the SHRP d e f l e c t i o n t e s t i n g p r o g r a m are given e l s e w h e r e {Strategic
H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m 1993).
Definition of L a T e r M o d u l i Ranqes
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40 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SECOND VOLUME
LTPP BACKCALCULATION
INPUT
- Data R b ( 8 )
!
BACKCULATION L'I'PP BAOKOALOULATION
MODULE ANALYSIS:
9 "MOOUUJS" Pmgrsm
1
LTPP BACKOALCULATION
RESULTS:
~ ~ Modu,
eEm~
POST-PROCESSOR
1
LTPP BACKCALCULATIGN
MODULE RULES."
9 ~ a l ~ ~ Pa4mb
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 41
P~, : 100 . [ G , . - G ~ I
L G~G.e j Gb (3)
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42 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SECOND VOLUME
(4)
- A C . 4 0 ~
-5 '~sco,,~l'fY
Ii
_
lONE MATIO--
!sro (2"~-F)
EO 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
TEMPB~TURE, "F
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 43
20 0.3
40 1.0
80 2.5
160 5.0
It has b e e n a s s u m e d that a c e r t a i n m i n i m u m a m o u n t of d a t a --
a g g r e g a t e grading, m a x i m u m and b u l k specific g r a v i t y of mix, and asphalt
content -- are a v a i l a b l e for the c o m p u t a t i o n of t h e initial m o d u l u s for
each A C layer in t h e pavement structure. In t h o s e cases w h e r e this
i n f o r m a t i o n is not a v a i l a b l e from the LTPP data base, the initial
m o d u l u s i8 c o m p u t e d u s i n g the f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n (Asphalt Institute
1988):
logl0[E* ] = 5+0.553833+0.028829*Pm0*f~1~-0.03476*V,+0.070377*~1~6
+0.000005,[t(13+0.~z~(0).p~]_0.00189[tp(z3+o.~,p~, f.u]+
0 . 9 3 1 7 5 7 f ~mT~ (6)
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44 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SECOND VOLUME
E~apo~ite = ~
I -i
heo~x~mt~ e
)I
E3 (8)
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 45
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46 NONDESTRUCTIVETESTING: SECOND VOLUME
E(comp) = P c * a~ * (I - u 2) * C
def * r (13)
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 47
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48 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SECOND VOLUME
Note that the MODULUS program requires only an initial modulus value for
the subgrade, not a range of modulus.
Along with known layer thicknesses, the layer moduli derived from
the SHRP backcalculation rules will provide much of the information
required to run the MODULUS program, but not all. Because the MODULUS
program is limited to a maximum of 4 unknown layers, prioritized
guidelines are required for combining two or more layers in pavement
structures with more than 4 layers. Likewise, rules for fixing layer
moduli in complex pavement structures, thin asphalt concrete layers, and
treated eubgrade soils are also required. Another item that must be
covered by these rules is the assignment of a Poisson's ratio for each
pavement layer.
The specific set of rules used by the SHRP procedure for modeling
of pavement structures in backcalculation analyses is as follows:
Subqrade layers
Thin Layers
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 49
Evaluation of A n a l y s i s Results
9 A l l b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n results must be c a r e f u l l y r e v i e w e d by an
e n g i n e e r familiar w i t h the b a c k c a l c u l a t l o n process.
9 If the results fail the c o n v e x i t y test, t h e r a n g e of m o d u l i m u s t
be w i d e n e d (reduce lower bound by 50% and increase upper b o u n d by
100%), and the b a c k c a l c u l a t i o n rerun. If the results are similar
to t h o s e from the first run (within 10%), t h e y should be accepted
w h e t h e r t h e y pass the convexity test or not. If the results from
t h e second run d i f f e r from those from the first run, but pass the
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50 NONDESTRUCTIVETESTING: SECOND VOLUME
Asphalt Concrete
E > 500 ksi (3,450 MPa) 0.30
E < 500 k s l (3,450 MPa) 0.35
Portland Cement Concrete 0.15
Stabilized Base/Subbase
Lime 0.20
Cement 0.20
Asphalt 0.35
Other (stabilized subgrade} 0.35
O t h e r (fractured PCC) 0.30
Granular Base/Subbase 0.35
Cohesive Sub~rade 0.45
Cohesionless Subgrade 0.35
Other C o n s i d e r a t i o n s
3average of a b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d and p r e d i c t e d
d e f l e c t i o n s for sensors used in backcaloulation.
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RAGA ET AL. ON SHRP'S BACKCALCULATION 51
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
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52 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING: SECOND VOLUME
Asphalt Institute, "Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete and Other
Hot-Mix Types", Manual Series No. 2, College Park, Maryland, 1988.
Rada, G.R., Witczak, M.W. and Rabinow, S.D., "A Comparison of AASHTO
Structural Evaluation Techniques using NDT Deflection Testing",
TRB, Transportation Research Record 1207, Washington, D.C., 1988.
Strategic Highway Research Program, "SHRP Layer Moduli Eackcalculation
Procedure - Software Selection", SHRP Technical Report, July 1991.
Strategic Highway Research Program, "Manual for FWD Testing in the Long
Term Pavement Performance Study: Operational Field Guidelines,
Version 2.0", SHRP M~nual, March 1993.
M.W. Witczak, "The Universal Airport Pavement Design System - Report II:
Asphaltic Mixture Material Characterization", Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, May
1989.
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