Refrigeration

Refrigeration, air-conditioning and ventili-tion:?roperties

compressioncycle refrigeration plant, air of a refrigerant, vapour -
con plant, ventilation system for accommodation
and ship holds

Syllabus
o Explain reversedRankinecycle
also termed as vapour compressioncycle
B Describethe requirementoiprimary
refrigerant
o Names commonprimary r"ftig"rur,i.rrr.""r,rlyrpecified I

(ozoneprotection) under IMo recommendation

t
o sketchesa singleline and block
diagram of refrigeration systemcomponents
arrows to indicateflow of refrigerait, and t
showing components
o Compressor (
o Condenser
o Regulatorvalve controlling sensor {
o Evaporator (
D Oil separator
(
o Drier
o show the objectiveparts of the (
systemwhere the flowing processtakes
a The removalsuperheat place
o Throttling _(
o Evaporation
_l
o Compression
--t
tr Expansion
o Charging -1t
o sketch an expansionvarve in
section as a singre rine diagram (
0 How oil separatorsworks
o Statethe function of liquid receiver a.
E tn" system can be controiled autornaticany )
,?:t:i:"r::; using the temperatureof
o Describesthe simple term condenser
and evaporator
o opeiatingconditions,whichindicatesthat,
!j:::iff:the thesystemis tunctioning
o Describesthe variations in seawater
temperafure on the ref systern L
o Explain how the deficiencyof
E Describethe effectof
the systemis detectedand rectifiec. r
o Moisture tr
. Air
. Oil
\
o Describeshow air can be removed
from the circuit (*
o Describethe compositionof brine
o Explainshow the de4sity of a brine \
is varied to suit temp of operation
a Determinethe densityoi b.i.,"
samples c
c
c
t48 (

C
(
 o Statethat the brine density should be sufficient to.grve freezrngtemperaturcbelow
the lowest temp requircd. Statethat the brine should be maintained with an
alkalinirybetweenph 8 an d ph 9

$
{b
o Explain ih" pr".u,rtion to be iaken rf the brine has to be made with sodium chloride.

Dew point temPeratureis the temperatureof air recordedby a thermometer,when the

moisture (water vapour) presentin it beginsto condensate,in other words is the saturation
temperatuiecorrespondingto the partial pressureof water vapour.
"b
\D
T Humidity:
It is the massof eatervapour presentsin 1 kg of dry air and is generallyexpressedin
!}
gm/kg of ,,lrvair. It is alsocalledspecifichumidity or humidity ratio.
t
Dry bulb temperature:it is the temperaturecf air recordedby a thermometerwhen not
9 affectedby'rnoisturepresentin air
t
Wet bulb temperature:is recordedby a thermometerwhen a wet cloth exposedto the air
$
surroundsits bulb. Sucha thermometercalledwet bulb thermometer.
?
c PROPERIFSOF REFRIGEIRENT
-t 'l Low boiling point otherwiseoperationat high vacuum
becomesnecessary
o Low condensingPressureto avoid hea'/y machineplant and plant scantiingsand reduce
t leakagerisk.
t * Low specificvolume in vapour state - reducessizesand increaseefficiency
o High latent heat to reduce the quantity of refrigerant in circulation and lower machine
-t speedsand sizeetc
_t o High critical temperature above which vapour cannot be condensed by isothermal
-t compression
..'.Non-corrosiveand non-solvent
-)
{. Stableunder working condition
't o No action with oil (the fat that most refrigerantare misciblemay be advantageousi.e.
-t removalof oil films, loweringpour point etcprovided separatorsareprovided)
'1.Easyleak detection
{'Non-toxic, non poisonousand non-irritating. r
_l, * Cheap,easilystoredand obtained
_t
-t
-t)
t
t
-t
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- 9)

, 149
 t

i,
Q.2 Draw a line sketch
"
and explain working pnnciple t'
And also tfmp at salient positions Give
two important properties of refrigerant ""'J;;r"ure (,

(,
The vapor compressionrefrigeration
FTG79 5
dlchcrge vclve 6
-C
ressure gouge

1.8 bor c
high p
tow pr--Src
Ing spoce e
Aos
f
com p ressor a"
e v o p o r oet r
t
-l
c o n d e ns e r
cooling woter -Lt
'Jz ^
z ^d e g
27
sw out c
h i g h p r e s s ur e i
e x p o n s i o nv o l v e -
-:
:
I
-:
S i n p t e R e F r ^ i q e r - o . t i o nS y s t e n r ;
rt-.
:
l
r
---l
l-

evo.por - lcr

pansion vo.tve T
a
f

L,

f,

t50 c
c
 -
I

L . . , - l

{ C

I.
! In this type the working substances is a vapor, which readily evaporates and condenses.

t The substances does not leave the plant, but circulated thr-ough the system, alternatively
condensing and re-evaPorating.
t In evaporating it absorbs its latent heat frorn the brine, wnich is used for the circulating
around the cold chamber. In condensing it give off latent heat to the circulating water of
I) the cooler. The machine is therefore a latent heat pump. As it pumps its latent heat from
D th.ebrine and delivers to the cooler
The refrigerant units work on the vapor compression system. Freon 12 is colorless in
b concentration of less than 20/5by vol. Freon is ncn-corrosive.
c Freon is anhydrous it will have no effect on steel or copper
Shaft seal prevents Freon or oil leaking out.
o Expansion valve is usually set to maintain a temperature of about -15 above that of
c refrigerant in the cooling coils at a certain point. This point on the suction line where the
sensitive bulb controlling the expansion valve is clamped. The control phial of the
t expansion valve is clamped to the outlet pipe from the cold chamber.
t Expansion valve is fitted near the inlet to thc cold chamber automatically controls the flow
of refrigerant. This valve may be pressure -operated or thermostatically controlled type.
3
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e
t
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3
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3
},

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3
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 Q2 Main properties of refrigerant Freon fZ
"
vessel are reverting back to ammonia as a refriqerant.

Refrigerant oil properties

tr* from.moistureandpossesa very low acidity- not r,
ll3::::::::r.* exhibit the
il[ffiT:il:1:1:::::T::.';::ry.'?:-:irq,;.,*,"."n"*,"'J.,"#il#j:l'i
t
l

ffiit"1,.;:;:;,"':j,;:,rq::l:lgl:3eo'reach":*p;;;il;;;".;il;;i#"ff
;:;
'*"Jr,JJil;ff;:H;:::ff; t
tlre oil rvaries
tlrp nil r q r i o o rwith
^'itL rL^ -^t-,: - , .
the refrigerant.
(

_6
laced and with uthat?
C
-(
Freon 12 CCL}F2 dichlorodifloro methane
Freon22 C
Dichloroetrafluroethane
F 114 C
Most modern refrigerantsare chlorofluoro (
carbon(cFC), which have a damaging effecton
the ozonelayer,in addition [o accumulating 1'
in the atmosphereand causingglobal _f
warming' HFC 134A, which causeszero
de-pletion,can easily replaceR12of CFC 12 or
Freon 12' Refrigerant22or HCFC22is used --a
in almost 90% ofships as it is relatively a less
harmful gas,other CFC refrigerantscan be
replacedas shown. 1

Sr no Name of
rC
Ozone depletion Alt"*uti;; -(

-<

-l
HFC-125, 407C
Al ternative refriqeran t f

1 HFC_123 t
HFC-134A
e
f
.,r Ammonia NH3 have the rargest ratent, poisonous if in
contact with the stored food. If
used on board ship it must be ericlosed
in a sepa.ate chamber on accounts of pungent
injurious effect on metals such as smell,
brass u.d .opper and therefore parts in
therefore made of monel or nickel steel. ! contact are
Ammonia is relatively cheap and has considerable
thermodynamic advantages.This system
is uot in used on board mainly because
of explosion risk and becauseof its toxicity.Boiling
point - 39 deg cent therefore pressure required F
through out the ,yrtu* is less.
Leaksof nnunonia to ntmosphtT, nrt inaariabty
quickty delectedand v->'repairea
vrqL'v' becauseof the smell is so (
strong eaennt its low concentrations. t,
. r. . , r
. ! 1 t 1 , ,. ;: ; . . ' . t i , , : 1 r , ., ,: . , . , . , . , ..! i,1,,,.0
n ( $- l-'C C i ' , F ' L t , , i : , . . ( - i ' : ' . ,
,''(r1,.. f.; ' j.y.;
'r, ._\'- '
;! '' l.J-) ca cI F'; l,-4o-"
t ( . 1 , , a ^ . ' ( , . , t rc i r ii.' . ,1-it';''ri.. ,
L | /
,41 ) c|lg' ts2 \

< :;2 f&i !Fr- t

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r-.

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-, Wfr"t is
What tne effect
rs the etlect on cycre if:1)
rerngerarron cycle
on refrigeration Dysrerl undercharged
rr:r, System ur
a- b)
11) System overchargedlll) Air in the syste
-,-
a-tt Air in the slrstem
eir ir non-condensablegasin systemresultsin high dischargePressure.
f, t-,
_v

'b Th,isindicated by the presenceof small bubblesin the sight glass.

FluctuatingPressur€gauge
-\i Remedy:
The procedurefor removing air from the system,is similar to that used for removing excess
..'lt refrigerant.
The iondenser liquid outlet is closedand with circulatingwater is on,, the chargeis pumped
"\D to the condenserand receiver.The air will not condensebut remain in the top of the
,l:t
condenserabovethe liquid refrigerant.The air expelledby slackeningthe purge valve.
3 Systemovercharged.
Too much liquid in the receiver,condensertubesubmergedin liquid refrigerantalsocause
!}
high dischargegaugepressureand alsoreadshigh suctionpressureand alsocompressor
I shortcycles(highpressurecut out)
Remedy:
I
Excessgasto be releasedfror:rthe condenserto atmospherethrough a specialPiPe.
9 Systemunder charged.
Compressorruns continuously,
$ low suctionpressure.
g Largebubblesin the sight glass
Compressortendsto work hot also
t If the systemis under chargedcooling efficiencyis reduced,erratic movement of gauges-
_s Condenserplessuredrops,suctionpressurereduces.Compressordischargeplpe will be hot.
I Remedy: to checkfor leakages.
I Is to chargegasfrom the storagebottles.
Method of charging;
O When adding gas, the freon storage cylinder is connected to the filling valve on *re
t Regulator outlet, loosely. The bottle valve is cracked open to clear air from the connecting
pipe. And the nut is tightened on the nipple of the filling valve. The charging connectionis
9 madc to the liquid stop valve or suction stop valve if there is no valve after the Regula:or.
-t The bottle must be upright to prevent entry of liquid when the connectionis made to suctron
side of the system. The charging valve is opened one turn off the back seat and with the
3 compressorrunning, the bottle valve fully opened. Charging continued until the bubbles
t disap.pear from the sight glass..
Charging will correct the pressuregauge readings( i.e condensergauge about 7 deg abcve
t the sea water inlet and suction gaugegbout 7 deg below the evaporator on the equivalmt
I) saturationtemperaturesfor the pressures)

!
3
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-3 r53
 Q.4ClassesrVapF
of
l,t.J:f:ling
a) "-1f "ompressorrefersto
Frequentiycutting ;r"ri"J"T":
""
,il X:::::jl{:':"i'i' ";; ;;;';Pr"g
ct r(unnlng too fast
d) Running too slow
Frequent

il::t.T:::{ti.ffiLi:';11
Thermostatic'alve
the evaporator (from
tuy b" the restricting
device,due ,o
refrtgerantflcw.
'r-t"t"'"r"n"g effeiof
r." l:y.ruoerheat of the gasreaving
coils)it wiil be c.rosed
in to reduce the
"*r*
This is the result of operation
of the Lp controller,the
t'ffiTi.:1iil'T::f;".i,?:,:
;l'."*;',ri,::l"i:*T"**:',:"',lT:i:i"".,r reopenir:g.

Q . 6 S k e t c ho ,
meat
meat _ __-."6 ,,Lu.r,eu.'.punen[s
cumponents
rootn
".cuL rootn lor shipr,
for shtp,s aegetable. Room
a,
the system
systemcan
canbecontrolled
conrroiledauromaricaily,
auromaricaily,
using
usingrhe
rh, temperature
ffit::ntt:T
l;:ntow of the
_(
C
hP,crt oAt
t)
Y
pre-ss g o u g e
c
.LP t't
c
-c
(
recie ver A
t h e r r . r o st o t i c
s w i tc h / -l
/ j
r---ft
I sotiniod t
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drien
>-c I
r
f it{ing
{
conn
c
other
a
Fig 80
7
,o{Jtil;1i:";:,Tfl:1,''""its, meat,
fish,vegetabre
roomerctheneachcircuitis a
Eachcircuit has its own
thermo staticexpansion s-
one chamberis cooled varveand sorenoidstop
the th;;;;;;t.shuts varve.when
only' This happensprogrds-cively th"iiqil srop varve and cut out that \
to,allcircuil;;:;en chamber
rapicldrop in pressure at the circuitsare cur out
(suction)'wi, cut out
the compressor the c
a
f
t54 (

c,
C
 -l

-
-
IL
ire
--.
Liquid receiver
stabilize
S"f"."* liquid receiver should be installed below the condenser.It seryes to
b .o.,ditio.,r in thc rcf circuit and accomrrrodatethe chargeof ref when the rest of the system

-tb is pumped out for repairsor alterations.Upright receiveris most preferredon board shiP.
Evaporatorcanbe operatedeitheron dr;'expansionor flooded
primary ref is the one employing primary ref becausecnly one ref is employed to cope
b directlywith the coolingload.

',

\t Meat room: expansionvalve Regulatesthe requiredgasquantity.Solenoidvalve is kept

-t openby currentfrom thermostat until room temperaturefalls to desiredvalue (15deg)-
Then vaive say6 staysshut until the thermostat is re-energized.Whcn room tcmperature
I risesto -10 deg?At the outlet iine a non-retum valve is fitted preventingflow from other
roon'lwhen this line is active.
t Veg room and dairy room:
t Instrumentsis similar to meat room, but becauseof higher room temperaturein this room
tire refrigerantis absorbinglessheat and is pressurestayshigher.In order to maintain this
t pressureand obviatespoilingof prociuctsby freezing,a constantpressurevalve is installed
-t at the outlet.
-t
't Automaticfunction:
Upon reachingthe desiredlow temperature.Solenoid valve will closeand interrupt the
t refrigerantsflow. But the compressorcontinuesto work emptying ali refrigerantin to
it liquid receiver.Suctionpressurecut out no 4 on suctionside)stopsthe compressormotor
usuallyat 0.5bar gaugeto prevcntvacuuin and air leaksin to system-
t Temperaturerise in one of the cold rooms re activatethe solenoid valve, renews
I refrigerantflow to suctionsideand .pressostatrestoresthe motor.
Magneticliquid stopsvalve
t In multiple circuits this valves servesto cut out or cut in particular chamberto which it is
3 thermostaticallyconnected.Eachroom has its own stop valve (thermoelectric)and thermal
expansionvalve aswell ashand isolatingvalves.
}' The thermostatswitch is simply an electricalcontactworking with spring action againstthe
bellow pressurecausedby the room temp and 6mploying certain temp differential.
-t Eachcircuit has its own thermal expansionvalve and solenoid stop valve. When the
I' chamberis cooledthe thermostatshuts the liquid stop valve ancicut out that chamberonly.
:) This happensprogressivelyto all circuitsand when all circuitsare cut out the rapid drop in
t suctionpressurewill cut out the compressor

t
Failures:in caseof lor.vlube oil, low condensercoolingpressureand high ref discharge
I pressure- the variouspressstaton theselines interrupt motor current.
t
?
t
)
-,
-t t55
 Q7 Drau a simple sketch to explain t
.1
t ely in ii6n*t
I

carsoholds. )
The vapor is drawn i" f. t

oir*q compression
strokethevapor iscompressed
:,,fi::1":.::::y]'11".
adiabatically, thusbeingcompreteiy evaporatedto a d;;;il;;;;
i

and circulatedthrougtrihe #"t;;#through

or condenser.
The vaporshaveits temperatureraised {
"ool",
during this adiabaticcompression. The cooler absorbsthe latent heat from thesehigh- {
Pressurevapors and through condenses-itto a liquid at the same
pressure.The high-
Pressureliquid isnow expandedthrough arrow opening of an expansion {
allowing it to perform a throttling expansion. liquid valve thus
This operationsof the substancesand at the (
sametime causesto partly evapo-rate;
hencethe substanceswill issuefrom the expansion
valve a very wet vapor and at very low (
ternperature.This temperatureis usually about- 10
deg' thc wet vapor now passesthiough
the pipes immersed inthe brine and its temperature
is below that of brine, it ibsorbs its latent _(
heaifrom the brine in ft-rrtherevaporatingitseif.
The substanceleavesthe brine tank a fairly (
dry',oufo.. ff.,i, completesthe cycle.
-(

8 what are the mary and seconda ants? Where the seconda C
-(
Primary refrigerants:it.is a halogenated
hydrocarbonderived from methaneCH4 with I
hydrogen having beendisPli!"9 ty the
^cctzrz chtorine and fluoride. The resulting compound is
dichlorodifluoromethane aho known as Freon 72 , r22cHClF2 (chloflourmethane {
R11- Monoflouromethane (CCI3F2)
t

R502( 48.8%R22and St.2%R115 -(

-a

Primary are thoserefrigerantwill evaporate

at low temperature.The boiling point and
condensationpoints of l-iguiddependsupon
the pr"rr.rr" it exertsupon it . These :
refrigerantsare revertedback tolts originar <l
forniafter doing work.

-i

a
secondary refrigerants areemployedwhere
the large installationand complex,to avoid
circulationof expensiveprimary'r.dig..un,
in tu.g. q'uantities.
It is cheapandleakagewill be -
detectedeasily
f
secondary ref is the one employing a non-volatile
mainly the reasonsof reliability. Large
quantities of primary ref is costiy if leaks*
t,"*p"r,r;rre and primarily ref chargeis greatly
reduced.
There is disadvai'rtageous that the tenrp cliff nonnaily about 5 clegat
evaporator' Thus larger comPressor the heat exchangera.d.
and greater L,r, prt is required because F
suction temperature. of lower
Calcium chloride t\

temperaturemuch ibelow,"*1-lormally but it has disadvantages rhat are impracticable for

35 becauseof high,nir.oritp which implies C
poor heat transfer.
f

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t56 .t
 I
-t
t Brine: It is made up of calcium chloride with water. To make brine the calcium chloride
I should be broken down in to small pieces Density should be Regulated by the addition of
I caiciumchloride
Common salt (sodium chloride l.JaCL)may be used instead of calcium chloride in caseof
! e:-rrergency.But to prevent corrosionadding causticsoda ( NaOH)should treat it'
Newly *id" brine is alkaline.Afier being circulatedin the system it will however tum in
ID. acid The hydrometercan be used to checkbrine density.i2\AKg/M3 PH= 8'5
I
Brinepipesnray be galvanizedextemallybut not internally
o Fresh*ot"., which is formed when the brine pipesare defrosted,must be allowed to drain
I to the bilge .If not the insulationwould suffer.Odors must not be passedvia drainpipe in to
other purlr of the hold. This is allowed forming a drain trap in the pipe from the upper hold
t and sealingwith it r,r'ithheavybrine becauseit will still remainsas liquid and non-freezing.
t The brine absorbs heat from the cqrnpartmentsand returns to the evaporator and re-
circulated ,
t ' jr
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i l, N '(t, ) " . : L : . ' (aft{-:t' i' n:!''-'''
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t ; 1.'.',,. r=r,jr,i' -i{ }*t .. /cr, .; .':i((^, d,, +'t 61"'*f l)r:!)n.,
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['1 Rcfrigcntion
Guidc Book for Marinc Enginecr

. A rcfrigeranr is a substanccthat acrs as a cooling agcnt by absorbing and giving olThcat.

. tn rhc vapour - comprission cyclc, the rcfrigerant is the working fluid that aitcrnetivcly vaporizcs and
condenscsas it absorbsand rcjccts hcat respcctivcly.
, To be suitablc for usc as a rcfrigcrant in the vapour - compressioncycle. a rcfrigcrant necds lo possescenain
t hermodynamic, chemical. physical and cnvi ronmental propertics-

Desira ble Propcrties of Refrigera n ts :

l. It should have lorv condensing prcssrrre(tci avoid heavy compressor and equiprnent).
2. It should have low boiling poinl (to avoid high vacuum).
3. It should have low specilic heat of liquid (to rcduce vaporization during throttling).
4. It should have high latent heat of vaporization (to rcduce mass florv o[refrigerant).
5. It should be noncorrosive,non-toxic and non-poisonous.
6. It should be non-flammable,non-explosive and chemically stable.
7. It should bc oil miscible.
8. It should be environment-friendly.
9. It should make leaks easy to dctect and locare.
10. It should havri worldwide availabiliry, low cos and ease of handling.

REFRTGERATION SYSTEM:
The Refrigeration Systemconsistsof two parts:
a) Low Pressurc Sidc- The low-pressrre section containsthe evaporatorandthe sraion line.
bi- Higb Prcssure Sidc: Ttrc bigh pressureside containsthe dischargeling the conderser,the receiver and the
val"e-
liquid tinc up to tbe ecrpansion
. The pressrrechangcsfrom high to low irr the throttliag valve and from low to higlr in the conrpressor.
. T}e objeaive ofa re&igerationor air conditioniog system is to collcct heatfron a lo'x tempefatureareaand
rerrove it to a high temperature area.
,
Suaion side
I
I
I
) Furgi i,n"
liPi c,rtout
Sea '
Water
H I.P control switch

.r;.-.---t'-"t'

Mastersolenoid Starter Box

J
i (For large system )
Jr^
--tt
Fillingconnection Thermostaric
Room so!enoid exparsion
V irl VC valve

Sight
glass
I f Tc otlrcr Fan
I
J4fca7--, .q6
t-/ ('o Rooms Power

J .* t/t /
Hr/
2nra ct4- &-/o,l'
7.,.f.,., .Lplo-/
^.,
Sunply
J
Ilcfrigcration Cyclc:
Eh e / , . i <,e ^rt/ i /,t, l n ;>.1
I
J
t

TN 1 tU- olbd'.lNann'L
 li t frigc r: tion
(itridc l.loo! for
M.rrinc[nginccr
t 0ilr[,r'cJtor:

1 - l r r c . ct y 1 r c so l c { ) f n r ) r c s s r r s
'lrrc t c rr(.d in.-..i^^.-r.:^-

,iil;'l:?;',::'i::;ru,i1:1;?trTi:nj":iiii':iT!F&ilil;',fr:;li:::?,;y
l.rrgcrcon,r),cisors
r",'.i^::1;:::j,*':ftj:j':,):::.1,.T
',i'it'
,;]1i.1,';,-i;,i.',f.f,it'o'""0.''"r".
rcciprocrring
ror.'yrnd c€nrriru8.1r.

'
r c c i p r r r c . r r i ^ gc o r r p r c s s o r i
";l;il;I;fi'fl[i::*:'il""'l *TJJ;:vr,r;:
ji:l:i.i a r c f i r r o < Jr v i r h p t a r c r ; 1 r cs u a i o n
( i t : t : : ) c i c 7lIn d r ' 1 v y ' s r r r r l l and di valvcq whosc largc
lifls'rlffcr rt.i-r,'rl;rt.ncc
ro rhc florv nr..f.i^^-schrrgc
[ J n l o : r d i n gA l c c l r a r r i s n r :
"
i:iff,"l :'J':if,,1;*:1i1il:::lrnorc cvrindcrs
during
srrnins
androrsrbscqucnr (
\ '
rordconrror
by
I l r . r s: r f e l l i n 8 s r r c t i o r r I
t ;tr;;:bcr
n r c s q r r . indicating
; " r , " L ^ ^ a^ rcduccd
--) .^ ) , ,
lord on thc sys(crn..ln bc
usc/ ro rcducc euromrric-a1y I
"i,;;;i;;;;Ifi']lt ihc I

C1'lindcr cot.r, i
S a f c r ys p r i n g , : ( i a s ' l - o

Dc.livqly yllyc

Suoion valvc

Unloadcr

R c f r i g c r a n ri n
Piston

I -i n c r
Oil To

ll.cir igc r: tiorr (lclrr

u,.c..^
oil scpentor
Sc [).qra ( c r:

i n',,1*j,.irr:
,:.t1,5ffi .il::,i
r l r l p r i i t co o t h c
b:lnlcs
:,j:1
il hor gasdisclu.rgclincs fiom
cntcrsthc largcrrcr of tlrcscpanior
thc comprcssor.
alio.r,s rlrcoil parriclcsto
l l r c , o i l r h c n< i n i n s
L , yg n v i t y r o t l r q b o 1 1 6 n 1
cr;rn k c.19c o f t h c v c s s c l u , h c r ca f l o . . ! lv J l v c c o n t r c l s f l o r v
to thc comprcssor

I - ; q u ^ , d- L i n c F i l t c r
' or f)rici.:
llrc filrcr{ricrs -a
o o , - . 1 1 fittcd
.f , t t r bctrvccn
t.,.-
l-orcign .rttcrs onn*t't llrc I
:';";ff :I*'h:iiu':;:1"*:tX',:::*Jl'ff";:..
pansard,.id.n,*;;'):lf*llffi
-fhc
" conrinon diriog agcnts.
found in r]rcfirtcr-<rricrs
arc acti'arcd aJumine or:iricr gcr.
Condcn:cr: -
" ln thc concicnsc:-.
han
to(hccondcrucr
circrraring
\va1.',
clusing
niiffi1;;1i,:;*;ff *'fi"::Jl,'f;;'utt"'""r
rrom
rhccondcnscr
l .:"R'*]Ill*:lI,:#?:::il:g-df:ffi;:'.ilT,'*1i,J,,,'.,iquid
Ir
anJ rhis rcduccstlrc .'ash
incrcass,u" *,.*'t n1,,,. or"nr;on va,vc.
J\ in rhc g" prcvcnringany 9n_ ;i;;
rl," ;;;*;:"*rhca( ,ar;ri""i".,,1,,, fromrhcc'E'ocarorroching
n**
Er.nporrtoc

vJpor;:.\,.,,,"f.,::ll::'-,-r:crr
: orvapori::!,on
r-rorn
rhcrcrrcruntring
aj!|lff::";:*tcranr
':vrPoraroc c,uld bc;t,lTlYn* circo.
rtu",'oj ', cdtrc{J rcr^6crarron
courd
bcoircc,;pc
,"r,;;:- inrhc t
#;;,:i'J:,n:fr Jj;,;[:il#.,i:x;J:;sair roomor
ir !

l
,

,{d o(L<{ul XaRI4

(
) '
( llcfrigcretion
) Guidc Dook'for Mrrinc Enginccr
(
Solcrroid Vrtvc:
) '
{ solcnoid val'cs arcconrrollcdby crcaricallyopcrrtcdrnigncticcoirs.
) ' Thcy arc mos( frcqucntlyuscdon rcfri6cnnr lincsto providcOr.l-OFF0ow c6n1.-e;.
' Tlrc valvcs could bc cirhcrnormellyclosc<J
I '
or normtlly opcn.
Tirc corrccr dircctionis whcn rhc n;;d prcs$rc hcrprlo cioscrhc vrrvc.
(
1 ) r r o ( ( l i r r gD c v i c c s :
( ' 'I-irc
tl'otrJing dcviccsarc florvcon(rordcviccsandthcy havctwo primary
funoions:
a) To mctcr tlrc liquid rcGigcrantfrom tiquidtinc inro cvaporator
t at a rzrc suiublc ro mainrainrh" ooign".l
opcrarirrgpfcssurcal diffcrcntload conditions.
( b) To meintaih lhc diffcrcnccofpressurcbcrrvccnhighand low prcssurc
sid.: ofthc rcfrigcrarionouircurr..
( ' Tlrronling is donc to rcduccthc.boiling poinr
of thc tiquid from rhc condcnss.This-isachicvcl by rcducing rhc
prcssurcof thc rcfriga-ant.a" it is macrcd rluougbthc smallorificc of thc thronlingdcvicc.with thc roducrion
( o-fprcszurcrhc corrcsponding boiling poinr is at rcduccd.
' 1'Yr'"t of throtrlingdlviccs arc:l-nornog:tic lltpansionvalvcs.
I
ExtcrnalF4ua.lljngExFiansion Valvcs crc.
{
I Slightly srpcrhcarcJgasf;
(' tl '
Rc&igcrant out u
( Diaphragm

)
t Capilla4'rubc
fi fith rcfrigcraot

Rcrnotcbulb _->
I

I T L r o r r l i r r go r i i r c c
(

Iic6 igcranr
z\s liouid

.l
'j
rl

( ,*
I
I
I
pvaporaLli^
,l
',1 A C . j : :t i r r l
( :
\\,orkbg principlc :rf 6rprnsiou Erpaosioovalvc:
I ' vrl".lt-ottetrc
( I or crpansion vaivcs arc r'inodlo cnsurc rharthc corrc<rvolumc
1,J *.:tiqcr:nt.rcguJaioo
I'om thc hlg\ prcss'rc sidc of Jrc:ystcm'juough of tiquid rcfrigcrant
( i_:'
'. :t*t
,in passingduoupjr tbc valvc
to t}c low prcss,gc6/aponrorsidc.
-cfrigcraor -n"slts. thcrcij a ojdcn drop in-prcssrrc i".p.-orrc. rnd a propordon
rl of thc liquid
( t irr:oqas. ""a
' Exporuioo valvcs havcsrnall
l ' orificcs io ordcr to clrccr thc dcsircd prcssurcrcduaion-
( A5 tJrccxtransion yajvc is tlrc first
poinr in t}c rcfrigcrant cirarit u'wtrich Lp*" falls and if thc plant is
tcrtrpcr!rutc bclow 0'b. rn"n rny ,noirru* in
.l :I:itljls "'yalvc. thc cirorir will frcsc out and rlrc icc roay chockc the
( I
I crpansron
a ' Any au(ornaric conttol valvc
( mc(cring and oow of - liquid hes to bc sizcd to suit r-batpvtio.rlar flow and prcssrllc.
9rop in ordcr ro obrrin o4imum p.f;.;;
'-
'( I t!:t-orb(ic crprorioo v^lvc i, d;lg; to rnainrain! consrEnramounrof srpcr.hcatcd
ll" cvEPott'tor
urc rcrnpcran:rcai
.l
(i
outlct' Bccausc - of
- ' 'irs
- - sbility
- " " , to povidc full rcrr"ctir.
r r @ \ r v cr..sc
r s ccof all thc cvrpor.urorsrrfacc undo"
r l l l o a dc o n d i t i o n r . "na
(
Thc tcmPcreturc of
the cvaPoraloroutla aad thc tcmpcrEtuic orthc
tcmo(c valvc arc s:runtcd liquid-vrpour minurc in th{
( tbc samc- Hcncc thc p(6rurc cxorcd by thc fluid
in rhc bulb ii at*ays thc satuntion prcss.rrc
frl].Tj:: l" lF Ti.-,trnrrtd
' "v 'slru rsl s'ctunR
rmn n(urc a(rhc o<)in( oibutbcont-rcr
{. .5 donotlrou5i thc adjustingrcrcw; a rlaically rupcrhcatvrluc
wotrld rcs-rlt in chanics ir 6.6 .C. L-ordclrsngcs
irr supcrho-tof thc cvapcritor outlcd n" rcrnorc
a. ir.r. bulb rcnrcr tinc irrcssurcr*oul<l
ll* lr" aJfrcro.lrhcrbv..using rJ.rc valvc ,o ,lo ,o o toadchangc.
,f, 'l (hc cvoPorDtor
ir opioring wi"rhno -pd;a;;;;.rr.urc
rbovc rnd bclow rlrc di.pt*grn rrc oqua!.

'e{/- o(l'<!ut ivauttd

c
&
,&
)
I

s \:,! ir6w:i
''f
 xjiri

( t
t
'!

( I
I
f
t I
I
{ I
i
(

Rcmotcbtrlb I

]l i
(
l-luorrling
orificc
:-]r--
;
(
(

pvaponatoa ,

Ilclrigcranr
As tiquid
f1f (

ti

z\djustirg scrcvz (',

Tltcn'os(e'icErp::nsiontrt;.;;;;;;;;;;;;::'
Vnl'copcration:
of rlrcc:pan_sion val.r,c.js
.irc lf1o_dc
t.hc..upcrl,catJ:r1s as follorvs:
s lo risc thc ncddic valv
ona tl* u.rr"l'
' ^ s,,.n.r,.i" .r*-,r:r,,*,,,,-.:::;;::: acdrcducc
Ll:c
supcrhc-r,
. o, i''" oi:lili".^,',o.. :i, .":,::]:"'
r'alvc
mevsnr6::r
rcgardrcss
irT:;ffifr.':T.,-"*. orrrrc
- Firstry ,-r:#:;ttr tobcmalruooionins:
' iu,'.1ffi""03"1n;?]i:::":ta
u"'"JrJ forrcaris :
'r'"'",i",oil'H'J:il?:.trff[f;,T;,1':,fi"?il,T.'r,,*l:::.rrr,c
varvc,
r,u,
no,on
ih.Lrrc,
sidc
rr {
j n ^ r l . O I a ( E r p a n s i o nV a l v c :
' Fiash offocqrrs (
' .r ,1" 1'-'.--,-
-Tl"torr valvc by raJc
Thc srcatcr uhc,^n1:
' thcrcraajndcrof
thcliquid t
Frasi,orrisa ross 9";;-.;1,ff;'.?:T;}?.'rrom
"1T,'""t* *'". 'r'' r;1,;J"iir""oi
: !;luid ;;;:;;;,:",:t|!i:: ""por* compro:lyducrotaljngrcssrarcnr (
bcat.
mavtal<c hcatrromrcrrwndin8
.,r-T::::.-1,:tt:t"H;-' aadrormrro,,oncxpansionvarvc
- rn rr,"'rc'oi;;;:""t Su.cdon
vspouc (
:i: tr\c
vapoLrrEr ,r," u"*;?l'^*. sJctionrzpour is
' drc suajon inlct of tJrc
Aflcr rhc ti<,uid;.h-:"! l:Tp.-,"'; ;;;;'*J:chcd comprcssorasa sarurarcd

["i.*l]"i-"f, n'JillHffiH#T*J"TLil.T,ljh',.jr:.;;il,:pourua:a,y I

- i:3^:?#rtron_irsris.brry morc.
*'" isconsidcra (
. fi g,?';l'il:,rt "*"{i$'nl;: ;T :.'-Tr:
condcn'.r.
bIvhisrrcr
riscraar "
- ;; ;l;TJ.rhc
Effccr^o f su b.<oolin
g ( li <
ryncn thc tiquia Rcfrigcnn(:
r " . " " I q u i d .,
ir i"-L-r.a'. "rScrrn( sultcootco bciorc
r( rcachci rhcrcfrioar,^r ^^

j*@@.;#'d;:;;;
. Tott
,occr^uscofthtgrca(cr re'i^^^.:-*ww'orct(rcachcithcrcrriScrartconlrolthcrcfrigo-anrcrrrctpcrunir

taauf,GT' i
(
I
(
I
d
l.
ll
lr
I
I Rcfrigention .
'*-i.t,{'.$
, if;'r!.irJit:.;l

Cuidc Book for Marine Enginccr

Rtfrigeretion Lp & Ilp Control Switch: From Bus Bars

Sealing Transformer
solenoid

Sealing crntact

NC = NormailyClose
N O = N o r m a l l yO p e n

LP ort in F{P q.rt out

Entbalpy: Enthalpy of a substancccould be taken as the total amount of encrgy t-hesubstancehas.

Vapour - Comp4ession
Cyctcon Prcssurc- Entbalpy Diagram:

Pressurc
l6 bar

3.2 bar

Entp'1lnY,GJ.fBe!.'e$gTit),")i,,.'.',
I - 2:.Evaporator: E:rtra-ctionof bea! from the meat room (as an cxa:riple) ous.r llguid to .rrap_b*.1ra*formatiog
:r
: . . . . i n e v a p o r a t o r a ! ' . | 3 j c - . . : . . . . _ ' ' . ' . . . , . - . .' -: . - .' . ' .
2-3:CompressonWorkdoneincompressdi.';>-'':':.,: ..i. ,.'. ,
3 - 4: Condensen Vapourto liquiit trarsformation in condenser ar 4Z"C by energy thrown at sea.
4 - l: Erpan,rion Valye: Throttlingat the expansionvalve.

Refrigcrant Lu bricant:
' l-ow pour pcint uzua.lly- 42"C.
. Flgh flash poiot 235 "C.
, Density 900 kg /m+.
' Good iubricati-ngpropcrries.
' The viscosityshouldnot be af!'ectedseriouslya! low temperature.
' Must be &ee from moisnueunderall conditionsto preventplanrcorrosionand Feezingat expansionva!ve.

IIow to Handlc Refrigerationon Board?

l. Storage:
a) Kcepit in refrigerationreomor air conditioningroom in cool placcin steclbotrlc.
b) Secrueit properlyby a woodenplank.
c) Clampit ro avoid vibration.
d) Keepproteaive hood in placc.
J ?
Do not dropthebotrleandblankconnectionshouldbc right.
7. Charging:
a) Ventilationshouldbc providodbeforc charging.
I
I b) Takecare!o protectsbn and usc facc mask and do nor inhale.
) c) Shouldnot lcak it [o almosphcre. .
d) A-flercharging.seqrrc ir propcrly.
c) Thc bonlc must bc keptupright to prevcnttntry of liquid rvhcnchargingat thc slcrion

J l. Do rrctrGusccontarninate<t (by air or oil) refrigeranr,sendi! tn shorc.

sidc of the system.

JrtlL ollxlul XrantLI

?
 -v

Rcfrigcration
::t:? 1:t
1"1,'1{ilsF
'a

Guidc Book for Marinc Enginccr

'igcrant:
:civer outlervalveand collco the gasin the rcccivcr
:quid levcl of rhc levcl glass.if
ir is befow lB charging - rc4uired.
- .,.eighrof rhc gasbonle and kecp rhc bonle uprighr.-
Uonnc-cr rhc chargingpipe to the connccrorand kccp ir toot.
open thebottlc.valvc slighrly,purgelhe line to thecollectingcylinde'r andrighrrheconnecrion
Openthechargingline valve l/l and full opent}e botrlevaive.-
c h e c k t h e l i q u i d l c vienlr h c g a u g e g l a s sr./>3 a n d n o a i r b u b b r e i n t h e s i g h t g r a s s .
Closethe va.lves;thc compressorsropsar-rromatically
Openthevalvesandstarlthc comprcssor.
Carry out leakdctcction
Purgingro empty

Refrigerent Cbarying Linc

Over Chargc: Under Cbargc:

l. Indication: l. Indication:
a) High condenser gaugereading. a) Compressorruns hot and performancefalls
b) Sightglass. full of liquid refrigeranr. off
c) IlglFpressrl'ieswirch acti\ares ro srop b) Low condenscrgaugereaCing
comPresscr- 'Bubbles
c) in rhe sighrglass.
?. Catsa:
'-Excess
a) refrigeranthrs been chargedin 2. Cousa:
s.vstegL a) Partid blockageat rhe filter or drier.
b) Air in tbe systemor poor cooling. b) Expansion rralve bloked at tbe strainer-
c) Ice on the regulator. c) Lcalsge at the shaft se.!, Ilange ccupling
3. Renedy rralvc gland etc.
a) Rcnrovcthe reFiga-antfrom the systenl
This is doneby coonectinga cylincier.to the 3. RenedJl
Iiquid line-charglngvalvg sr:ning the a) IdcntSand recti$ leakage.
compressorend opcratingthc charging b) Ciean filter a::d Ciier,
valvc. c) Addmorc gas.
.b) Purgeair and maintaineffective cooling

Oil in rhc Rcfrigcration Systcm:

l. Indicaion:
a) Tcmpcfaturcnot droppingin cold room as
normal due to oil act as an insulation_
b) Exccssive&ost on suaion line.
c) Compressorruns for long time and hgt
d) Sumplwel drops.
a) Duringchargingair enrersinro the system. 2. Causa:
b) If Frcon- l2 is usedair leaks inro sucrion a) Defeaive ring or worn liner.
line (WP is lessthan atmosphericpressure). b) Too higb compressorcapacityduring
Action'. starting
a) Pump down the refrigeranr (air willnor c) Oil carrying over andnot comlng back to rhe
condcnsatebut remain on top ofthe comprcssor due to blockedin lhe systerrr.
condcnserabove the liquid refrigeranr)- d) Oil separaroris nor woikjng propcrly.
b) Con".'cstthe collecting cylinder to the 3. Action:
purginglinc, open thc valve and collecr air in a) Checktheoil separatorfor proper
the cylindcr. funaioning
Afler purging shur thc valve complcrely. b) Checkthe dricr for propercleaning.
:)
d) Check thc le'e! o[rhc rcfrigcranr, if rcquired c) Fvaperarc_,r coil shouldbe oil drained.
chargc it. ' If oil in the ccolingcoils:
e) Restartthc comprcssor rvith all safcty - Increasespndenscr andcvaporalor
prccautions. tempcrarJrc differcntials.
frost on the suclion

F-o;rming: At low lcmpcraturc, rcfrigeration mixcs with

oil whcn rhc comprcssorstafls; duc io high tcmperaturc gas
cxpands and causcsfoaming.

,tL o164ulX,,a'aid.
:I Goidc
Rcfrigcra tion
Book for Marine Engincer

eiil-ffio. SlrorrCYcling:
f Dciectivc lerv prcssurcconlrollcr'
is too small
) ;;;;;;;;;" l n r r o l l d i { T i e e n r i a(lc u t i n c u t o u r )
l. Restriction of rcfrigcrant supply'
4. Rcfrigerant charging too small'
5. LeakY refrigeratio.n Plant'
6. Too mtrch cooling watcr lo condcnscr
valve cloggcd
7. Equalizing line to exPansion
valve and is high
back-prcssr'rrc
; Stocted
"lpunsion
9. Expansion valv-ewronglY set' , .
10. Expansion valve gives large superheat'
val'e'
i i. ioi"nola valve leiks or lcakydischarge
12. Frosting up / clogging evaporalor'

, E x c e s s i v e f r o s t i n t h e s u c t i o n l i n e i s c a u s e d b y r h e m a l f u n c t i o n o f e x p a n s i o n v a l v e . evaporation temperarure is
by iow evaPoration pr"r*i" and very tow
. Low evaporation temperature_isachieved
achievedby two stageof cooling system'

y":H"#J|j,trtji:h r-'h-e'.evefe
atsccriors point'
wii!freezc
sysrem i:ilT:::.::5j"J3:'ing
be starved and the
shut position' The waporalor would
' Moisture may freezethe cxpansion*t,,. inll
ill *tout on low suctionPressurecontrol' evaporator' high
p.tj,;"i. ft it t"itt res.lt in over feeding of the
, Moistr:re ^^y fre.ithe valve in its oPen
"ornpro*t't
to't}re comPressor'
srcdon pressureand probabty liquid carry over running gear
oit film h the systemrezultingin beariugfailuresantl
, Moisnrre*y ul*-Ur'J aoo. tuUri*ring
damages-

fg$fl:lU''$':"'
2. Halon I-amP
'*) nan?
3. Po;tableEtearonic Leak Daecrion Equipment
'.JiuarcnicLeak Detefiicn Eq'uiprneni
4. Fixed
Phnt is lo usea leak detectionlamp'
. A quickerand moresensitivemethod for Frdn
or colortess and impingeson a copperplate'
. The flamc is no.rntif-t a paje blue
. T r a c e s o f F r e o n p i c k e d u p b y t h e e x p l o r i " ; ; ; g i u e s r ' h " n ^ - " u p " r " g r c e n c h a n g i ; g t o v' i"o t c :t f' o
: : "t 'H' 'sr o' . ' , , : :
;;;;;',i"".'

TH E EN-vfRONMENTII L ISSL!-E:
.ozoncdepletionintheupper$rarosphereispresentlyo:reofthemajorproblemsfacing.theenv.rronmenta|
scientists. -,r-^^r-^c-:--,
plantsthat u: chlorinebasedrcfrigerantsvtz'
, Emissionsfiom rclrigcrationand air conditioning
(HcFCs) are now implicatedto be someof the main
chlorofluorocarbons(cFcs) and i-lydrochlofluoiocarbons
causesof this ozonedePletion' of all
to recycling of their CIC stock controlemissions
. The refrigerationplant opcralorswill haveto resort refrigdrant'
an :!ternalive environment friendly
CFCs and ."""ruJfiy pfr'n foI-rf," transirionro
l 0zone: 90ozt'ofthc
ozone is e hluish gas that is harmful to breatheNearly
ozonc is a gas conrposcdof I atoms oforygcn. a band of radiati'ln
r-;ltraviolct
to as ozo.c l"yei- Otone absorbs
Earth,sozonc is in thc stratosphercan<iis rcferrcd most UVB kom reaching the
Thc ozone layer prcvcnts
callc<JUVR rhat is parlrcularlyharnrful to living organisnr
ground.

I f.'lcsosphcrc50 -. 80 knr
J
( ) z o n c p r o t c c t su s f t o m t h c s u n ' sI J V r a d i a t i o n
S t r . r t o s p h c r cl 5 - 5 0 k n r .
I
)
I
I Eartlt

'froposphcrc plrnts
0'- l5 knr: Ozonc can damagc lungc tissuc and

J ;1,t .'.1 ft'i,f

',i('q"xrit!
 Rcfrigcntion
Guidc Book for Marine Enginccr
-Montrcel Protocol:
More than l0o countricshavcagrccdto halt produoion ofchtorinc
bascdrcfrigcrantsby signingrhe Montreal
Protocol(UnircdNarions.l9g7) on subsranccs rhardcprercrr,. Ly"r.
".o*
Kyoto Protorol:
A ncrv intcrnationalagrecmcnlhasbccninitiatedro reduceemissionof grcen
houscgrse;(GHGs)lo reducclhe
potcntialrisk of cxccssivcglobalwarming.Morc rhan 170counrrics
-.idrring Ddmber'199i-;i n;il J.;r;
and agrccdto roll backcmissionsof carbondioxide'(co2)and
5 orherGHGsiictudingHydrochlofluorocarbons
(rlCFCs)

O z o r r cD c p l e r i r rIg, o r c n t i a( lO D p ) :
' ozone DepletingPotentialis a numberthat refcrsro rheamounl
of ozoncdcpletioncausedby a substance.
' The oDP is thc ratioof the impaa on ozoneof a chcmical
comparcdro theimpactofa similarmassof cFC-
il.
. Thus,rheODP of CFC -l I is definedto be 1.0.
. OrherCFCsand HCFCshaveODps rharrangefrom 0.01 _
1.0.
' T',hehalonshaveoDPs rageuP to I q carbon tarachloridc
basan oDp of I .2 and merhylchloroform,s0. I I .
.. FIFCshave"0" ODp becausethcy do
not containchlorine.

Global Warming Poienriat(GWp):

' Global warming Potential is a numberthat refers to the amount
of gtobal warrning causedby a substance.
' The GWP is the ratio of tlre warming causcdby a s:bs.ance
to r]r" **.rning causedby a similar massof co2.
. Thuq rhe GWP of Ce is definedtO bc 1.0.
. CFC-I I bas GWp of 50@ and CFC _12irasa GWp of g5O0.
. VarirousHCFCs and HFCs havc GWps ranging fiom
'Watcr 93 _ I2OCO.
. is substirutein niimerousertd uses,!p, CWp of O.

Cb loroi'i rrorocarbon (Ctr.O:

' cFc is a compoundconsistingof chlorinq fluorinc and
' carbon cFCs arevery stablein the troposphere"
They are broken down by srronguttraviola light ;n rt.strtosptr-"'""a
releascchtorinc atoms,which deplete
the ozonelayer. I
' ' cFCs aie commcnly-used I
as refrigerantg solvcnrsand f.ram blowing agenLThe mofl
.ommon cFCs are:
CFC - I I. OD-p: i.C CFC _i t3, ODp:0.S
GI
CFC _ t i4, ODp = i.0
-
CFC 12, ODp: 1.0 :ij ;CFC:t.15, ODp:0.6
. s - . ; , {i : r r i : : i : . . . . :i r . : .,,.
.r, ; . . . - : ., , - . : , , ,1: 1 j ' , - . ; * . - . , . . . . ; , ,. , . , , , 1 . , . '
Eydrocblbroflubrocarbon@CFCj: i:ir:t:.i:,. ,.
t ., ..,..,.., ''i. '; '
HcrcGacomporindconiisinjoflry&ogcqchroiinqfluorincand;;;tt ". "'|'
' it containschlorine anc thus^depl"1"
' ozonq but to a muctr a lesserextentrhancFCs.
HCFCs have ODps rangrng from 0.01 "tt"tipt.""
- 0. f.

IIydrofl uoroc: rbon (HFC):

' gq is a compoundconsistingof hydrogerqfluorine and carbon
' IIFC doesnot containchrorine or biomiic, i,ence it
' does not a.ft"t" ozonerayer.
Refrigeranrl34a is ctassedin the HFC group.
' All FIFCs$aveODp = O. but someFIFC-shave
bigh GWps.
IIalon:
The halon is uscdas firc extinguishingagent
consistingof broming fluorine andcarbon.I-ialoncauses
deplctionbecauscit cnntainsb-ror"ine]Bio"ti;; oz-one
;t many rimes moreeffectiveat desr-oyingozoneihan crrlorine.
Halon - l 2 l I O D p = 4 a n Cl t a i o n _ l l 0 t O D p : l j

iLl- <,{.fu!af. ?6andl

t'?'
ril

F
*r"

R e f r i g e r a t i o n ,A i r C o n d i t i o n i n g a n d V e n t i l a t i o n

CHAPTER - 7

Refrigeration,Air Conditioning& \/,:ntilation

Contents
Preface

l. Ce nel-,il

2 . Refrigeration
2 . 1 . P r i n c i p i eo f ' l { e f i g e r a t i o n
2.2. VapoLrrCorr',pressiou
System
2.3. DesirableProperticsof Refriger.ant
2.4. Properliesof'comnronlv used Refriger.rriit
.
2 . 5 . S e c o r r d a r yI l c t l ' i e c r a r r r s
2.6. Coefficient of Perfornranceof a ltefi.igeratiouDlanl
2.1. TroLrbleshooting ilt a RefrigelationIi'ril

Air Conditioning
3. I . General
3.2. Single-duct-airConditioningSystenr
3.3. Maintenancc

4. Ventilation
 Ilcfrigeration, Air Conditionirrg and Ventilation

I. GENtriTAL
GII,N IIi{AL

of a spaccor ils contelrlsis redttcctl

is a processirr wirich tlrc tcntltct.rittrrc
Re.fr-igcration

to belou' tirat ot' s,tt:routtditrgs.

I c e o t r t r o ol I l c n r p c r : , i i l raen d h u r t r i d i t yi r t l r : , p a c e1 ' 1 l e t h errl i t t r

, 4 i t - c , t . t i t L l i t i o i tiisy t g

thc circulation. filtcringl and refi'cshingol'tlte ai,

I " e n t i ! t t l i < t,1s t [ e c i r c r r l l i l r r la q d t c l l ' c s h i r , 'o1f 1 h ea i r i n a s p a c r \' ' , ' i t h o t it,l e c e s s a r i l r

:r cilrnge of tetnpet'atttre.

). REFRIGER,{TION
,,,7
P r i r c i p l ^ o f R cfri g e-a ti o n :

W h c l r a l i r , r i d e v a p o r a r ersr c o o l i n l lc i l - e . ti s p f o , - l r . l c e Idt .o r e x l , , t l e ,i , rv dto'' ,rl

r o i a t i l c l i q u i d . i . e . e t h e ro r e a u - d c - c o l o g npeo L u v coi n t o 1 h eh a n d g i v e , , ; tc o l c i . : l l s a t i i - )iiris,

,t er aporatesrapicii1,.takirlg heal rrtttol'iltc skir'.

of leakcdrvaicr fi'oul pol'ori:earthcnpail strrfacek -:itstltt r",aterinstcit

E,r'aporaticlr

'he pail suri'aceco,-rl.see ligure ,.i (a)

S i n r i l a r l y ,i f l i q u i d C O . i s r t r a d et o vaporiscat a coil shorvnin fl : r r l e7 . 1 ( b ) , t h e l r c a t

i.e. in f i r i s c a s c a b o t t l c o f '
t o v a p o r i s et h e l i q u i d C O . r . v i l lb c t a k c t t fl'onr thc sun'otttrclitrg

\\'atcr.
 and Ventilati<ln
Refr cration, nir Conditionin

rl'

. I
)i

.1S
figure 7'l Principleof Refrigeraiion

2.2 V a p o u r C o rn P re ssionSYstem:
(b) is that the cylir:ler rvill
The only drarvback in the exaurpleshownin figure7'1
is rccrrarged
an,Jcooringeffectriill stopunlesscyrincrer
beco'ree'rpty of co, liquid soo'
.,''at
with tiuther liquid CO''
of t e e s c a p i r l gv a p o L l r sa r c
Sl'sletth
I r r a c t u a ls y s t e l l lc a l l e c lV c t p o t tCyo r r t p r e s s i o t r
the gasat a compressor atrdfollowcd iry'
condensecl backto iiquid fornr by first compressing
coolirrgoi.gasatac<ltrdensel.Liquicltlrusforrrrediscollectcclattlrereccivet.at
rvaythe cycleis completed'
coil tlirougha throttlevalve. 1'his
to cVapofator
rvaterbottle'
rcfcr sl'stetrl'instearlof cooling the
r\nd as showtr in ttr" figui'c 7.2,'fhe
hcat is taketr au'it1'
ait'arotttrclthe coil' This rlay te-f'ct'ctu'{tt
thc caru,ctis coolcd b.v circr.rlatirtq
b;' r'aporisingliquid reiiiqeratrt.
 Rcfrigcratiott' C o n r l i t i o n i n ga n d V c n t i l a t i o n
...( ,
li t, ..{
L
.\ * ,5' L
I
*
$

( \;r l1

I Co^t tlct*(. "'"t (Qa\

*
I o'..f).\ct
. - , i - > ' . . , . \ . , r ' , ^ 2\
I 'I

=Tl--i+l
, n , .v,
r-1r
I
I
Cr"-laJ'J
C.^'V

f* ,-c''ow\-

6 r.;w.g\ ( \A()() '{

N *\ vt't i L'cr ucil
:e
.<-t tito Pv .f rf :

,/ I
I

,/ I
J I
'Iggea'i e<
-i f'
\'1lt ''
\'5

tigrrre7.2 S1'sietl
Vapoltt'Cotttptessit-rtt
CU' any otircr'li'iirefie-l gits' attcl
In above exattlple\\'c cotlld use iusteadoi iiqtreiiecl
'a '
callecl re.ft'igeruttt lr
rriratcvergas we ulay Lrse.rile gas wi ll bc
e(
Refr iger ant) :
2.3 D e s i r a b l e p ro p e rti e so f a R e fr iger ant ( Pr ir nar y
yaporiscat the eyaporatorcoil to catlsecoolilg'
l. As explailed ear'licrthe liqrridhas to
v a p o t ' i s ee a s i l r ' o t h e r r v i s et h e
T h e l i q u i d a 1 t h e c \ a p o r a l o l c o i l s h o r r l ctll t e t ' e f o r e
to causcthc liqtrid to VaPot'isc'
corr'ressor-u,il[ hare to createtoo nruch of vacuttttr
-l'htrs.'Boilirr.qPoirit' of refrigerantshould be lorv'
.
conrpressor has to c()n'rJlress the cirarvu gases,to tb|rl therl back
2. PressuLcto rvhich -fhus.
shoulribc lo$. reqttiretl-Ieut of .99!'l't'ts!t1gpressure'
irrto liqr-riclat thc crtnricnser. 't'6at
is rell'iscra't uupoui* ' iy
should be lou,.
fq-j'.r3lglus
condetlsable .
Vap()r lsc([tlrc c v a p o r a t o t ' c o islioulcl l takc it.''''aY
Ilvery ki loc,l'anr0l' I iqtriclIclii u'ct':trlt '
' l i i t ' : ' t ' i f 1 t 'i ' ' t r t l t u l l t . t of' lttpori.strliott ( l a t e n t h e a t ) o f
a lat'qc arrrotllll o1'ltcat, r-c.
shotrldbe high.
reliigc_rarlt
 :-::::frG

)r llcfrigcration, Air Conclitionirr and Vcntilation

;:"
-\X
)
.1. Orrcc tlrc cval)ol'atcdgas is collr:)l.cssed, ilrt. 1r.1i1,raraturc ol'sca\\.atctsli,lulclbc ltlw
i: t ' t l o t t r ' l (t b c l o r ' rc' i ' i l i c a lt c l t t i r e r a t u roc f t h e l c l i i g c r a n t )t o b e a b l e t o c o l d e l s c l l r c s c
q u : , c st o l i q t r i c bl , ' ' , , . ' l l r , t r l r r l c bl c i r i g l t .
\ j l t l l o t t l ' 1 r l ' o t tl td a l i c r ' \ , a p o r i : t l i o rori ' l i c l r , i t ti r t t l r c c \ , u l ) o f i l l ocro i l s l r t r l r o i ccrrp_r
a t t t t l . l i t t . t t l 't.l ')o l ' . i t i i ci .c l t e l l t k c e l t p r 1 ; . ' l i n cr l i l r n t c t c t c' ,o l t ) p r c s \ r t5l i z c r l t j . s l l t a l l &
I
I cotrtlract.l'ltus, rell'iqel'antvap()ilrslrotrlclhavc iou, 'Speci/iclbltrnte
r)

I
I
I
I
Othcr clc,sirable
propcr.ties:rr.c:
'c,) -tI 5. irlon-(lilrlosivr-.
i 7. Srablc.
I

-,rlO\r 8 . N o u - l l a u r n r a b l ca n d n o n - e x p l o s i v c . (
,-{
9 . C o r t t l ; i r l i b l rer r i h g 1 ' ^ ' ) lci a s eo i l , o i l s e a l s . i . e t s ,n r e t a i si n t . r l v e d .c 1
i !((

\l
It). I:asi' lcak detr-'ction[1-rssiblc.
.-'

I l. Non-1oxic.

I l . E n v i r r n l l c u l i r l( [ J c o l , . . : i c a fl )i r c u c l l r,',.

l - i . C h c - a 1et .a s i l ya v a i l a b l ea u d c a s i l v s t o r . e d .

2.4 I)l'olrcrtics
"!' Conrnronl\ use(l Refr.iger:rn{s

l ( c f i s c l a n t s - i s e da r c C a r b o r td i o x i c l e .\ 4 e r r ^ i c h l o l i c l e .A u t n r c r n i aI.i e
l i i g c r . a r rlti-
( F l e o t t - lI ) . R e f ' r ' i g e l a i , t - 112, - l2 ) . R c l L - i g c r . a n t -( ?i :?l 2 ) .

ca'bc'r clioxi-t^has I'rad'ar1i1_qq,of lor' c : ..,1l rerrlpcralrurlu+.ftrrrr\ .iilllcrrlt)

l i c l u c f y r - l ] g A f t r l t l t e i d i s a c i v a t r t a goe1 ' c a l b o nc l i o :i r l e i s t i i c i c q u i r e u r e r r
of . r,cr' 5irlr
':]tl!le.scl'l)lcss. lr on shilr.roar.cl.
\{ethYl Chloritle lias cxplosive properliesariti is brrrncclibr s6ipbosr.ci
1s.e.
. A ' n l t l - l i r t l li laz t l rl l g t t s c d .L l t t tb c i n g i r i g l r J yt o x i c n c e c l s p e e i a rl c n i i l a t i o n .
It uisg6as
.,,lll' . {!.1 ,Il t l,rrgxl_llr,rDze_llt_tlr:qtIgl1! ,lJi,.rr_.,,_
N4osn t r o d e n rr e { l . i q g . a n a t sr . eC h l o r o I r l i r o r .C o . i , b o n s( C [ : ( s ) r v l i i c hi r u v cu i l l r r r a q i r r l
c l l c c t t l t t t l t c t ) z o l l el l t l ' c r 'i.r t r r . l t l i t i o t t , , ; ; c * - t r r l r , t i * , , - t , 1 *
a ( r n o s p l i c r . c ' acrar cLir s i r rgql i l b l rl
rVltt'ttrillg.C'llrrrtilclolv slrcnvsvai ious CIrC'stlr;rru,.l ',,
usc :lrrclll.e to tr.' rcplacc-11 .5,r,ot5er
ItltcItraliVe s (s, o t t[.l c c a t t socf i l i c l l c c t i h c - r ' l r a , o, cr r t l : c c r r Y i r ( ) r r r r i cI lncll.i i g c r . : r n t - l ]
0r.(.[(.
i l . r I i t t ' . n - _ i l - c r r rh e . c a t l i l - r' : I l q g { - - l . l - i l l : t ' - l l - 1 , \ . r r h i c l r
c . r i s r . sr . , . ; ; ; , Grlcri.'.
l i e 1 r ' i q e r r r r r rt ,r l I l ( ' [ ( ' ] l i s u s c r li r r i r l r n o s l _ 9 1 1 1s9l _r ilpl lsa s i t i : sr . c i a t i , , cul vl c s s
lrrr.rrrlirl
g l t s .O t l r c r( i t . ' r ' c l r i g c t l l l l i s , - . ll rr lns ob s r . e I i l r c e d
a s , . i r ( r u .irrrr t h . .c. l l r r . t:
 Refrigeration,Air Conditioningand Ventilation

Sr. Nanre of Gas Ozorte depletion Global wartning Effectivelife cf gas Altei'native.
No potential pcteirtial when reieascdinto
atnrospherc

Present Range of I{etiigeratrts :

C F C - I 1; . r r | 1.0 55 HF'C I23

C F C - 1 2 , .. i J.U r30 HFC I34A

t___' 0.34 HFC i2_s.
iHcpc-::
UseCon 90% I{r.'C407C
of ships (;"' "
Alternatir,,:il.angeol' Refrigerants:

Fmc-l3iA

2.5 Secondarl' Ilcfrigcrants

Secou,.larl'reirigerants are ernployed rvhere the installation is large and cotnplex. to
avoid circuii'r;.;n of oipensive primar; refrigerants in large quantities.

f . z, brvrr i I tcr'"'v ---\

.--_f
, 1 -l

r r--l 84{ut.vw' !/!

S'vj'
-s I
o c''
-
1 v 1
la
I
l-

S .i0 .r t{
')A- |

?:'-\t i/ i

tx.,4*\,O.r.F,.r
C.a :'p(.
1i..61 g. .,v-"

z6p l/r, 1'

Figure7.3 Refrigeration
s1'stem rcfrigerant
of a reefership,usingbrineas secondary
 r Conditioningand Ventilation

1-hcprirnaryrefiigera'tscan be very
searching,
trratis theycanescapetSrour,.rr
clearairccs,sc il is csscrttial nrirrute
to kecptlic ntttnberof possibleleakage
poi*ts to a r.i^i.r.r'.
s y s l c n l u s n r g l l r i n e f < r ra l l c f c r
Ship:
PrirnaryI{eiriger':rrrt vaporiscs at theer,:;pcrator coir causingbrineto coor. lle gets
c o o l e dt o a b o u t- r : o c a r r di s c i r . c . l a t e c r
t o t r ' r e f e r h r ; r c r sB. y c c n t r o i l i n rgr r c
fi lie t-'f
b.inc titrottgheaclrilolc at tltt retrii'''.'alves.
can (lontrorthe teurperature ', irold,
(figtrrc7.3).Norrr.alpre,,^111s "ve
and;c,r11pslatrr;e if sea\\,.,ter te'rperature is 22"C i r/ll.
Ilr.ine is r, ,rdeb), ,_nixing, . i i g .
o f c e : -i u m c h rride in I ltr. of
freshwa,- -; the
percentageof calcium chloricle ;ncreased
ii ihe free ; r g p c i n t o f t h e r e s u l t a n t
'fhus will
decrease . rl,:tendin:_on lor,,,_'',i ternperartrre
the , r i n er v i l l e x p e r i e n c p
ee, rr.
calciunr chloridc rnay bc .,ciiustecl : of
;r. calciultr.:hloridt.waterurixturc.
Inhibitorsto ,,,ent
corrosion are also added.

Conrnron sl,lt _ br.irrftrra],ire

uscd unrlc'rextrei,ie entcr.gencies
as a re;rlar :rttt
not the s,i.,\vater.Seawatlt is corrt_.:i,,,c
and h r r 5 s s 1 . - p , l n i n g
not have sLrfficier,i^.,.. l t i r r p e r l i e sA.i s o s e : : .JCS
Ior.l,rieezing noint.

2.o
R e f i ' ,- , : p 2 t i u n P l a n t :

4-^1CL!'\'l .t\ '{'

C"5i '

ti,Y
\3';1J
,

t r , f u t c l - l Co,:lllcicnt
ol' pcrfcrnurncc of. a fteli'igeration plant.
 R e f r i g c r a t i o n , A i r C o n d i t i o n i r r ga n d V c n t i l a t i o n

\/apoul contpressi,,rrr cvclc slron,rri i r f i r ' . u l c7 . - 1 .i h c l t e a tb a l a n c e

o is as :
!leat fi'urn clrgo is gir,;crr to lir;rrirlicll'iqctarrtirt tirc cvapot.alot. co:i anclilrc r.cliigcr.anl
\/al)ol'r scs.
a. Heat {l'olrrc.rrrrllr.csstor. is givcrr tt, r c i i i q er a r r lr v h i ! cs h i l j n c x t l i n c
corrrl'lrcrssirrg hcr.c
thc gas.
(J, l l c a t i s q i v c r r o t r t t o s c i l \ \ , 1 1 c rl r. . r ) r ) r r
c l i i u c n r n tg a s
r e f i g e r a r r tl u r n s l r a c k i n t o l i q u i d .
At expansionvalve there is no hcat tr.arrsl.er.
[-lcrres
: r
Q, a. o
llcat lakcii by l(cfi.igeLant+ Hcatiakenbv
Rcfliqcrarrt = IJcatqivcrrc.rrii ' ; ' . i i , l : ; , t / . ,r ' l
llorrr carqoat cvaitor.atorcoil i: contl)l.,Jssor to sca-,v.ater
at c0ti( i(ilt:iCl
ILc:fer
u'it is like a l-ieatr)u'rp. l.rrirg he:rtfi.orrr
------|> carqoa r , c pl u r l l t i n c i t i n t o s c i l .
--->
Q, r- O" Q,
Coelllcient of' Cloolingiifli:ct_
i ) c l l b r u t a n c e( C o P ) Worli dorre

I'leat talien Lr,,Rch.i!rcr.ant

*-_---------: fr.orr,citr.-qo
:u eva1)oralor
ctrtl
I I cat t t'I:en-t;rllG IrT,ier.u,r
r at c,,rrrrlis.sor
or Coi) - Qr
Q2
T r o u b l c S l r r i o t i n gi , r a R c . l r ' i g c r a l i i ' r r U p i i , - .
\-.....3t t a 1 tA" 1',
_ F v . ( _ i , \ - o u,\
k{ P C.n-\ *:**
S"'c,\-- ?'r ' 5t' r*cV' Bcr tt \,'r
C .!.'. o.K --.t .S; /
/- o.,..
\-".'1,"/'
\1 ,I

Cuu\ :E b-l- i,S

C rr. 6,,\ e vr..5 o i --rj /_-.'v.rrL{?,.&\

f r--_r-
-._-l
I
I
I
I
-._J
\v v-)-\..: 'i
I S'tr\r..t .t tr {
L v tlc'l rrtr

I
l \r'

5.r.{ Ji J 9,1f t7 t va- /t O

Fiqlrr',..
7.-5 l)o:ncsticIlcfi.ise
r.atior)
syste
nl
 -.4' -*
lf:+".s.r; -,r",.si..fi.
'*:,_ -r r''
..,
: ,: .. .. . i

e
,f

ei'ation, Conditioningand Ventilation

'flre
prirnar.yrefi'igeralrtscan be very
searching,tlrat is they can escapethrouqlr
c l e a r a i t c c ss,o i t i s csscritialto rtrirrutc
kecp tlic number of.possibleleakaee
p o i n t st o a r r . i n i r n i r n r .

I r - 1 2 s y s t c r nr r s i r r gb r i n e l b r a
llcfer Ship:
Prirnarylie iiige..rlt vaporiscsat
the er,',pcrator coil causingbrine to cool. ,re gets
c<loledto about -'rioc arrcris circulatecr
to thc refer rrr;rds. By controiling
tlrc {r :rr-e'f
bri'c titrottgh eaclr ilold ar tlt': rettii* r.'alves..,ve
can ()ortrol the teurperaiureo,
(iigurc 7'3)' Norr.al pte'r^ureand rr,r11ps1atrr;6. iiold,
if sea\\,.'ter tenrperatureis 2z"c i ,/r1.
B l i n e i s r , . r d eb ) ' ' t r i x i n g ' , i i g .
o f c : : - i u n : c h -rridein I ltr. of
freshwa.- ; the
percentageo1'calcium chloricle
ir increasedihe frec ;-rgpcint
of the resultant ,\,ill
decreasc.'l''us rr,:te'di,:- on
lor,,,.,,itemperarrrre t'e , r i n et v i l l e x p e r i e n c p
ee, rr. ; of
calcitrnrc,hloridcrnay bc .,djustecl
;r. calciull .:hloridcivaterurixturc.
Inhibitorsto ,,/ent
corrosion are also adclecl.

C o n t m o n s l . l t - b r i r r cl t j s ) , i r e u s c d
ultrlc.rextrci,ieentergenciesas
a re;rlac :rttt
ruotthe s,:.,r.vater. Seawatctis corrt_.:iveand ba<
5sale-f.,lning 1;i.rrpe11ies.
Aiso sea,
not have sufflcier,i,vIow ri.eezing oes
noint.

2.6'
R e f i ' t- . : r a t i o n p l a n t :

-\la'r'

c.,N6L!'i\'.1 'tq
"{
C.5i '

ligure 7 ,X Coe1]-icicnt
ol [)crI'cril:rr.tccof a fteli'igerati plant.
on
 Rcfi'igcration, Conditioning antl \,/entilation

v:tpor.llccurltressiorrcvclc slrorvrrirr ljr,.trr.c ./ i h c h e a t b a l a n c ei s a s

lleal 1l',.,r't',
cflrso is qivcu to lirlrid rcli.ilcrirnt titc cvaporalor' qlyji nt.t,l lcli igcrarrt
\/a!)onscs.
a. . lleat {l.ornctrrnpr.cssol. tt' r'cii'igcrarrt
corrrl'rrcrssirrg
thc gas.
(J, Ilcat is siven out to r c l l ' i g c r i r r r tg a : ;
refrigerant tur.nslracl<
At expansionvalve there is no hcat transl,cr.

Q, a. o
llcat lake:iiby l(cli.igeLarri + Hc:tt izri..rnlr-v
Rcfl iqcfarrt - I { c a t q r v c r r c . r r ii ' : ' . i i , i ; i , r ^ r ' r r r t
llc'nr cargo at cvaitOraiorCOil lt culltl)l.,Jssol. lo sea,,!.atefat C O ti ( i ( 1 1 : i C i
I L c f e ru r i t i s l i k e a l i e a t r ) u r u p .r u r i i ' g r r c , r t
fi.o'carso a r , r lp u n r l t i n c i t i n t o s c i r .
_-iP
_--_-)

Q, r- a. =O
xl

Coelljcicnt of

l
- -Cloolirrgi:lli:ci-
i)cr'{bnnance(CoP) W",k .k *

I l e a t t r l < e nb 1 , R c l i - i r ui a
l l rtr tn
1 or r t r c i t r - q o: t l e V a l ) o l . a t o rc t r i l
t tcat t' t:en tfil.e ti-igc,,r,il;r c,;1rt.,e;so;
ox ' l
o)
'fl'oublc
S h r i o r i n gi : r a f t s 1 , . 1 U c r : r l i U
l r rpi i , -
\-. 'C) {) $ (n" !:, '
ou\

H P c ..-\ s*4
St,.c*-^ Vr .5u., r*C V. B,z r tt \,'t
6 \t
c- L!.r. o\t --.r.g \-.
i , . 1 ,\, v
,.,r.rtcr-t ?,,,,"r
/ \]
/.J
Cr,u\ jh{*i.5- /
/" /

_j
\./ \,).\.) .i

S'trt".t.ts {
---r I Y oq) wr
| r . - -t-o. -u-t s i * ^/''t'' ( ir- l

i -- - - -- - - - - -| ]
I_ _ \ _ _ * r _-_ _ -
I| I - li ./l\ l
I
^ I I it,
R<c.zivA t- I
I
____j"__Da
I
___]
\ c w t , -' ,\
S( t^-'' o '{
F i g l r r - 7 . - 5 I ) c : n e r s t i Ic{ c f i . i s c r . a t i o n
svstcl)l
 Refrigeration,Air Conditioningand Ventilation

['r'orrtrles
iir a rcl'crsysterrr l r e i d e n t i l l c ciio g i c a l l yi i ' t h c u , o r . k i r roqi ' t h c s y s t e n ri s
rurrclclsloocl.
Rctclirig to figur.e7.5 'uvolkirrrl oi s-ystcnris :

Ciicc iite |oor1lis loadcd (in this casc tllc nrcat is loaded iu
ureat roonl), thc licluicl
I'elligcrarttat the er':tlltlratot'coilwill up hcat flonr thc carqoand vaporise.\/aporir.'r.essrl.c
Pick
: t t c o l l r l ) r e s s o t ' s t t c t iw o ti l l i n c r e a s e , ' s t r c t i o n
l ) r ' e s s u :l r' ci g h ' ( . , . , Sb a r ) s * , i t c ! r , , , , i a
l l c t t * i l et 6 c
l l l o t o t ' s i l i i ' i e aI r t c i ' h cl l l ( ) t o rl ' , ' i l l c t r t i r r . T h c , j o l i l p r ' c s s ( ) r ' r v i i i
t r u s r u p , c l r . a * , i r rqga - sl i . o , r
e"'iiPotator'coil al'd purlrpiiigtcl-r'iqeraitt back to the evaporatorioil tlrroLrqh tlrc :c.de'scr.:rrid
lll
thlottlevalve.
-l'he
plani will coirtinr-le operatinglike this. cooling the nreatroonr till fhe telr'er.atur.c
o f r r o t r lc o l l l e sd ' i ' n t o , l o C - a t r v h l . r p o i n t t h c t h e n n o s t a l ' , , , i i r
c a t i : , :t h e s o , r o i dr u l i c S ,
to shtrtolL lrlo'r' of lioilid to cvapol'rrtor coil rvill.stop,Suctir,,ipr.es,r:lre at c(,,:lpr.essgr. rrlct
will d|o1lattd cotnllressollr-ill ctrtoffon'!ou, sr-rction
I pressllre'(i.5bar.).Agai' o'ce tlc r.oorr
tcnllleratttt'c risesto -8'C. tlte solertoirivalve S, u,ill open,storc.-i refrigc'ra'tfr,.r r.eceirer.rvill
I
I
f l o $ ' i n t o c v a p o f a t o rc o i i a n d v a p o r i s e .c o n r p r e s s ow r i l l c t : l i n a g i . : nb e c a i . . ro
I
. l.'srrcliorr
I llrcs:irrrehiqh' srvitcliactuatingthe r .otor sl,. ,er.

I t t c a s et l r : , s . ; r ) c t l t 1 r r 'te' o { : : S t i _ ? v i , . l g e t a b lreo o l t . }t.i t e u , r , i . K i nigs , ; i n r i l a rt : r c e l t t

t h i sa c l d i t i o t t a r ol ' : r ' i ! i l l n v si t s o r v r r : r cot 1 - s o i e n o vi da [ v e ,c . r u s i o ,
i,al'e., .aporaror.coil
a n c la t h c r n t o s t a t .f h i s l o o n t r i ' i l l b e r i r t o r r , - a t i c a l l l , u r a i n t a i n e i i
t r t t c n r p e r a t u r c . , e t w , c _c 5 n&
0 " C i r l s i r l r i l a rw i i v a s t r l e a tr o o n r i s r r r a i n t a i n cactl t e n r p e r a t r r r e
b e t r v e e n- i 2 . t - g " C . I r r t h i s
case ol adclitiorlairooll.lcott.lpressor ri'ill cLrtotT once both solenoicl..,a1'es r sh't o1l-e'cl
cr-rtin oucc eitltel cf the solenoidvalves is opcn.

'lroubles
a n c l t r o u b l e s h o o t i n gi n a r e f e r s h i p .

l. W h e n t h e r e f e rp l a n t b y i t s e l f i s u,orkinqrreri,well,
but roonr is not beenas,3to rnairrtan
a rcqrriredlolv tenrper.ature.
Itcasons:
l.l I'g'ess of exter'al rreattlr'orrqrrope' door.
or open crrai..
I.2 Irgrcss o1-exter'al rreattrrrorrqlrirrproper.ilrsulatio'.
1 I

I 2 WIrcn rcfbr'[)iantitself is uot u,orking

l r r o p e r l vi . e .s a - yt h e l i q u i d though is 1;r.eseltt at the
c v e p o l l l t o lc' o i l . 1 ' , , ,i 1 -[-hat
s r r o t v a l l o ri s i l r q i s t h c l i q u i da t c o i l i s n o t r c ' c e i v i n h
gcatlrrtnt
thc calqo.
q'{
 tlcfrigeration, Air Conditioning and Vcntilation

#
Rc:rscns:
thus flow of heat frottt cargc to in the
2.1, Ira^.ot rvorking oi is uralfirnctioningand
c v a p o r a t o rc o i l i s t n i s s i n g '
2.2 l:zr-tis wolking satisiactorilybtit cargo not storeclproperly to lct hcat

to liquid in the evaPcratecoil'

instrlatorsin fonn of ice t-'utsidc
2.3 Irinallythe hert is flowingto coil, but coil is covereclwith
' a,id/oroil u'iiliin insiiic.

is no iiquid ai iirs cvaporator

J. Again Itelbr plant itself is not working properli' at there
coil

Rcasons:
or malfiurct;']t'ling(choking because
3.i Expa'sion valve, solenoidvalve, pipelinesetc chokcr;
is flo'r'ing into cOil'
of oil, dust, ice etc.), u'ith tlte iesult rlo liquid refiigerate
- of lorv charse(i.c. gas has leakedoff;
3.2 At t5e receiver itself tirercis nc liquid because
lo"i' sea$ater pressttreor choker'
or lack of coldelsatiou (i.e. high sean'atertenrperature.
compressilrg(i.e. piston.liner. rines, r'alvesof colnpressor
co*denser)or in - suft-rcient
tssltsetc. Ilot givitl-qstrff-rcient
are r.iralfunctiopiugor courprcssornrotor. conlDressol'
revoiutions).

4. System cut iii, crit Off srvitchesuralfirnctiotrittq.

llcasons:
, h i g h p r e s s u r ec u t i n ' a n d ' l r ) w p r e s s l r r e
c u t - o f f ' t t t , - r ' e St l r a l l i r r t c t i o t r r n g '
4.1 Suctio'
'High pressLrrecut off' switcl'rrnalfunctioning'
4.2
'l-o\\, ltrbricatingoil differentialPressures*'itch' tnalfuuci-io:rl"i:,'
4.3

5.sl,sterrrltrstrunretrtatiort,Autonratiolr&Corrtrollailure.

-
J. AIR CONDITTONTNG

3.1 General
in which to r'vork
T6e cr.ew of the s6ip urr-rstbe provicledrvith rcasortableconditiotls
a sr'rfficientmeasure of copditions
reqarillessof tirc rveatftcr.Temperatttrealone is rtot
tttoretruiy
uith telttperatttrc
accc'table to thc hunian Lrody.I{clativchuniiclit},inconirrctiolr
cletcrnrinestirc cnvilonl.tlclttlbr ltttulatrcotltfoll.
 ' ' - ' ' ditioningand
Ventiiation

3.2 ' r l n d i t i o n i ,' S y s t e m

S i n g ! c - D u c t - A i ;C
Frro''. fi''(

bt-'>
i\ Mr'ri''^'1
'>) (c,..r
'3
) €.'-L+. <'^'.J
'-'-I
\ ) crrtr t-\

6 ) Huu...'&t *^
) ) \4€a*q.'r

8i ,Uttc1-t 11
<; Ai .r ..r',i{ .r(

Irigure 7.6 S,;igle-DuctS,.'stent

T h e s i l l ' l e - d u c t - s v s t e tins r v i d e i r t r , i o n c a r g o , . 1 l S . S e r e r a lc e i i t r a lu l i t s
are used
to.distributecorrriitiorted air to a nunrbr: o1-, bins or spac, ,,iaa sinqlepipe or duct. I* rvar'r
clirtrateslt t'ttixtLtre of fresh and rccircr-rlateci air is coolecrand deliunridified(so.re water is
leuroved) durir': its passageover thc ic1'r'i.,,
ratior-ruirit, (figure 7.6).

In colclclittratesthe air tnixtttreis riarnredand humidified(sonre*.ateris acldect)

eitSer
b Y s t e a t l ' l t o t r r i t t e r o r c i c c t r i c h e a t i n ee l c i , r e n t s .' l ' h e t e n i p e r a t u r a
e n d h u * r i d i t 1 ,o f a i r i s
c o n t r o l l e d a u t o n r a t i c a l l ya t t h e c e n t r a l u n i t . W i t h i u t h e c o n d i t i o n c d
s D a c c .c o n t r o l i s b y
variation o1'thc volurnc florv of- air.

3.3 N ,l :ri n tcn a n cc

M a i l t t c l t i t r r ctcl f t h e a b o v e s y s t e n rr v i l l i n v o l v e t h e u s u a l c h c c k s
on the running
n r a c l t i n e r la' n c lt ' l r cc l e a n i r r go f f i l t e r s .A i r i l l , ) r si n t h e c c n i r . arl r n i t s
a r c r r s r r a l l t , * , a s h a bbl uc t
 R e f r i g c r a t i o n ,A i r C o n d i t i o n i r r r r n d V e n t i l a t i o n *
t

4. VENTILATION
Strpply ,;l'li'eslrrlittrcatt:dlrir lltrouqlrI slxrccis c a l l c c vl c n t i l l t L i o rrr\.i l i l o c s c i r c t r l a t t :
n a t r r r a l l yb c c a u s co i ' c h i r r r q ci n i t 5 1 s 1 i , t r - r . icr tat rnrt lt h r r : ; . r r s i t l . I ( c l a t i v c l vl r o l u i r i s l i g l r t
and
will thereforelili uprvar.cls
ltushinecooler and heavier ;r dorvrtrvards.
Mechenicalor. lirr.ccd
ventilation uses fans lbr. a positive l.lloveutentof larp,.
l u a u t i t i e so f a i r ' .N a t u r a lv c n t i l a i i o r r
is sufficient for snrall ltiaceslike srlrall store roour oi orkslrop,but for [areespacc
rvhcr.c
nrachincryis gtrcsent()i.a nulnbcr.cl-neople llc r,",cl.l '
c, iblcei! r.,entilatiopis er1plo.,,ed.

Axial-flow farl,.i,re usualh cri,i:ioyecii.1,pro\,. a l r tlrirlrgh Ctrctsfbr ventilationo{-

spaces,be it an enginc roonl, boiler rooul or carqo :

t'
I
Ii

I
*i
 Flindustan Institute of Maritinre Training
Chennai

RefiiserationandAir Conditronrns

Refrigerationcan be called as cooling a spaceto a temperaturebelow the ambienttemperature

As heat flows from a oody at a higher temperatureto one at a lower temperaiure,this implies ihai a
substanceat a lower temperaturethan the iniended temperatffe rn the space is required. In the
refrigeratronsystemsused on board, this substanceis a cold refrigerantiiquid, which is circulatedin
the room that needsto be cooled,thus removing heat from it. The rrain aim of the refrigeratronsystem
ts to sustainthe "production" of this cold liquid. The refrigerationprocesscommonly used on ships
employsa "vapourcompression rycle"

Afev, important terms related to re.frigeration ,)

Specificheat:The heat requiredto raisethe temp uni s b y one degree.

Sensibleheat. When a substanceis heated or atur nan thus the addition of
removalofheat can be "sensed"bv a ther led as ibl eat
Latent heat: When a substancechanses iqu\\ to s id, solid liqqid , liquid to vapour
eic) everrihcugh the,reis addition or r val of hbat.\thelehrpcr e doesrlofchzurge,till rhe change
of stateis completed.This heatj ed sed by a thermometer

Boiling point:
a^\
Thiylthe tehperar state to vapour. In common usagethis
temperatqfe
re\s gfhe.si pressure.If the atmosphericpressurevaries, the
borirng pqtnt (wili€h is aiso at which vapour rvill condense) also varies. Thus by
b pressure,vapour can be condensedat temperaturesabove
the ambient whichmakesvapourcompression
rycle possible.
Soturation p resflv,1,1 an\temperatu re:
,/'
At different pressuresof the refrigerant, the temperatureat which the liquid will boil into
vapour, (or the '.'apour u'rll condenseinto liquid) is called as the saturation temperaturecf the
refrigerantat that pressure Similarly, For a given temperature,of ihe refrigerant.the absolutepressure
at wtrich it will boil or condenseis calledthe saturatronvapour pressure.

Vapour in contact with its liquid, will be at the saturation pressure correspondingto the
temperatureof the liquid

Super heat:

If ihe temperature of vapour, ai any pressurg is above the saturation temperature

corresponding
to that pressure,
the vapouris saidto be superheated.

Suh-coolirrg:

Simrlarly, if a liquid at any pressureis at a temperaturebelow the saturatronrenrperatlire

corresponding
to that pressure, it saidto be sub-cooled.

5k
 Hindustan Institute of lVlaritine Training
Chennai

Superheating and sub cooling rs possrble.only if the vapourand liquid are not in contactwrth each
other ln otherrvords,the refrrgerantsho'lld 6ewholb, vapour beforeit can be superheated endwholll'
litluid beforeit can be sub coolcd

Humidify

Absolute humili4,:

This is the actualamountof watervapourin unit volttmeof air.

Relutive humiditl,:

This is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapour ln un lume 'air to the amount of
vapour neededto saturateit at that temperature.When relati nudiry/rs 100 % the arr is f.rlly
saturatedwith water vapour

One tonne of refrigerotion:

Refngeration capacity ts measuted-oi\in refrigerationis the

heat required to lreeze one ton q *a\, at { dd\ me temDeraturein 24
hours
hours. ,"\ \ \\ \\
\ )
a\ \
Dew point: .t^\
\.
\ \ \'v
rryeq*",\*.r"\" "\*,"N"\ in the air iust starts to condense.One can
alsosffi is th\tfrature a\hil'tr the*3ter becomessaturated

Refiigemtion Sys

T-hefunctionhf th:

systemusesthe expansionof liquid in to vapour and the consequentabsorption

of latentheat as the main mode of heat removal

To continuouslyflashthe tiquid, the vapourmust be convertedback to liqurd.To do this at the

ambient temperatureswith the cooling medrum used (i.e. sea water) It is necessaryto raisc the
condensingtemperatureof the refngerant.Tlis is achievedby increasingthe pressure,which is done
by the compressor.

An adiabaticcompressronin the cornpressoris followed by constantpressurecooling in the

condenserusing seawater.This is necessaryto liquefli the high-pressuregas at around its saturatio
temperature(condensingtemperatue) so that it can be further "expancied"in the thermostaticexpansio
va!vedownstream.For increasedCOP, the condensershouldbe designedto achievesome"undercooling
of the liquid.

l-ha.function of the E-rpunsion Vulve

EXPANSION \TALVE is a thermostaticthrottling deviceempioyingan orifice throughu,fiich

is'expanded'byathroftlingprocess.
tiquid'efrigerantfrom the condenser Sincetheenthalpyremains
constantrn this processa phasechangeresultsafter throttlingand the refrigerantbecomeswet vapor.

--i-t
 Hindustan tnstitute of Maritinre Training
Chennai

The'controlledro<rm'temperature srgnalis fed backto the valvefor its operationto enablcthe

'erent 'a-s (after at the evaporatcroutlet) to becomeslightly superiteatqL.The
refri
r s': rrv' "' '' heat absorpijon, :ified .iegreeof
e*panSionvalve can ;" be "'l l,A-u
Called i cttnslailt
,.,ruu,r,r superheat
rune)heatvuh'e,
t'uh'e. bpause
bq lt ensuresa Spet
sLrperheat is alrva-vsmaintainedin the gasreturningto the conrpressor?

limited to about5 degC?

Why is superheat
is
lncreasingthe superheatreducesthe Co-efficientof perfornnnce A nnnintum superheat
specifiedso as to protectthe compressorfrom possibleretum of liquid refrrgerant'

What is undercooling'

In the condenserw.trenthe refrigerantgas is cooled doruNd rt .uql,f#'on temp coffesponding

to the pressure,it condensesinto liquid. Red;cing the tempf/ature of the refrigerant hquid below its
- '\ . ^\\.'.
saturatlon temperarure
, ,/\. \ .r
is callerlundercooling This ilddf\s$laqen
,/' ,,, -r- r i - ,: -J -^ ^^ -
the\iquid passes
thd\iq,iid through
+L-^,,
through the
th
^L, +L o
P*:o
as(
expansionvalve, most of the refiigerantrematns (duid th\s ibsorbing !
latenN$eat in the evaporator.

rs.' \\ )

t( its physical interaction with the

of in general and the evaporator ln
idaeswith componentparts requiring
-assist
with sealing. Lubricants on ganeral
ng propertiesare requiredofthe lubricani-
'\
.")
Iilmust bdio-pgtiUte qrth \";etdg".ant or promote
and must not from any compor'rnds
'r
chetnlcal actlvit!
* "'\-, ,"Sig"r*t in the lubricatingcircuit
'^'^: 4."^':."\' ^'^' tilp
fhe\qxxtui.wrth mustprovideadditionallubricanon
)I the
of the \orkin$parts.
\orKlnEpans. 'ihe
lt must'\,not1iiary, or throw out any solids as wai wrthin its working rangg or clog
strainersor diye,rs.
.:. It must be fi-eeof water and other contaminantswhich n'ill affect the system-
.l. It must noi be proneto foamrng(anti oxidant property)
* lt rrmstbe resistantto oxidati,ln (high flash point)
* It musthavea low vapourpressure
* In Hermetic and semi hermeticcompressors,it must have high dielectricstrenglh
.:. Miscibility of oil with the refrigerantis of prime importance,in devising meansof recoveryof
the oil carriedover in the circuit.

\\hat *,ill be the effect of oil carryoverin the system?

Tracesof oil that entertire condenserwrll settleon the cooling surfacesand fall to the bottom
as liquid with the condensedrefrigerant.At the expansion'.'alve,the refrtgerantwril changeinto a
.,opor..but mostof the oil rvill remainas liquid,with slighttracesoitl,e lafterpassingout as a [ow-
pressurevapoui i,,ith the suctiongas It would quickly concentrateirr the evaporator'reducingheat
iransi-erand causingsystemmalfunction.

t , - ._
i-
 Hindustan Institute of Nlaritinre Training
Chennai

the orl
Methodsof limiting oil accumulationin the evaporatorCependon the easeurth n'hich
and oil are miscibie separate dratnage due tc
and refngerantmix and thei, densiiies.Since fieon
needto be lubricated, some amount of oil cirrl over ts
densitydifferenceis difficult. As compressors
good condition (lrner \\'ear'scraper
inevitable.It can be minirrusedL'y nnintaintngthe runninggearin
rings, piston etc) avoiding short cycling etc An efficient oil separetor helps recoverthis carnedover
oil-ani put back to the sump Also. from a designpoint of vier.r', a minimum continuousflurd velocity
of 5 to i ntlr in all partsof the crrcuitis requiredto keep the oil moving (and not stagnate)

OIL SEPARATION:

To reducethe amountof the oil that is carriedaroundthe circuit,an oil separatoris fitted in the
a drum tangentiallY to
dischargeline. The hot errteringgas is madeto impinge on a plate or lruly
force. Some 95 to of thtp enng
entenns oil
oll lrlay
may h
ne
lose much of the oil on the surfaceby cartrifugal
separatedfrom the hot gas and fall on to the bottom of the drunl retumedto the crankcaseof thg
compressor.The oil refurn line may be controlled by a float(alve, or a orifice In either case,
this devicemustbe backedup by a solenoidvalveto ryea1tl!ry*ffutr tth{ the campressor stops,
sincethe separator pressure
is in the discharge line andthe oil\umR is af p
lucttotlftesstu
\.\
On shutdown,high-pressur. g^lo-,(;\Eurq,", \",fu'";r
\]f coh{
r'pstaft\ thi
to dilutethe oil in the bottom Whenth! co*qressi'qrpsta\\
and ,ome,
this\ilpted
*t},ndense into liquid
oil'wi{l passto the sump.In
orderto limit the dilurion,a hpa6r\ .o\"t otNnftd{ fitte\{ in {r\ase$ the separator. For urstallanons'
$hich may
wtuch may be,
De, vary sery\rtiu\rou"\n1r\'""\\it,
vary seryiluve a t\o-\rydoil.separalor-3" !: fitted rh1
f*\o jj\ auo\ th\ond\s'\
second stage cools tpelgas\o temferaYure and uproee.lyo of the entrained
;ii; be removed.\\
oil can u".""-ou"a. \
/'\\\
\
out and
islot oif rru\qciU\harc\ oilV-carriedover by the refrigerantseparates
n(rmonl\ is-n-d
accumulatb at thd b ottom-pl-condgnse\ an -€vaporator

Effect of

Different refri different water solubility characteristics.For examplg Arnmonia can hold
large quantities q in solutroq but most other refrigerantsexhibit much lower solubility levels
ThLe levels further get ieduced as temperaturesare reciuced.If the moisfure present in a system
exceedsthe solubiiity limit, it wrll exist as free water.

Free water will freeze at tenperatures below its freezing point and cause blockages. In addition
moisturecausesother problems.

Pitting and otler damagesto valves,seals,bearingjournals and other polishedsurfaces

Copperplating and stainingof valve seats
Prematurefatigue failure of compressorspringsand reed plates
Deteriorationof lub oils, resultingin sludge
In the caseof Hermeticand semi-hermeticcompressors, insulattonof motor *rndings wrll
so down

Preventilg moistureingress.
'r or
duringcotrtmissiont'tg
Systemshouldbe evacuated thoroughlybeforetakingref'rigerant,
after malorrepairs
'.
Drier units ntustbe fitted beforethe expansionvalveand nraintainedin good condition
'r
Keep systemtight zurdcheckregularlyfor laaks

il
 Hindustan Institute of Nlaritirrre Training
Chennai

,, Careis to be takenw,henchargingoil, so that only oil from an arr tight containeris used
/ \\,'hrletoppingtl!rgas,aiwa;-schargethrougha drler

E X P T \ N S I O NV A L V E S :

A simple thermostatrc expansicnvalve relies on the pressureunder the diaphragmbetng

approrimatelythesameas that at the coil outlet.a srr,allcoil pressuredrop can be accommodated by
adlustmentof the spnnq setting \\4renan evaporatorcoil is divideciinto a number of passes'
parallel
pressur3dropsof I to 2 bar are common,*trich meansa largedlfferencebetn'eenthe pressureunder
the diaphragmand that at the coil. Tc correct for this the bod;'of the valve is modified to
accommodatea middle chamberand an EQUALISING CONNECTION, which is taken to the corl
oLrtletcloseto the phial positiort
'ta)
E I ect ro n ic expansiotr vah,e:
\
Evaporatorsuperheatcan be sensedby two t gndo\the rr\rn pipein the evaporator
ancithe other on the suction outlet, and the sr is used control\he reftigerxntflpw. The ftnal
is a pulsingor modulattngsglqnoid ve.Th
controlelen-,ent :ontrolle\an ais\ acceptothersignals,
such as low temperature,discharget gp \ \ . / and\oto/urrent andusethese
\sure
to provrdeoptimumcoil effective4ess\or rruqimu\ r\El ectroniddxpansion valve depends
for its efficientftinctionineoqx.(c\trolY b\ed

\"\\
:"**::"'^()r\,
'(i*X*Y:-1"*"\
o{
nesirahl2ffoqerties refrigq.raz{;'\

I. Hr.ghCodfficiengqff er\nrarqe--2
2 Volumenowz6quiipdto girvea"grvar
The|rinrary\efriger\tg,rh6thavebeenin useare
a) Cr-es (Ch\oroFltioroCarboru)suchasR-l l, R-12
b) HCdQs At*to fluoro carbons)suchas R-22
c) Irfixtuidcf theselike R-502
d) Partially halogenatedhydrocarbonslike R-132a
e) Ammonia( R-717)
0 co2

!v'i tnrenclotu re of refrigera nts:

R followed by a two digit number denotesa refrigerantderivcd from Methane (CH4). the first digit
beingthe numberof Hyd,ogenatornsplus l, the secondbeingthe numberof Fluonneatoms.

R follo*,ed by a three digit number ( the first number being l) denotesa refngerantderivedfrom
Ethane (C2 H5) , the secondnumberbeingthe numberof Hydroganatomsplus I . the third digit being
the numberof Fluonneatcms.

ufiich is a tttirttrre
R lollou'eclby theedigits(thefirst beirrg-s)denotesa refrigerant
 Hindustan tnstitute of Maritinrc Training
Chennai

Type Name Examples

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon c F C - 1 2( R - 1 2 )
HCFC-Z}(R-22)
H C F C - 1 2(4R - 1 2 4 )
HCFC HydrochIorofluorocarbon
H C F C - r 4 2(bR - 1 4 2 b )
HFC- l34a (R- | 34a)
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon HFC:IS?a (R-152a)
\.
t"

ario ,/
rnoaia"riuoioioJoLruott, .t'
FIC calledtrifluoromethyliodide,oV/ $C-t:t t
trifluoroiodomerhayr^i
\,-\ \ \
\- \t , '\
\ta \
alternat,"^
andRefrigerant
ozonedepletion
\ \ \, \
'\-.')
(.-' \\ \ \
The 0zone Layer

Ozoneis a naruraland vital bs in the up\er ar$rqphae,\U\;:z+O kilometresabovethe earth.It

frorh the Jrfn\trarmfulultraviolet(UV) rays
vanesin thicknessa"a(n\at he *.t}1fro'\ttte

Scientists dis shield is thinning, causing greater amounts of

ultravio(a radi on aviotet rays (UVA and UVB) are associatedwith
sunburns\kin keni ne systeman<ioiher physicai aiirrreirissuch as cataracts'
lncreased\5pos*" al hurnan health wildlife, vegetationand crop production'
Documented\evideri e s h t increased UVB radiation affects wheat, rice, corn' soybeans and
other agricult\al crr

Governments fnes are kins acticn ic reduce the emission of chemicals that destroy the
ozone layer.

How C,qCsand HCFCs Damage the Owne Layer

Both CFCs and HCFCs can deplete the ozone layer. When releasedinto the air intentionally or
unintentionally, they slowly rise into the atmosphere.Between 15-40 kilometres above the earth's
surface,the sun's ultraliolet rays break down the CFC a-.tCHCFC molecules.This createsa harmful
chlorine by-product (chlorine monoxide), which can destroy ozone molecules- Each chlonne
moleculescan destrcytensof thousandsof ozonemolecules.Thesechlorinemoleculescan remainin
the ozonelayer causingdamagefor 60-400years.

Refiigerant q@ Global Warmi Potential

Rl I ( CFC) t0 1.0
R r 2C F C ) 0.98 3.05
0.23 5.1
BloZQerlI9 0.365
R 22 (I{CFC) 0.0_5
Ammonia(R 717) 000 0.00

f \')
t.^; (>
 Hindustan lnsfifute of Ntaritirrrc Training
Chennai

IIF'Cs

H-vdrofluorocarbons (HFCs) liar,e been developerlas a fanlly of zero ozone depletion (ODP)
refrigerantsto replaceCFCs and HCFCs in nrany refrigerationand arr conditioningapplicanons.
PopularHFC refngerantsare listedin Table2

Ttrble 2 Po;rtrlar HFC refrigerarrts

HF i-:- 1 .1.4..r
.'Fl 'l *a.-{ari
R-+i-'7(-: H(---.F,:-:-:rZ
; l , . fl : r i r - ! i - _ r ft s l F ( . , : _J : , . H F i _ - . _
1 )'7. HF (-:- t .-a..{:ri
F;-l l rliA F.;i1 11;'.t'
i l : . 1 , : r r , - lr : f H F { _ j : r 2 . S : ;=cit-tiptnl ,=nt
't
HF i_; 25 i 'Jrlriglrs ;-rtll;

R41lJA a:Ft:-12
i l : r f, : r r , - ! * f F C - 2 1 8 . HF.:::-
1J'4a s' H{-:-rji_iii.;r r
Firt l7A HCFC-?2
-l
: l:ilerrr:! q:if H Frl- :,;-+:-r.
HF i-,- 1 3-l:i & HCi-rli-rtr.r .
R-i-:-'-+ H(:FC-72
I l-:lt=ti,;! i:if HF i-)- 1 :J.4.,r.
H F r - ; 1 2 5 : l F l i _ - , , " ;, 1
Ft:ti,rt-'* FK..;ti-i Y{S7;;--.-r',)
i l-rle.rrr-!.:-if HF{-: 1 2f-,. HFi_l-
-l::;-{:.r
.;'^E l7i,i1
| : , r : :e r : r t - t : : ; , = l T . _ l t-"Fr-.-'-T2
rl..l.-ti,.l *f HFt-.- I.:l-l .-r,{
Fi2l7=.-r r

Alternatives to iIFC

- HCs
II1'drocarbons

Hydrocarbons(HCs) have excellentrefrigerationpropertiesand have very low environmentalimpact

For thts reason thery have become very popular for domestic refrigeratorsand similar small
comnlerctal refrigeratronsystenrs and air- conditioning systerns.However, the obvious high
tl:mnrabrlity' of HCs means that additional safety precautionsare required The hazards or.
partrcularll'high during on-siteservicingand maintenance
as refrigerantg'ade hydrocarbonshaveno
odour

LI
 Hindustan lnstitute of Maritirrrc Training
Chennai

.{nrnronia.-R7l7

cold storagetndustrteson
,Ammoniais r.,rdelyused as a refrigerantin the food refrigerationand
on a rlore ltmrted scale for
accountof its excellentrefrige,atlonproperties.It has also been used
GWP, whi:h makeslt a very
burldingair conditioningsystems Ammoniahas a zero ODP and a zero
grounds'
attractiverefrigeranton-"nuiron-ental impact as well as energyefficienry
certaincircumstances. Its toKtcity is mttigated
However, amntoniais toxic anC is flammableunder
The ha:ard causedby leakagecr
somewhat by rts pungent smell which makes it easily detectable.
in air tight plant rooms wrth
accide-ntaldischargescan be reduced by containing ammonia chillers
is lighter than air recent
controlled dispersion by fan assistedflues. Although ammonia vapour
as a neutrally buoyant
researchUy eiEO has shown that wtnd can causeammonia vapour to behave
or flues may
gas The same effect is well known wrth boiler flue gases.Fan assiyffii*l?t
safely away from
thereforebe necessaryio ensurethat accidentalreleasesare dilutedy*6rscnyed
the burlding or neighbounngbuildings

Carbon dioxide - R744 -"rV\ (

andsafetypointof uy>ry.utdpn a\tcoz) is\n exce\ent refrigerant It ts

Froman environmental
non-flammable, odourless and non-t2xr€ (alt[ou\tt s\ffoca1ionat very high
t\ "an\\ "ause
\./-
haszeroCDP
concentrations),
2\low.!''[* \
it hasa
gy effrcienrybecause
The nain barriersto tlie
low critrcal 3oC tlYs problem can be alleviatedthrough
has a
specialheat excha also fhe. p."ssntes (arourd 100 bar) and
other refrigerants, which means that existtng
substantia$zfrighervolu
uffsuitable. Considerabledevelopmentis taking place
_gnc{uding
equipme( desiglr,s,
on CO2 small lud.ing car arr conditioning and cascade refrigeration
systensin I t freezingplant

This
The --- -\
-"'r envirdpmentd{y
-"- only acclptable, single fluid replacementfor R-22 currently is R-134a.
no*"ver, on r&igeration
rt capacity and temperaturerange. If R-134a is
rt*Jnt however,
refiigerant has liinttjU*dns
;;il f* ** w-d.*, the size (and henJecost) of compressorsand heat exchangersmust be
increased,to compensatefor refrigerationcapacitylimrtattons.
in the future,then
If refrigerationplantsar-eto be delivercdwith R-22 and a changerray be considered
/ R-507 and R-407C'
u .orpi. of alternativesshould be bome in mind. Theseare the blendsR404A
Theseblends are chlorinefree and sat'efor the ozonelayer'
that this gas will
R-404A is the preferredchoice ior many new builds at this time,.which suggests
avarlability of both R-404A / R-
becomemore availableglobally as new tonnageis delivered.Current
507 and R-.107Cis good,but pricesare high relativeto R-22'
(FIFC)refrigerants'is also more
Polvolesterlubricant,the lubricantneededfor all Hydrofluorocarbon
erpensivethan mineraloil, the lubricantusedin R-22 systems'

Systern Considerations

If a transitronto R-40'1A/ R-507 or R-407Cis planned,it is recommended that you ask the shipvarctc
plant safer and easierto operate
incorporatethe follow.ng features,rvhichwrll makethe refngeration

t.)
 Hindustan Institute of N{adtinre Training
Chennai

.1. Sizing
for R-'104Aor R-407C as appircable'
1'he refrigcratronsystenrequipmentstrouldbe correctlysizal drtver
manufacturer that the conrpressor'
and shouldinclude,as a mrnimunr,a confirmationfrom the
and condensercan handlethe refrtgerant
(Zatrope) can result in fractionation'w'hileR-
Fleasenote that R-407C'stemperatureglide of 7"C
1O4AlR-507 can be handledas a singleproduct(r'r-ear
Zeotrope)

.l. Heating, Venfilation & Air Conditioning (IIVAC)

of the heat exchanger'Water-
Electronic expansionvalves are recommendedto increaseperformance

* Provision Plant
\
(no neefl to rlpve
comlpressor
.\
,spacer coupling or belt drivers are requiredto easemai
rators\ improve oPer4fronPl
the electric motor). Locate the expansion valve c-lo(
efficiatcy.
.l Suction Accumulator
that the refrigerant arnves at
The suction accumulatorshou
the compressorln a gasstate.\
t,,
* Oil Separator
'\\, \
reduce the quantity of oil entering the system't
m6isturetrappedin the refrigerantside of the system
afterthe*y9*i
(located
'\t -
HCFC Legislation '.

There i. no n"r\i"gislition currentiy pending on Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(FICFCs)'The European

-pionluition
from 2001'and
of HCFC-L2in r.ew svsterns
;;;;r;i;" inii?;;;r"r"""J'rrl'"
productionwill ceaseentireiyfrom 2010'
'fhe
Iceland,Denmark airciGernnny'
R-22 ;s already prohibited in new systemsin Sweden,Finland,
in 2010 while Japan'sdate is 2004'
USA has stated that R-22 will be banned from new systems
of flag state
ChoosingR-22 for new syste;nscan thereforelimit the choice

Use of Ammonia as a refrigerant

wrll need to be taken in such
Since Ammonra rs a harmful gas if inhaied,a few precautions
installattons
gastightcompartments' Except
I Ammoniarefngerahngmachineryshall be installedin dedicated
provrded.
for small compartmerits,at leasttwo accessdoors are to be
containingammcniamachinery (including proces3 vessels)ar'eto be irtteclrlrnth.
2 Compartments
servingother ship spacesand
* a negativeventtlations'stem independentoi ventilationsystems
the total volume of the space'
having a capacifynot lessthan 30 changesper hour basedupon
other suitablearra;rgements which .ntui an equivalenteffectivenessIrraybe considered'
.l a fired ammoniaCei"ctorsystenlwrth alarmsinsideand outsidethe compartment'
the compartment'
screensaboveall accessduorS,operablemanuallyfrom outside
.io 11,s1s1
.i. an independent brlgesl'stem.

1t
 tlindust:ur Institute of Maritinrc Training
Chennai

clothi'tgsare to be avarlable'
3 At leasttrlo setsof breathingapparatusand protectt','e
-1..{nrmoniaplpingis noi to passthroughaccomrttodatlon spaces

Secondary refi'igerants:
124 has a freeztngPolnt
a) Brinesclutionusuallyof CalcrumChioride'Brinewith spectftcgravity of
cf -30 deg C. SG of 1.28wrll give a temperatureof {3 deg C . Brine shouldbe kePt in a slightlY
alkalinecondition.
b) Tetrachlorideethylenefor low temperatures upto -73 deg C Tl'is ts a slightly toxic gas and the
concentrationin air shouldbe kept belorv200 ppnt

TroubleshootingRefrigerationSvstems

Symptom or diflicultY Cause v

Air on son - c.ondensabte$ses' , \ the-l {sge \$e foul gas fiom the
High condenserpressure t
/t I
s)stcm cdndensei,
l -_-
Tle cootinguater is t\oo\am or an fnsicct and\ean the rvater valve anci
i nsuffrcienTtaitirrt.i s lilsslt\ throbqh FateAfllter. ilnd malic surc that the
theconddser \ \ \\. \.. rvater r\lv9is-opened w'ide enough.
pc-\"ae\ser d\s ar{ blo\k$ b1 Clean the condeaserPtPes
rpudor\cale\ \\ \ \
mub[ I t Drain off the refrigcrant into an
\o
rec\iver \d the empty drum.
\condqnscr \ \:'\
Too lorv lerNgprcSsure or ipo cdld cooling water to RegJate the water suPPlY

Rcmo,re Chc 'urlitrdlr cs\er mqEerx I

@,aoli".1t',r^tihvcs.
the valve plates or rings. renerv Lhem I
\". if ne'essar-y. I
\'\
The unloading mechanism has Pul Rectifv defects
\,_..'
cr{inders out of drir-e.
Too trigh a suction pressure Too much iiquid is being fed through Adjust the regulating valve. Check
the regulating valve the feeler of the thermostattc
expansionvalve.
q'hether thc rcgulattng
Too much liqud is condng from thc Eramine
regulatingr.atre valve works corrcctll- _
Lealn'suctionvalves Remove the cr.l,indermvers' lnspect
thc valve plates or rings. rencrvthem
i I ncccssarr
j Thc capacitv regulation has cut out Checl: load control
someof thc cr lirlders.
1
Too low a suctlouPressurc i Blochng in hquid pipe. suctron filter Evacuate.remo\.e.irlspect.and clean
tiltcrs befbrcrcgulatingvalr cs filters.
fuo little Frcon charge Charee\llLrr
i Lnarge nroreFrcon
nith rtrors tt"Ytt
..-
l-foo n,*fr oil circulatilg i1 thc si'stcm ] Inspcct.rrhcdrer has accunrulatedI
oil
, antrthcrc in thc s1stcrrl Drain otT ]
c\ccss oil. I
-tn.o....t-_ t"l'-;;-C.df
oali,ut,r,ort ..6 i.grf"-ri1gi S"t tl* *gtl"tt"g
r alues nlorcFrcon
- - l -
 Hindustan [nstitute of Maritinrc Training
Chennai

.I
' iRemedY
,t^'
or difficulty li rC'ause
o,,.o
IL Symptom
' -: -*.t..^,-r,
" =--.
i..t", tforu through h . i tilr iFind
tthe r t if
n . { c uout cooling\\ats supplrt:
ffi-.r.-r"u illG"-n--t*i
olien (on"thc
(ott trru hrgh uurrqe'>et \urw^vv condenserpipes)
rirB. iI condenser(blocked i shut' The ccoling \i3ter pump ls
stooDinstoo
I stopptng too ollen talcr
i - out) ,] stoooad. Corrc'ct lhc ccoling
Rrcssurccut andclean.
tnspccr
I Ii i:i*:l::g^',1rcs
ii n"."ttu.1'- the condensertubes and
Lhcfilter in thc caobng\\atcr PIPC
the high pressure clt-out to
High pressurccut - out o: low pressurc Adjust
suitch off at about 10.5 sq'rtchoff at
cut - out sct incorrecti]'
abcut 10.-5 atmosphcres.See that the
snitches are set correctll.
Drai liquid
The svsten overchargedrvith Freon
d Freon from the Plont
The high pressure cur-out ls operung
and closing at frequent I
\
because a part of the condeggqt
submerged in
arc subtncrged
are the Jxcess
ln the ;xCasll \llq9u{l
i6 rtruspdqalll
Freon.Thc condenser
\ \
lnacuve.
innctive \

El'apoi
Inspect "fnd clern the valves or

lnspect and clean the valves or

renelv, if nccessar,v.
Ctt*g. nith necessary amount of
Freon and insPect for leaks.
very valves lealiing lnspect the valves. Ifthey are lealcing
taki the cylinder cover off and
repairor renewthe t3lug

l.{oisefrom bolts not tight enough, Tiehten the bolts.

hencer-ibration
[Too rnuch oil circulated causing liquid Check the oil bols
Ihamtrcr.
The regulating vahue opens too
, Liquia hamtncrin the compressorc
i ,oeraoo.atcdF;eonis being suckcd mucir to be adjustcd.
I to the conrpressor.
I'hial out of place or loose lnspect thc Phial
Noise front compressor
I
Too much liquid coming back to t Correct thc regulating vrlve so that
Oil disapPcaring frorn the
compressor ihe suction pipes on the compressor
crank case
do not becomc liostcd.

Leaking piston nngs or l\'orn R"n"tt' thc Piston rings and if

necessar].thc pistons and crlinder
or'Iindcrs.
liners.

Thc oil rcturn line frotn thc oil Clcan thc oil filter in tl'rcretum line'
to thc crankcascis blocked

in partC l
____l

;')
 Hindustan lnstitute of Maritirrrc Training
Chennai

Remedy
Adjust the high Pressurccui out or
insert nerv fuscs. Find thc causeand

Main srritchnot closed. Close thc sniich

but Too tittle oil in the compressor Chargenith oil

Repair or rePlace oil presstre j
The oil pressue control is out of order

Compressor sucking ln une\ See x'hethcr liquid refiigcrant ts I

Moisture condensatton o n
c1'linders and crankcase o r tiquid
frosting oi the cranlicase.

V-,
^(r',,\,,\
..''\')^'tt''N\)
'/'1 .:> \\ \\--
\'-'-' t\
"
t't, :1-) v
\r---t'

\.)

7tt
 Hindustu In{itute of Mnritime Training
Chennal

ROTARYCONIPRBSSORS
As the name implies, thc displacemcntand comprcssionof the rcfiigerant vapour is achicvcdin a rotary
compressorby its ciroular or rotary motion, instoad.ofreciprocatingmotion. Two typeaof rotary
compressorsare in commonus€- the rolling piston tlpe and rolling vaneqtp€.

ln,thc rolling piston Opc tftg 10.19),a rollsr or Krtorfixcd on a ccccntric rotatcs in a cylindcr. A
spring loadcd vanc, positioncd in a slot in thc cylindcr body riCca and with the ccccntric
rotation of thc rotor and with thc cccortric rotalion of thc rotot, up aad dffirn in thc slot.
This vanc is thc dividing lins bctwccnlhs uuctitn and di cornpreEstor.Tbs su&ti{rnand
dischargeports of the cornpressorare looatedon cither guotion \Bpour entering the
cylinder gets comprees€4 as the volume of and the rotor ge[6
progSessirrelvreduced by the ecccntric pitsE€sout thought
the dischargeport.

ln thc rotating vanc gpc (Frg. shaft and rotatc in a cylindcr which
is offcsntrc wi'h rcapectiqthe in slotEin therctor, ridc on lhc
cylinder wall. Sucl bcnrccn $toocssiw vanoE and gels
comprcsscddue-to iotatcs. I*alaga of gas trough thc vancs is
prwcntcd tbddran tip. Cloocrmachiningtoleranocearsmaintained
for clearancel'olume in thegecompressorsL\e I'olumetric
ieh. SuctiprA\xalve in these sompressorsas the srtction vapour flow is
continuous. A k rdlve is hnovi in thc zuctionlinc prerenttlrc migrationof rctigcrant vapourfrom
the high sidc to thc comprcssor,whcn it is idlc. Thc oranftcascis coffioctcd to lhe
high sidc pf thc c ; subjec.thg thc crankcascoil of high prtsnnc. This hclps in forcien the oil
ahruughlhs lubric passagcl,ulhc bsaring$and other moving partc withrlut lho ntxrssity of an oil
pump. In larger capacifycompressorit is a generalpractice to provide a simple oil impcllcr to ensure
lubdcant.

A: Dtameter ol rylrndel

B Dtameter ol rotor

R o t a r yc omP r es so : - o l l in g P st c o n
we

-z(
I. t
 Hindushn Institul.eo[ Muriti me Truining
Chennal

A: Oiamotor of cYlindet

B: Oamotor ol rotor

RoEry comprusson-rr,catingwne
we

LIMITATIONS

portsarenxcdin rclationto thc rotatrngcomPoncnt

As ttrc suctionanddischargc it
of thc comprcssor
rvorlis for a epecific get of suction and dischargecondilion4 and pedormanceat other conditions will be
tess etticient. So the rorarv comp,fessorare euitabletc applications wher€ the opereling conditions arc
relatively rvirhin a partiiular i*gg such !s in domestic re&igerators' lrome fteo2nry room air
conditioncrs, ctc. Shce rhcrc is pouribitiry of leak - back of rcfrigcrant gas ttnough thc clcarancc spacc
"
around thc vanes, thesecomprcss;rs are berttcrsuited for low presstueratro appticatioru. Becauseof the
above limitatiorl these compressor are scldom madc for higher capacitieq br.r are used for emallsr
fraotional honepower oapaoities.

SCREWCOMPRESSOR
Screwcompr€ssor, alsoknorm as ' Helical RotaryCompressor',is a positivc-displacement compressor
(Fig,10.21). It consistsof two meshing multistory helically grooved rotors with very close lolcrance
clearancewidrin a housing.Suction and dischargeports are p'rovidedat the either endsof the housing.
The rotor whoseshafi is cormectedto the rnotor is catled as the male rotor and the other asfemale. When
the male rotor roiates,the fernalerotor in turn rotates, obviouelyin the oppositedirection.

OPERATION
COMPRESSOR

For the sakeof clarit-v,the operationis clescribedtakingone setof matinglohesof therotors.In operation
all the setsof mating lobes act similarly resultingin non - puLeatingcompreesionand uniform gar flow.
Becauseof the smallunmeshedporlion of the male lobe with the femalerotor's interlobespaceat the end
of the rotors, a void is createdinto rvhich suctiongas entersthroughthe suctionpofi in the housing and
the entire length of the interlobespaceis comptetety filted with the zuction gas.As the rotors rotate,sa-v
b)' a quarterturq the gaspocketmovesawayfrom the suctionport wilh the entrappedgas,still at suction
pressure,confined rvidr the pocketsby tire housing As the rotors continueto rotate,the male - female
lobesof the rotorsmeshandthe meshingline traveltowardsthe dischargeend of fhe endof the housing

/t)
 Suction
Portareas
tt/ t

ffi
,^_/
t\ \ \l/t
I t\\\I\\\ | I

t.f
I I l
I
Discharge Botlom cuso

Schematicof twin screwcompressor /l

I

--t--
I

-.-J I
.- [-

-V
I
\i
ll
..-/ i

Twin screws

Twin screws in housing

Twin screw compressor

ll
 Hindust an fnsfi tute of Muritime
Training
Chennai
r r i l r - I _

The meshingof the mtor lobes progres,sively

etfrapxd gasgetr c<nqn'ersedFitlly red'oe fire vorume of the interrobe
space,thereby rr
wherrtire rr,*t"t;;"," tlv diShaee po,. arealocatedat t'e
ourl
'orumcof F'rrherrotarion
thcpock*practiciily,"i*1t,*-riillJiffii:rHr"ffilTJjb1
trrffi'li,l"rH?rtTr::frTr':1T,:*-r.n'_'^'.:y_;aF; orthe
rorors
reduceth
no clearancevolumeeftbct'wittt at".""tinuous
the suctionport' Thustt,, tuttion
ffi ,1
roi"tion ot:flrerotors,*u".orirr" matinglobes
g.;ild,o- the compre*ro1iq*nrinuoug alippwiu
in a reciprocaringcomlnEssor' rurriketheintermirr*, flo,,
Beiauseof this, *rrt, *d dischargevalve (discsor recds)arc
fiH:ifr"Tff eriminating ''to
prerr*"d.ip,due thcvar'es, no
,91"ffi1r;:-*ssors, there
Lubkcationoit is injectedor sprayed
compression over rherororsand the ol flt pr"venrs
to or{omthe ptit.iing^anasucce.aingiot. leakageof gasunde
housingalongwirrrrhe.dir"d;;;;] p*tet6. Th;.,rr.,p.ry.d oir reaves
r"r.'.*i",r"1.n*$;;;;;r;ffi'rJseparate the
gas'Theoil fromtheoil'"p-io' f rheoir from the
is ieato angil in whichrr,
gasfromtheoil anclalso i"a L"t", drivesawa-v
t anyliquidt rrnp,
fri;;;;irrrt.*j6" "t""t residua
"'p"*it orrr.* Th*sthiscompressor can
roredu,]e
l:,fffJ,ffkil:H[:lrl*t *mJ.'.';*iil'ol, ":,*on-"r,o'i.rps oi,.i,*
Ths oil from the sump.passes firough an oil cooler befofs entering
sourccis uscdasa mcdiumfor oil the lubrication and injection water
interspaced 6** of flashing .;ur; fiquid rcfrigcrant
whichcoolsthe riircctry ineothc
makes taking advanrageof "ii;J;;ompressed gL. rr,i, oif surypis gc,neralhin system rolor lobc
this trre oit purnp is etiminarca. andin some
connectingthe oil tTl froT tle a sorenod;;i* is provided on the
row pressurcside of the Eysrcm.This line
fhe low side of the s1'51qn prwcnrs the migradonof o' to
during *rr'iai, p".iJ;#r"*ressor.
The oil separator,sump and oir
r"-T;:'#f#-i";.7i'."np*r "i?r'""'*pror*, h^rr.J rypiror
rrb;;"ii,r,,i^iruul'rscrswoomprcss

d
o

)l Coolcr
solenoid r_,
row switci.
valve

Typicallubrtcatipn circuit
of screw
campressor

73
 Hirxlustan Institul.e of Maritime Trainirry
Chennai

CAPACITY _ CONTROL
Compressorcapacityis controlled/modulated by an mo].rngslidingvalve locded in the housurg
aboveor belowthe rotorsat their line of meshing.t ..xi"Uy
mi;"irliding valve(Fig lax) hasa port at one
end' when the valve.isat flre.dischargoend oithe ttouriog,
rhe dischargegas Ganflow tlyoggh the
dischargeport on the tluoughthe dischlge port on the horsing
aswell asthroughthe port in tlre valve
thue allowing raaximum of gae' so for full-compressor
oapacity. the valve sideto the dischargeend and is
closed, allowing the compressorto punp moi-,r-
l,olume of gas. At partial load, the valve ie mo1e
back towardsthe openpositionand ttris somegasAom thepocketbackto the suction.'lhis retards
the start the compressionproccssand"-tto*. reducesttrertlume of gaspump€dou! resultingin the reduction
9f
in capaciryof the compressor.As the gas rcleaseand by - pass
to suction occur bcforc compression
be'gtns,thcrc is no loss to t"-"*prttii* and he.nc.c po**
{trc requircmc,nt lrr tolnc is reduccd.By the
modulatingmovemenlof thc slirle valvg lo k 10096capacil.y
mtxlulatitn ,rfth" somprffisoris ashicvcd.

Schomalic Ekctch ot rlldc vrlv.

(rt tutlto.d) Slido velvc io €dp{ossr ho!!rg

SChomatic stc:$ ol s:o valw

(at pa-8J load.

O!khafgo

Scfi6mdtic s*otctr ol slido valw

(lully unio8dcd poibcn)

Cs p e c ity-c an o^oI s Iid e vatve- s c r e v/ c c m p re s s ai

 HindusLanInstitute of Muritime Trainirqg
Chennal

The mothrlntingmovementof the oapacity- oontrnl sliding valve is controlled ttyorrglrthe slide valve
'Opetattrr'' which
ctxrsistsof a piston - cylindvr assenrbly.Oil preueurefetl to tr releasedfioru tlrs
c-vlinderof the operator actuatesits to and fromovernent and lrenceoontols the operation of the sliding
ralvr' FiS 10.24 shows a tlpical opcration. Rcfcrring to thc figurc, as oil undcr prcssurc is fcd to thc
cylinder, the piston is pushedagainst the spring pressure,moving fhe operatorshatt and slide valve to the
loading poeition anclclosing the slide valve. The sllorvs the compressorto pump a rnaximum volume of
gas,thus obtaining full capacity. When the oil is drained offfionr-the cylinder, the spring pressurspushes
the piston, thereby dehacting the operator- sha& moving the slide valve towards the open positiorq
rcduuingslido valvc lowardslho opcn grsiLitrq rcducing thc vulumEoI'thc gaspumpctl:urtlcrmsoqusntly
reducingthe capacity.

The feedingof the prossurizedoil to the cytinderof the operator for loadingthe compressorand draining
the oil away from.the cy'linder for unloading the compressoris accomplished Uu;rryh the 'load' and
.trnload' solenoidvalves.
Thesevalves are contolled by the thcrmostatof the capacity- control systern.
n'hen the 'load' - solenoidvalve is energized oil pressrueis fed to the cylinder bf tnl operator,moving
the slide valvc to the loading position. For partial load opcratioq the load - solenoid vafue is de -
energized,closing it, and the unloader - solenoidvalw is energized,opening it to bleed oil from the
t4xtator uyliildvr to the contpressoroil sump, by which the olxrator cluft retracq mrxtulating the slicle
vafueto open and unload. When both the solenoidvatves are closed,the operatorshaft hotds it8 position
allowing thc comprcssorto work at thc sustaincdpartial load Thc loading and unloadingopcration can
be clonebv manual switching ' On' or ' Ott' oi the respectivesolenoid'ualvesor thoupfi the automatic
therrnostatof the capacity- control system.

Loao Unload
valve vapc

8o
 Hindustun Institute of Muritime Training
Chennai

rrr atrrtr* rt'cLeo,inntenrlof the opring presure to punhtho operatorpiston ( for rurloading),oil pre"ssttrgis
fbtl to the oflru' side of operatorpistot though the ruiloatler'- eoleroid valve and &'aining the oil away
from the loadingside of the piston.

Sincethe slide valve canbe movod to the full load position only with oil pressure,the comprcssorstafis
fi,tllv unloadert.

The screwcompressor canbe providedwittr andintermediate suctionport that is, at an intermediate

p<lsitionbolwcsnthc main suutionanddisch;rgcp<rrlsin thc rutor suulionandrlischargcporls in lhc
rotor horrqing. This -intsrmediate port can be used for :

Connectinge\rdporators
workingat higherternperature evaporators.
Connectingup eronomizer,prol'ided for intersa of high pressureliquid
refrigerant for improving the cycle efhciency.

Performance

High vohuuetlic efficiency is obtairred . Absertceof Buctiort

and dischargevalves etiminater theeevalveg and this improves the
comprcssorcapacityand gas flow, cvcn torquc and purcly
rotating motion, minimize vib'rationsover a wide range
of operatingcondi

The power (kWtonnc or BllP/tonrno) for scrcw oomprossorat full

luad opcrati 189t,highcr) lhan that of ocnlrilugal plant of comparablc
capacity. Rut and less, the screw compre,qsorrequires lesr energy ( kWtonne)
than a @mpar l in:'cfine. Sincethe majority of air - conditioning $yslernsraely operateat
partialloadof lesspercentage of the oporatinghotus.rie
of full load sav for 80 to 90o./o
scfely compressor sn cncr&i strvercornpsed to a ceneifugal or an energ* sln,er compued to
centrifugd or multiplz reciprocuing system.

Other odvanrageover rte centifugal are:

below 25 b 3A9'oof tull load)

for improvingrrfiigeration cycle efiiciency.which can be had onlv in multislagecentrifugals(an<i

not is singlestagecentrifugals)or in c.ascading
systcms,

the closed suction vanes can occur.

Montreal Protocol.(Cortrifugals use R -11, R-12, etc. which are to be phasedout, being ozone
dcpletingCFC's

ti
 Hindust'n Institute of Maritime Truining
Chennai

VCLTI]IfE
RATIq OVER_COII{PRESSION
AI.JD
TINDER-COMPRESSION
It"s explained earlier, the screw compressorhas fixe<l srction and discharyeporfE and since it has a
continuous flow of gas it does not required suction and dischargevalves (discJor reeds). Theroforg the
degreeof compressionthat can be acldwed within the rotor lobe interspacesis fixecl for the particular
suction and dischargeport configuration. Thru the cornpressorworks efficiently for a specific suition and
discharge combination or specific volume ratio. Volume ratio is the ratio of the volume of gas at the
beginning of compressionto the volume of thc compresscdgas whcn it i to entErthe discharge
pon-.& is obvious,volums ratio is directly rclatcd ro corpressiogzrtrtio.\nrc compreEsor
will have
maximum cfficiorcy whCIrthc prossurcac,hicvcdin comprcssion of thc rotors cquals thc
prcssurc in lhe tlisuhergc lins or ccrndonsingprtxsurc, w[i b.y ths lcmpcraluru trf the
condensercoolingmedium(air or water).\Vhenthep$isru{o\ejnr6(edw\in ne compressor is greater
tlatt the condensingpre$sure(i.e., conditionof otf*rh&'6ion;\+xfrpsion of discharge line. If
there is 'under-cornpression'.
i.e. when the gressur\ acfieveb,on comilresiio\ within the rotor lobes is
less than the condensingpressure,some 0utesto equ{ize the
internal pressureto the condensing or undcr compression)
the compressor
efficiency(ttralj /tonne) suffers.This will not cause
any compressorard it il will operateratirfactority with a
stight re<tuctionin . I-Innlly the oapaoity- oontrol sliding
valve provide.din the to a great ertent when the sompressorworks
at partial will belessthanfull loadfor say.90026
ofthe time
of down at partial loads for the screw compressor,this

Hermeticscre\y manufactured.

8g