SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CLE 2007 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Name:

Branch:

Year:

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 SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CLE 2007 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Exp. Date Name of the Experiment Page Marks Remarks

No No
 1. CONSISTANCY TEST ON CEMENT

AIM

To find the percentage of water required for making a paste of standard consistency

BASIC CONCEPT

The ratio between the amount of water and the amount of cement by weight is known as water
cement ratio. It controls the strength of the mix. Consistency test helps us in finding the quantity of
water to be added to produce the cement paste of standard fluidity.

APPARATUS

1. Vicat mould with plunge of 10mm

2. Non-porous plate

3. Measuring jar

4. Trowels

PROCEDURE

1. 400gm of cement is weighed and it is first mixed with 25% of water by its weight and filled in the

filled in the mould within five minutes

2. Now the vicat mould is placed in the glass plate and it is filled with paste and shaked to expel the

Entrapped air if any

3. The surface of the paste is levelled with the top of the mould with a trowel

4. Now the plunger is fixed in the moving rod and mould is kept under the plunger

5. Now the plunger is made to touch the surface of the paste and then it is allowed to fall under its

Own weight

6. When the plunger comes to rest, the depth of penetration is noted

7. It is from 33-35mm from top, the percentage of water added is correct and this percentage of

water is the consistency of cement

8. If not, the test is repeated by taking the fresh sample mixed with water content increasing 1%
Diagram
 OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Weight of cement taken= gm

Table 1 Results of Consistency Test

Sl.No Percentage of water Depth of Remarks

added Percentage(mm)

RESULT

The percentage of water required for obtaining cement paste of standard consistency is
INFERENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

Consistency value of cement normally varies from 25% to 30%

 INTIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

AIM

To determine the initial and final setting time of cement

BASIC CONCEPT

When water is mixed with cement to form a paste, reaction starts. The action of changing of the
cement paste from fluid state to solid is called setting. It depends on the quantity of gypsum
contained in it. In practice, such solidifying action or loss of plasticity is to be delayed because
sometime is needed for mixing, transporting and placing of concrete in to final position before the
mix losses its plasticity due to setting action.

For the initial setting time test, a needle of 1mm square section is to be fitted to the moving rod,
While the final setting time test the needle with annular attachment is to be used.

APPARTUS

1. Vicat apparatus with a needle of 1mm square section and a needle provided with an annular

Attachment and a vicat mould

2. Trowel

3. Non-porous plate

4. Measuring jar

5. Stop watch

PROCEDURE

INTIAL SETTING TIME TEST

1. The mould and the non-porous plate are washed, cleaned and dried
2. 400gm of the given sample of cement is kept on the non-porous plate
3. The volume of water equal to 0.85 times the percentage of water required for standard
consistency is added very carefully to the dry cement and mixed thoroughly, to from a neat
paste. The mixing is completed within 3 to 5 minutes from the moment of adding water. At
the instant of adding water to the cement the time taken is noted by using a stop watch
4. The vicat mould is placed on the non-porous plate and is filled with the prepared cement
paste and the surface of the paste is made smooth in level with the mould by using a trowel
5. By shaking the mould slightly, air if any, is expelled from the sample
6. The non-porous plate and the mould are placed under the needle
7. The needle is gently lowered to touch the surface of the plate and then the indicator is
adjusted to show zero reading
8. The needle is released quickly allowing it to penetrate into the paste
9. When the needle comes to the rest of the reading on the index scale is noted
10. The moving rod is raised clear-off the cement paste and is wiped clean. The procedure of
releasing the needle is repeated at every 30 seconds until the reading on the index scale
showed 5±0.5mm from the bottom of the mould
11. Then the time is noted down

The time that elapsed between the moment when water first added to the cement and the
moment at which the needle of 1mm 2 section failed to pierce the test block to a depth of
5±0.5mm from the bottom of the mould is the initial setting time for the cement under test.

FINAL SETTING TIME

1. The needle used in the format test is replaced by the needle provided with an annular
attachment
2. The steps 8 to 10 described above are repeated
3. The releasing of the needle is continued at every 2 minutes till the needle makes an
impression on the test block, while attachment fails to do so
4. Then the time is noted down
OBSERVATIONS
Table 1 Results of Setting Time of Cement

Trail Initial Setting Final Setting Time(hours) Remarks

Time(mm)
The time that elapsed between the moment when water is first added to the cement and the
moment at which the needle only makes and impression on the test block, while the attachment
fails to do so is the final setting time for the cement under the test

RESULT

Initial setting time of given cement= min

Final setting time of given cement= hrs

INFRENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

Initial setting time value of cement should not be less than 30 minutes and final setting time value
should not be more than for all grades of cements
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

AIM

To determine the specific gravity of given cement sample

BASIC CONCEPT

Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the mass of a given volume of material and
mass of an equal volume of water. One of the methods of determining the specific gravity of cement
is by the use of a liquid such as water-free kerosene which does not reach with cement. A Specific
gravity bottle or a Le-chatelier flask may be used

APPARATUS

Specific gravity bottle and measuring jar

PROCEDURE

1. 100gm of cement is weighed

2. 90ml of kerosene is filled in the specific gravity bottle
3. The cement sample is placed in the specific gravity bottle till the level of the kerosene
reaches 100ml mark
4. The quantity of cement is placed in the bottle is calculated. Then the specific gravity of
cement= (weight of the cement {volume of 10ml.})/(weight of kerosene of equal volume of
cement)

RESULT

Specific gravity of given sample=

INFERENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

OBSERVATION
Weight of cement used =X

Relative density of kerosene =0.83

Specific gravity of cement = X / (10*0.83)=

 4. FINENESS TEST ON CEMENT

AIM

To determine the fineness of cement by sieving

BASIC CONCEPT

Cement is used as a binding material for mortar and concrete. The fineness of cement has an
important bearing on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength. Fineness gives
more cohesiveness and reduces bleeding. Rapid development of strength requires greater degree of
fineness

Too much fineness is undesirable because, finger cement detoriates more quickly when exposed to
air and likely to cause more shrinkage. Greater fineness also requires greater amount of gypsum for
proper retardation

APPARTUS

1. Balance
2. I.S. sieve No.9
3. Trowel
4. Bristle brush

PROCEDURE

1. Air set lumps if any in the cement sample are removed with fingers.
2. About 100gm of cement is weighed (W1)accurately
3. It is sieved in 90 microns for 15 minutes in a shieve shaker. After every five minutes of
sieving, the underside of the sieve is lightly brushed with a bristle brush.
4. The residue left after 15 minutes of sieving is weighed (W 2)
5. The experiment is repeated thrice for the same sample of cement and the average
percentage weight of residue is calculated

RESULT

Average percentage of fineness of cement= %

INFERENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

Percentage of fineness value should not be more than 10%

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Table 1 Results of Fineness Test on Cement

Type of Cement Weight of Weight of %weight of Average

cement sample sample, residue, residue(W2/W1)x percentage of
W1(gm) W2(gm) 100 residue
1 100
2 100
3 100
 5. SOUNDNESS TEST ON CEMENT

AIM

To verify the soundness of a given sample of cement

BASIC CONCEPT

It is essential that cement concrete does not undergo large change in volume after it had hardened.
This is ensured by limiting the quantities of free lime and magnesia in cement. During the
manufacture of cement, free lime is produced. Free lime reacts with water and increase in volume
considerably. Magnesia also has the same effect but its rate of reaction is slow. Larger percentage of
free lime and magnesia, if present therefore tends to increase the volume of the hardened concrete
thus causing disintegration.

APPARTUS

1. Le-chatlier apparatus
2. Glass plate
3. Trowel
4. Measuring cylinder
5. Water bath
6. Balance

PROCEDURE

1. 400gm of cement is weighed and it is mixed with 0.78 times of water needed for preparing a
past of standard consistency
2. The mould is placed on a glass plate and filled with cement paste
3. Mould is covered with another glass plate
4. Small weight is placed on the cover and immediately the whole assembly is immersed in
water at a temperature of 27°C to 32°C and is kept for 24 hours
Drawing
 OBSREVATION AND CALCULATION
1. Weight of cement, C =100gm
2. Water required for normal consistency (P) =
3. Water added to cement sample = (0.78 P) x C =
4. Distance between the pointer ends at 27° to 30° before heating, d 1 = mm
5. Time of heating, T = Hours
6. Distance between the pointer ends after heating, d 2 = mm

Difference = (d 1- d2) = mm
5. At the end of 24 hours the distance between the indicator points is measured to an accuracy

of 1.0mm

6. The whole assembly is again submerged in water and is heated. Water may start boiling with

in 25 minutes to 30 minutes and is kept in boiling water for three hours

7. Then the whole assembly is removed from the water and allowed to cool

8. Now the distance between the indicator points is measured

9. The difference between the two readings of distance between the indicator points is a

Measure of expansion of cement

RESULT

Soundness of cement = mm

INFERENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

Soundness of cement ( Le-chatlier expansion value ) should not be more than 10mm
 6. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

AIM

To determine the compressive strength of cement

BASIC CONCEPT

Compressive strength of cement is the measure of ability of cement mortar specimen to

withstand the compressive load. It enables to distinguish rapid hardening cement from low heat
cement and ordinary cement. The test id final check on the quality of cement and is measured
by determining the compressive strength of cement mortar cubed of 1:3 mix

APPARTUS

1. Cube moulds of 7.06cm size

2. Balance

3. Measuring jar

PROCEDURE

1. For each cube the following quantities of materials are required

Cement = grams

Standard sand = grams

Water = ( [P/4] + 3.5 )% of combined weight of cement and sand

Where P is the normal consistency of cement

2. Cement and sand is weighed accurately and is placed on a Non-porous plate

3. Cement and sand is mixed in dry with the trowel for one minute and then water is added and

Mixed till the colour of the mixture is uniform

4. Gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes and more than 4 minutes

5. The interior surface of the mould is cleaned and oil greased is applied and then prepared mix is

Placed in the mould in the layers is completed

 OBSERVEATION AND TABULATION

To cast one cube

Proportion of mix =1:3

Weight of sand =

Weight of cement =

Quantity of water = ([P/4] + 3.5) % of combined weight of cement and sand

Table 1: Results of Compressive Strength of Cement

S.No Date of Date of Mark on Period Compressive Compressiv Average

Casting testing specimen of load (N) e strength compressive
curing (N/mm2) strength
(N/mm2)
1 3 days
2 3 days
3 3 days
1 7 days
2 7 days
3 7 days

6. The mould is kept for 24 hours and then moulded cube is removed from the mould and

Immediately placed in clean water for curing

7. After the required period (3 days or 7 days) the cube is taken out, Wiped and placed in a

Compression testing machine and then the compressive strength of the cube is found out

RESULT

The compressive strength of the cement at 3 days is found to be

The compressive strength of the cement at 7 days is found to be

INFERENCE

EXPECTED RESULTS

The compressive strength of cement at 3 days and 7 days are not less than 23 N/mm 2 and 33 N/mm2

Respectively for 43 grade cement

The compressive strength of cement at 3 days and 7 days are not less than 27 N/mm 2 and 37 N/mm2

Respectively for 53 grade cement

7. BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM
To determine the percentage of bulking of the give aggregate (Sand)

BASIC CONCEPT

In concrete mix design, the quantity of fine aggregate used in each batch should be related to the
known volume of cement. The difficulty with measurement of fine aggregate by volume is the
tendency of sand to vary in bulk according to the moisture content

If sand is measured by volume and no allowances is made for bulking, the mix will be richer than that
specified because for given mass, moist sand occupies a considerably larger volume than the same
mass of dry sand , as the particles are less closely packed when the sand is moist. It will be necessary
to increase the volume of sand by the percentage bulking.

APPARTUS

1. Cylindrical container and graduated cylinder

2. Beaker and metal tray

3. Steel rule

4. Balance

PROCEDURE

1. Put sufficient quantity of oven-dry sand loosely into container until it is about two-third full. Level

Off the top of the sand and weight the container. Calculate the weight of the sand by deducting

the weight of the container

2. Push a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom and measure the
height of sand. Let it be ˊhˊmm

3. Empty the sand out into a clean metal tray without any loss

4. Add 1% of water of sand. Mix the sand and water thoroughly by hand

5. Put the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping it

OBSERVATION AND TABULATION

Table 1 Materials Details

 Description Reading
Weight of the container with oven-dry aggregate,gm
Weight of the empty container,gm
Weight of the fine aggregate (sand),gm
Height of the dry sand, ˊhˊcm

Table 2 Results of Bulking of Fine Aggregate

Weight of sand Weight of added Total Percentage Height of moist Percentage of

water sand h1cm bulking
{(h-h1)/h}x100

6. Smooth and level the top surface of the moist sand measure its depth at the middle with the steel

Rule. Let it be ˊhˊmm

7. Repeat the steps 4 to 6 of the above procedure with 2% of water by weight

Go on increasing the percentage by one till bulking is maximum and starts falling down and
ultimately bulking is zero, i.e , saturated sand occupies the same volume as dry sand

RESULT

The percentage of bulking of the given fine aggregate is found to be

INFERENCE

8. FINENESS MOUDLUS OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM

1. To find the fineness modulus of the given fine and coarse aggregate
2. To identify the samples of aggregates as fine and coarse aggregates with references to their

Fineness mouldulii

BASIC CONCEPT

Aggregates in concrete provide the basic strength to it. Graded aggregate for the densest concrete
and has effective workability with a minimum quantity of cement. Hence, the fineness moudlus
number is an essential criterion in the mix design of concrete.

Fineness modulus is a numerical index, which gives an idea about the property and mean size of the
particles in the entire body of the aggregates. It is obtained by adding the percentage weight of
material retained on each of the standard set of sieves and dividing it by 100

APPARTUS

1.IS Sieves: 80mm,40mm,20mm,10mm,4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,600µ,300 µ,150µ,and 75µ

2. Lid and receiver

3. Sieve shaker

4. Balance

5. Tray

6. Stiff brush

PROCEDURE

1. About 1000gm of dried given fine aggregate or 200gm of dried coarse aggregate are weighed

2. The sieves are cleaned with brush and the sieves are arranged one over the other in the order of

Their mesh openings, the largest aperture sieve (80mm) being kept at top and the

Diagram
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Weight of fine aggregate taken = gm

Table 1 Sieve Analysis of fine aggregate

 S.No Sieve size Weight retained Percentage of Cumulative
(gm) weight retained Percentage
retained
1 80mm
2 40mm
3 20mm
4 10mm
5 4.75mm
6 2.36mm
7 1.18mm
8 600µ
9 300µ
10 150µ
11 75µ
12 Pan

Cumulative percentage of fine aggregate retained =

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = [cumulative percentage retained]/100

Weight of fine aggregate taken = gm

Table 2: Sieve Analysis of Coarse aggregate

S.No Sieve size Weight retained Percentage of Cumulative

(gm) weight retained Percentage
retained
1 80mm
2 40mm
3 20mm
4 10mm
5 4.75mm
6 2.36mm
 7 1.18mm
8 600µ
9 300µ
10 150µ
11 75µ
12 Pan

Cumulative percentage of fine aggregate retained =

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = [cumulative percentage retained]/100

Table 3: Limits of Fineness Modulii

Maximum size of Aggregate Fineness Modulus

Minimum Maximum
Fine Aggregate 2 3.5
Coarse Aggregate (20mm) 6 6.9
Coarse Aggregate (40mm) 6.9 7.5

Smallest aperture sieve (75 µ) at the bottom. The receiver is placed at the bottom and lid is placed at
the top of the whole assembly

3. The weighed sample is deposited to the top sieve. The whole assembly is mounted on a sieve

Shaker and shaken for a period of 10 minutes

4. Then the sieve set is removed from the sieve shaker and the portion of sample retained in each

Sieve is found out. Then the cumulative percentage retained in each sieve is calculated.

5. The fineness modulus of the sample is calculated by adding the cumulative percentage by weight

Retained in each sieve and dividing by 100

RESULT

1. The fineness modulus of the given fine aggregate is found to be

2. The fineness modulus of the given coarse aggregate is found to be

INFERENCE

The fineness modulus value of fine aggregate is in between 2.2 to 3.2

The fineness modulus value of coarse aggregate is around 7.0

9. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM

To determine the specific gravity and water absorption properties of coarse aggregates

BASIC CONCEPT

The Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of the

material. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values. The specific gravity test helps in identification of stones.

Water absorption gives an idea of strength of rock stones having more water absorption are more
porous in nature and are generally considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable
based on strength, impact and hardness tests

APPARATUS
1. A spring balance of capacity 3kg

2. A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain a temperature of 100°C to 110°C

3. A wire bucket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient size with

The wire hangers for suspending it from the balance

4. A container for filling water and suspending the basket

5. An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket

6. A shallow tray and two dry absorbent clothes each not less than 75cmx45cm

PROCEDURE

1. About 2kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and then
placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22°C and 32°C
and a cover of at least 5cm of water above the top of the basket.

Immediately after the immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket
containing it 25mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to

Table 1 Observation and calculations for Coarse Aggregates

S.No Observation Trail No.1 Trail No.2

1 Weight of the empty metal measure(w1) gms gms
2 Weight of metal measure + broken stone(w2) gms gms
3 Weight of metal measure + water(w3) gms gms
4 Weight of broken stone =w=(w2-w1) gms gms
5 Weight of water in the metal measure(w3-w1) gms gms
6 Volume of metal measure or volume of aggregate cc cc
7 Bulk density gms gms
8 Percentage voids V=(w3-w1)/1gm/cc % %
(assume G between (2.6 to 2.9)

Table 2 Observation and calculations for Fine Aggregates

S.No Observation Trail No.1 Trail No.2

1 Weight of the empty metal measure(w1) gms gms
2 Weight of metal measure + broken stone(w2) gms gms
3 Weight of metal measure + water(w3) gms gms
 4 Weight of broken stone =w=(w2-w1) gms gms
5 Weight of water in the metal measure(w3-w1) gms gms
6 Volume of metal measure or volume of aggregate cc cc
7 Bulk density gms gms
8 Percentage voids =(G-ƴ)/Gx100% % %
(assume G =2.65)

2. Drop 25mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of above one

Drop per second

3. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22°C

And 32°C in case it is necessary to transfer the basket and the sample to a different tank for

Weighing, They should be jolted 25 times in the new tank to remove air before weighing. The

Weight is noted while suspended in water =w 1gms

4. The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a few

Minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes. The

Empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water=w 2gms

5. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could be

Removed by this cloth

6. Aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread in single layer, covered and allowed to

Dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry 10 to 60 minutes

Drying may be needed

7. The aggregates should not be exposed to the atmosphere (i.e. direct sunlight). The surface dried

Aggregate is then weighed=w3

8. The aggregates is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintain at a temperature of 110°C
 For 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven cooled in an air-tight container and weighed=w 4

RESULT

1. Specific gravity of given coarse aggregate =

2. Apparent specific gravity of given coarse aggregate =

3. Water absorption of given coarse aggregate =

10. SLUMP TEST ON CONCRETE

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete mix by conducting slump test

BASIC CONCEPT

Unsupported fresh concrete, flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place. This vertical
settlement is known as slump. In this test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of specified shape and
dimensions, and the settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould is removed. Slump
increases as water content is increased. Slump is a measure indicating the consistency or workability
of cement concrete. It gives an idea of water content needed for concrete to be used for different
works.

APPARATUS

1. Slump cone apparatus 300mm high,200mm dia. at bottom and 100mm dia.at top

2. Tamping rod of 16mm dia .and 60cm long

3. Trowel

4. Balance

5. Non-porous platform
PROCEDURE

1. The slump cone is cleaned and a light film of oil or grease is applied.

2. The quantity of materials required for this is calculated and it is mixed with water, taking water-

Cement ratio of 0.6 and then 0.7

3. The mould is placed on a smooth horizontal non-absobent surface or on a metal plate and the

Mould is held in position firmly

4. Now the concrete is filled in the mould to one –fourth height and tamped with tamping rod

25times uniformly over the full surface of the concrete

Diagram
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Unit weight of coarse aggregate =

Mix proportion =

Volume of slump cone, V = (Π d 2/4) x L

Volume of coarse aggregate = (/7) X V= cm 3

Volume of fine aggregate = (2/7) X V= cm 3

Volume of cement = (1/7)X V= cm 3

Weight of coarse aggregate = Unit weight X Volume of coarse aggregate

= gm

Weight of water = 0.6 X weight of cement = gm

5. Then another one-fourth height is filled and tamped. Similarly other layers are tamped finally it is
levelled with the top of the mould

6. Now the mould is raised. On raising the mould the concrete will subside. Height of the subside
concrete heap is measure by steel rule immediately after removing the mould

7. The difference in height between the original height and subsided heap of concrete will give the
value of slump

8. Then the slump for water-cement ratio are noted

RESULT

Table 1 Results of Slump test

S.No W/C Slump (mm) Type of slump Remarks

1 0.
2 0.
3 0.

INFERENCE
 11. VEE-BEE CONSISTENCY TEST ON CONCRETE

AIM

To determine the workability of concrete by conducting the Vee-Bee consistency test

BASIC CONCEPT

Unsupported concrete. When it is fresh. Will flow to the sides and a sinking in height will take place.
This vertical settlement is called slump

The time required for complete remoulding (from one shape to another, i.e., from conical to
cylindrical) in seconds is considered as the number of Vee-Bee seconds. This test gives an indication
of mobility and to some extent of the compatibility of freshly mixed concrete

APPARTUS

1. Vee-Bee apparatus

2. Cylindrical container

3. Slump cone

4. Standard tamping rod

5. Weighing balance

6. Trowels
PROCEDURE

1. Place the slump cone in the cylindrical container of the consistometer

2. Fill the concrete in four layers and tamp with twenty five strokes in a uniform manner over the
section of the cone. After the top layer has been tamped, struck off the concrete with trowel so that
cone is exactly filled.

3. Move the glass disc attached to the swivel arm and adjust the glass disc. So as to touch the top of
the concrete cone and note the initial reading on the graduated rod.

DIAGRAM
OBSERVEATION AND TABULATION

Table 1. Readings of Slump and Vee-Bee degree

Description Specimen

1 2 3

A Water-cement ratio

B Initial reading on the graduated rod, X1

C Final reading on the graduated rod, X2

D Slump, (X2-X1)

E Time for complete remoulding seconds

(Vee-Bee seconds)
4. Remove the cone from the concrete immediately by raising it in the vertical direction. Lower the
transparent disc on the top of the concrete and note down the reading on graduated rod.

5. Switch on the electrical vibrator and start the stop watch. The vibrations are continued until the
remoulded i.e., the surface become horizontal.

6. Record the time required for complete remoulding in seconds which measures the workability as
number of Vee-Bee seconds

RESULTS

Table 2. Reults of Vee-Bee test

S.No W/C Ratio Slump value (mm) Vee-Bee degree Suitability of concrete
(sec)

INFERENCE
 12. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST ON CONCRETE

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by compaction factor method

BASIC CONCEPT

It is based upon the definition that workability is the amount of work necessary to achieve full
compaction of concrete. Compaction factor test works on a principal of determining the degree of
compaction achieved by standard amount of work by allowing the concrete to fall through a
standard height. The degree of compaction, called compaction factor, is measured by the ratio of the
density actually achieved in the test to the density of concrete fully compacted.

APPARTUS

1. Compacting factor apparatus

2. Two trowels

3. Hand Scoop

4. Tamping rod
5. Platform weighing machine

6. Graduated cylinder of 1000ml capacity

PROCEDURE

1. Weigh the empty cylinder accurately and note down weight say w 1kg

2. Prepare the sample of concrete with given proportion and w/c ratio

3. Fill the sample of concrete in upper hopper gently and carefully with hand scoop without
compacting

4. Open the trap door so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.

5. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest, open the trap door of the lower hopper and
allow concrete to fall into the cylinder.

DIAGRAM
OBSREVATION AND CALCULATION

Table 1 Observation of Compaction Factor Test

Description Specimen

1 2 3

1 Weight of cylinder, W1 kg

2 (Weight of cylinder+ partially compacted

concrete), W2 kg

3 Weight of partially compacted

concrete=(W2-W1) kg

4 Weight of the fully compacted concrete+

cylinder),W3 kg

5 Weight of the fully compacted

concrete=(W3-W1) kg
 6 Water-cement ratio

7 Proportions of sample

Compaction factor = (W2-W1)/ (W3-W1)

6. Remove the excess concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder

7. Find the weight of the partially compacted concrete thus filled in the cylinder say W 2 kg

8. Refill the cylinder with the same sample of concrete in layers approximately 5cm, vibrating each
layer heavily so as expel all the air to obtain full compaction.

9. Clean the outside of the cylinder and weigh it again say W 3 kg

RESULT

S.no W/C ratio Compaction Factor Suitability of concrete

value
 1

INFERENCE

13. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES AND CYLINDERS

AIM

To determine the compressive strength of cement concrete cubes and cylinder.

BASIC CONCEPT

Compressive strength of concrete cubes and cylinder varies according to its grade of concrete. Water
cement ratio and curing period are also taking the main role for improving the compressive strength.
APPARTUS

1. Cubical mould of 10cm size or cylindrical mould of 10cm diameter and 20cm height

2. Tamping rod

3. Mixing pan

4. Trowel

5. Measuring jar

6. Compressive testing machine

PROCEDURE

A. CASTING OF CUBES AND CYLINDERS

1. The moulds are cleaned and oil is applied lightly

2. The quantities of materials required for casting the cube and cylinder for desired mix is computed
and weighed.

3. First the materials are mixed in dry condition and then the waste is added and mixed well.

4. Now the mix is placed in the moulds in 50mm layer of concrete and each layer is compacted 25
times with tamping rod uniformly

5. The top surface is leveled with a trowel and the moulds are covered with moist cloth for 24 hours.

OBSERVATIONS

Proportion of mix = 1:2:4

Descriptions For Cubes For Cylinders

Weight of cement

Weight of fine aggregate

 Weight of C.A

W/C

TABULATIONS

S.NO Size Size of W/C Date Date of Crushing Compressive stress(kg/cm2) for
of cylinder ratio of testing load
cube casting (kg)
Cubes Cylinders

Calculation

1. Compressive strength = load Area

2. Average compressive strength of

1. Cubes =

2. Cylinders =

6. Then the cubes and cylinders are removed from the moulds and submerged in water for curing

B. TESTING OF CUBES AND CYLINDERS

1. Now the concrete cubes and cylinders are removed from the curing tank, wiped and kept for an
hour

2. Then the dimensions of the specimens are measured.

3. Now the specimen is placed at the centre of the compressive testing machine platform.

4. The specimen is made grip between the compression flatters and the hydraulic tank valve is
closed

5. Now the load is applied till the specimen fails, the load is noted down when the cube or cylinder
failed.

6. Then the crushing strength is calculated.

RESULT

Average compressive strength of cube of (1:2:4) mix

1. at 3 days = N/mm 2

2. at 7 days = N/mm 2

INFERENCE

14. DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE OF BEAMS

AIM

To determine the young’s modulus and rupture of concrete by beam test

BASIC CONCEPT

Whenever the direct load is applied to a beam, the top fibers are in compression and bottom fibers
are in tension. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fibre of the beam is known as modulus of
rupture

APPARATUS

1. UTM

2. Deflectometer

3. Scale

PROCEDURE

1. The span of the deflection bench of UTM is adjusted as required (50.5cm)

2. The concrete beam of size 10x10x50cm should be casted and kept in water and it is taken out
from the curing tank, cleaned, wiped and kept for half an hour.

3. The dimensions of the beam is measured.

4. The required span is marked on the beam and it is placed centrally on the supports with equal
overhangs.

5. The deflectometer is placed at the centre of the span

6. The lowest load is range is selected (10kg). Then the central load is applied gradually. And the
corresponding deflectometer reading is noted for every 50kg

7. The load is applied till the specimen fails

8. The distance between the support and failure point is noted.

9. Young’s modulus and modulus of rupture is calculated using formula.

OBSREVATION

Mix proportion of concrete = 1:2:4

Weight of cement =

Weight of fine aggregates =

Weight of coarse aggregates =

w/c ratio =

TABULATION

S.no Load Load P Dial guage Deflection of young’s Modulus

(kg) (N) reading beam δ (mm) Ec=Pl3/48δlx102(N/mm2)

CALCULATION

Young’s modulus of concrete, Ec=Pl3/48δl

Modulus of rupture = Pl/bd2

RESULT

Young’s modulus of beam =

Modulus of rupture =
INFERENCE

15. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE

AIM

To determine the modulus of elasticity of concrete