As written in the previous page the voltage regulation of an alternator is defined

as the change in terminal voltage from no-load to full load or the speed and field
excitation being constant is divided by full load voltage.

And under the voltage regulation there are four different methods and has
different types under every method. The four different methods are the E.M.F method,
M.M.F method, Z.P.F method and A.S.A method. As shown below is the phasor
diagram of the different methods.

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF E.M.F METHOD UNDER THREE TYPES OF LEADING

CONDITIONS:

The Synchronous Impedance Method or E.M.F Method is based on the concept

of replacing the effect of armature reaction by an imaginary reactance. And it depends
in the power factor of the load. Under this method has three different types of leading
conditions:

a. Unity Power Factor - For unity power factors, there is always a voltage drop with the
increase of load, but for a certain leading power, the full load voltage regulation is zero.

b. Lagging Power Factor - It is similar to unity power factor. A lagging power factor
signifies that the load is inductive, as the load will “consume” reactive power, and
therefore the reactive component is positive as reactive power travels through the circuit
and is “consumed” by the inductive load.

c. Leading Power Factor - A leading power factor signifies that the load is capacitive,
as the load “supplies” reactive power, and therefore the reactive component is negative
as reactive power is being supplied to the circuit.

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF M.M.F METHOD:

 MMF Method is also known as Ampere Turn Method Rothert's MMF method.
This MMF is based on the results of open circuit test and short circuit test on an
alternator. It replaces the effect of armature leakage reactance by an equivalent
additional armature reaction MMF so that this MMF may be combined with the armature
reaction MMF. The key point is in most of the cases, as the number of turns on the field
winding is not known, the MMF is calculated and expressed in terms of the field current
itself.

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ZPF METHOD:

This Zero power factor (ZPF) method is also called Potier method. This method

is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance drop and the armature
reactance effects. And it is also is a indicate between the armature terminal voltage and
field current for a constant value of armature current and speed.

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A.S.A METHOD:

 ASA or modified MMF method is considering the saturation effect for calculation
of regulation. In this method the total MMF F computed is according to the assumption
of unsaturated magnetic circuit which is unrealistic.