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2 n for copper is much greater than n for silicon. (The answer is A.) [Total 1 Mark]
Δ𝑄 8C
3 a) I = = [1]
Δ𝑡 0.5 × 10-3 s
4 a) I = current
n = number of charge carriers per unit volume
A = area of cross-section normal to current
v = drift velocity of charge carriers
q = charge on each charge carrier [3]
𝐼
b) I = nAvq ⇒ v =
𝑛𝑛𝑛
10 × 10-3 C s-1
v= [2]
7.0 × 1022 m-3 × (6 × 10-3 × 0.5 ×10-3 ) m2 ×1.6 × 10-19 C
−1 −1
= 0.298 m s ≈ 0.3 m s [1]
𝐼
c) v =
𝑛𝑛𝑛
1
If I, A and q are the same, then v ∝ [1]
𝑛
6
As n for copper is in the order of 10 times greater than n for a semiconductor, v for copper
6
will be in the order of 10 less (‘very much greater’ and ‘very much less’ would be sufficient in
an exam answer). [1]
[Total 8 Marks]
distance 21 × 10-2 m −9
5 Time = = = 5.0 × 10 s
speed 4.2 × 107 m s-1
charge 𝐼𝐼𝐼
Number of electrons = =
charge on an electron 𝑒
D X = ½D Y ⇒ A X = ¼ A Y
v X = 4v Y ⇒ v X : v Y = 4 : 1 (The answer is D.) [Total 1 Mark]
81 600 s
= 81 600 s=
(60 × 60)s h-1
= 23 hours [1]
29
b) As there are in the order of 10 conducting electrons per cubic metre, a very large number
will pass through the filament in a very short time, so the filament will appear to light almost
immediately a potential difference is applied by switching on, even though each electron is
only drifting slowly. [2]
[Total 7 Marks]
4 × 5.0 C s-1
v= 2 [2]
π × (0.2 ×10-3 ) m2 × 8.4 × 1028 m-3 ×1.6 × 10-19 C
−1 −1
= 0.012 m s = 12 mm s [1]
𝐼
c) In the equation v = :
𝑛𝑛𝑛
• the fuse is in series with the connecting leads, so I is the same for each
• both are made of copper, so n is the same for each
• q is the electron charge, which is the same for each.
1
⇒v ∝ [2]
𝐴
The diameter of the connecting wire (1.0 mm) is 5 times that of the fuse wire (0.2 mm), so
the area of cross-section of the connecting wire is 25 times that of the fuse wire. The drift
velocity in the connecting wire is therefore 25 times less than in the fuse wire. [2]
28 3
d) From part (a) we found that there were 8.4 × 10 atoms in 1.0 m of copper. If we assume
3
that copper has a simple cubic structure, with x atoms along each 1.0 m side of a 1.0 m cube,
3
then there will be x atoms in the cube. [1]
3 28 −3 9 −2
So, x = 8.4 × 10 m ⇒ x = √8.4 × 1028 = 4.4 × 10 m [1]
1 1
As x = number of atoms in a 1.0 m length, atomic spacing d = = [1]
𝑥 4.4 × 109 m-1
−10
d = 2.3 × 10 m = 0.23 nm [1]
The structure of copper is actually more complex than the simple cubic structure that we
assumed and therefore this is only a very approximate value.
[Total 15 Marks]