Mandibular incisors radiography

The principles for mandibular incisors radiography

In all mandibular radiography the patient should -1
be positioned with the occlusal plane of mandible
parallel to the floor when the patient mouth is
.opened
The film is positioned vertically and placed -2
gently under the patient tongue covering the lower
4 incisors and touching the incisal edge
approximately more than 2 mm of the film will extend above the incisal edge.
3- The film will hold by the thumb or index finger with the elbow is elevated
with slight pressure on the lingual surface enough to stabilize the film.
horizontally the tube head
should be moved until the
central beam is directed
.between the central incisors
For vertical angulations -4
the operator should identify
the tooth axis, vertical film
plane and the bisector. The
.central beam should be perpendicular to the bisector
The exposure time should be ¾ sec -5

The mandibular canine radiography

T
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e
p
ri
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i
p
- :les for mandibular canine radiography are

The film is positioned and held in the patient mouth in a manner similar -1
to that for the incisor radiography. The film should be positioned with the
canine in the middle of the film and is held by the index finger of the patient
.of the opposite side
The horizontal angle of the beam is adjusted to direct the central ray -2
.between the canine and first premolar tooth
 .The vertical beam is adjusted similar to that for the incisor teeth -3
.The exposure time is ¾ sec -4

The mandibular premolar radiography

T
h
e
p
ri
n
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i
- :ples for mandibular premolar radiography are

The film is placed in the patient mouth horizontally with the anterior -1
border of the film at the middle of the canine covering both premolars with
about 1 mm of the film above the cusps of these teeth because of the length
of these teeth. The lower border of the film should be placed at the base of
the tongue between the fold the lingual gland and the base of the tongue.
Pressure of the film to the lower gingiva is painful to the patient because the
.gingiva in this area is thin and there in bone underneath it
the patient should held the film with the index finger of the opposite hand -2
with the elevation of the arm so that well controlled pressure will applied to
. the film to hold it in its correct place

The mandibular molar radiography

T
he
pr
in
ci
pl
es
fo
- :r mandibular molars radiography are
The film is placed in the mouth deep in the same way as in the premolar -1
.area. The posterior boarder of the film should cover the third molar
The vertical angle of the beam is approximately the same as that for the -2
.premolar teeth
Horizontal angulation's is adjusted to direct the x-ray beam between the -3
.teeth
.Exposure time is 1; 1/4 sec -4