Академический Документы
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2010/ /2011
2010 2011
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1 FTP Test Cycles 26-29 Agricultural and Forestry Tractors 59-60
HEAVY DUTY 2-48 Japan S.I. Engines 62-63
Emissions Standards 30-32 US Federal (EPA)
NON ROAD MOBILE MACHINERY 57-84
Test Cycles 33-35 Off-Road C.I. Engines 64-68
HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards Other Areas of the World 36-39 Off-Road S.I. Engines 69-70
Large S.I. Engines 71
Economic Commission for Europe HD - Emissions Related Requirements
Recreational Vehicle Engines 72
R49 / R24 2-3 European On-board Diagnostics 40-41 California (CARB)
Test Cycles 4-6 US On-board Diagnostics 42-43 C.I. Engines 73
European Union WWH On-board Diagnostics 44 Small Off-Road S.I. Engines 73-74
Vehicle Categories, Euro I / Euro II 7 European Conformity Testing 45-46 Large Off-Road S.I. Engines 75
Euro III / Euro IV 8-9 US Conformity Testing 47-48 Off-Highway Recreational Equipment 76
Euro V / Euro VI 10-13 Japan
Durability of Emission Control Systems 14 Fuels
Diesel Powered Special Vehicles 77-78
Test Cycles 15-17 EU Reference Test Fuels 51-53 Other Areas of the World 79
US Federal (EPA) US Reference Test Fuels 54-56 Test Cycles
Vehicle Classification 18 Japan Reference Test Fuels 56 NRSC 80-81
Diesel Engines 18-20 Ramped Modal Testing 82
Otto-Cycle HD 20-21 NRMM - Emissions Standards NRTC 83
California (CARB) European Union
Emissions Standards 22-25 C.I. Engines 57-59 Glossary 85
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ECE
ECE regulations are similar to EU directives. A base regulation is updated in a con- Test cycles (See pages 16 -17)
secutive series of amendments. Dates of implementation differ from country, depen- Diesel Euro III: ESC/ELR. ETC can be requested
ding on the approval status of the respective amendment in that country. Euro IV: ESC, ELR and ETC
ECE - R49/00-02 (applied to C.I. engines only) Gas engines, ETC test.
Implementation dates:
TEST UNIT CO HC NOx PM
Euro III: 2000; Euro IV: 01Oct05
TA COP TA COP TA COP TA COP
ECE - R49/04 – Amendment 01-05 (equivalent to Dir 2005/55/EC and Dir
R49 g/kWh 14 - 3.5 - 18 - - - 2005/78/EC)
R49-1 g/kWh 11.2 12.3 2.4 2.6 14.4 15.8 - - = certification of gas engines with new testing validity criteria to cover
R49-2: 2 stages their different dynamic response to that of diesel engines.
Stage I 4.5 4.9 1.1 1.23 8.0 9.0 0.36 0.40 Test cycle: Euro V: ESC, ELR and ETC
g/kWh
Stage II 4.0 4.0 1) 1.1 1.1 1) 7.0 7.0 1) 0.15 0.15 1) Implementation dates: Euro V: 01Oct08
Emission limits: see page 10
Stage I: applicable from 01Jul92
Stage II: applicable from 01Oct95 WHDC GTR n°4 has been adopted as annex 10 to ECE R49 (see p. 4)
Stage II COP limits apply from 01Oct96
1)
WWH-OBD GTR n°5 has been adopted as annex 11 to ECE R49
ECE - R49/03 content equivalent to 88/77/EEC, amended by 99/96/EC, (see p. 44)
(Euro III and IV standards) Proposed amendment: Particle Measurement Program - PMP
= approval of C.I. and NG and of P.I. fuelled with LPG engines Discussion document: Particle count should be determined by integration
= application for approval of a vehicle by its approved engine or engine family and particle emissions expressed as Number/kWh.
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2 - Free acceleration:
With warm engine from idle to maximum speed giving an average (XM) of 4
Hartridge smoke units [HSU]
consecutive non-dispersed values.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Calculated according both tests:
Bosch number [BN]
XL1 = (SL/SM)*XM and XL2 = XM + 0.5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
HD - Exhaust Emissions Standards 3
ECE
TEST CYCLES
Worldwide Harmonised Heavy Duty (WWHD) WHTC - World Heavy Duty Transient Cycle
Emissions Certification Procedure - Establishment of a harmonised Global It is a second by second sequence of normalized speed and torque values.
Technical Regulation (GTR nr 04 incorporating Amendment 1 dated 05Mar10) 100% 100%
covering the TA procedure for HD engine exhaust emissions, adopted on 15Nov06 90% 90%
normalized speed
design speed > 25 km/h and max mass > 3,5 tons. 60% 60%
50% 50%
2 representative test cycles have been created covering typical driving 40% 40%
conditions in the European Union, USA, Japan and Australia: 30% 30%
- WHTC : Transient Test Cycle 20% 20%
- WHSC : Steady State Test Cycle 10% 10%
0% 0%
The GTR does not contain emission limit values.
-10% M_norm_WHTC, final
n_norm_WHTC, final
-10%
Exhaust Emissions to be measured: CO, HC, NMHC, NOx, PM, CO2, -20% -20%
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
expressed in g/kWh.
times in s
If GTR applied in a national legislation, the limit values should represent at
least the same level of severity as its existing regulations.
3% 3% 7 45 70 75
70 7 4 8 45 25 150
8% 5%
50 11 9 9 55 50 125
8% 10% 6% 10% 10 75 100 50
25 6 12 8 3 11 35 50 200
17/2% 24%
12 35 25 250
1/13 0
Motoring 25 35 45 55 75 100 13 0 0 210
Engine Speed, % Sum 1,895
Generate engine map (max torque curve) – Generate reference test cycle
Ready all systems for sampling and data collection Preconditioning of engine and particulate system including dilution tunnel
Cold start exhaust emissions test Set PM systems in by-pass mode and change dummy PM filter
to weighted sampling filter.
5 +/- 1 or 20 +/- 1 min hot soak period Ready all systems for sampling and data collection
1)
For natural gas engines only
2)
Not applicable for gas fuelled engines – Euro IV stage
- The draft includes revised reference fuel specifications (see page 51)
- The proposal specifies the measurement of NH3 and autorises Laser Diode Spectrometer (LDS) and
Fourier Transform Infrared (FFIR) as measurement principles.
- In Service Conformity is to be checked with Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS).
PEMS must measure CO; total HC; NOx (diesel); Methane (Gas) and CO2
- The particulate measurement procedure is not defined yet in this draft proposal
- Useful life deterioration factors: the factors can be determined using a service accumulation schedule or
by using the following multiplicate deterioration factors.
CO THC 1) NMHC CH4 NOx 1) NH3 PM Mass PM 2) Number
WHTC 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.05 1.0 1)
Applies in the case of a C.I. engine
WHSC 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.05 1.0 2)
Applies in the case of a P.I. engine
13
EUROPEAN UNION
DURABILITY OF EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS Vehicle Category Minimum service accumulation period
Vehicles and engines have to confirm the correct operation of the emission N1 100,000 km
control devices during the normal life of the vehicle or engine N2 125,000 km
- from 01Oct05 for new type approvals N3 w/ permissible mass ≤ 16 tons 125,000 km
- from 01Oct06 for all type approvals N3 w/ permissible mass > 16 tons 167,000 km
Vehicle Category Useful Life M2 100,000 km
N1 – M2 100,000 km or 5 years M3 w/ permissible mass ≤ 7.5 tons 125,000 km
N2, N3 ≤ 16 tons – M3 ≤ 7.5 tons 200,000 km or 6 years M3 w/ permissible mass > 7.5 tons 167,000 km
N3 > 16 tons – M3 > 7.5 tons 500,000 km or 7 years
2) Alternative: DF’s defined Directive 2005/78/EC
Deterioration Factors
Engine type Test cycle CO HC NMHC CH4 NOx PM
Manufacturers can choose to apply DF’s foreseen into the directive or
the DF’s developed over a specific service accumulation schedule Diesel ESC 1.1 1.05 - - 1.05 1.1
ETC 1.1 1.05 - - 1.05 1.1
1) DF’s based on service accumulation schedule Gas ETC 1.1 1.05 1.05 1.2 1.05 -
DF’s are developed from the selected engines based on a distance and service
accumulation procedure that includes periodic testing for gaseous and PM
emissions over the ESC and ETC tests.
5 8%
9
2% 10 Rated Power Speed 50 0.02
60
4 8%
11 25 0.02
10
40 2% 12 10 0.02
13 Idle - 0.25/3
3 8% 11
20 2%
25% 2 8% 12
2%
1,7,13
0 60 80 100
Engine Speed, %
Engine speed
20% of the highest value of Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
C
80 close speeds or more than 5%
Urban B
Vehicle speed, km/h
100
Load, %
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 10
0 20s
Time, s Time, s
The limits apply for HD vehicles with a GVW ≥ 8,500 lbs (3,856 t) 1991-1993 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.25
Engines are classified by end use GVWR: Diesel HD Truck 1994-1997 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10
LHDDE - Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine 8,500 - 19,500 lbs 1998-2003 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.10
(California 14,000 - 19,500 lbs) 1991-1992 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.25
MHDDE - Medium Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine 19,500 - 33,000 Ibs 1993 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.10
HDDE - Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine > 33,000 Ibs Urban Bus 1994-1995 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.07
1996-1997 1.3 15.5 5.0 0.05 1)
Testing 1998-2003 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.05 1)
Emission testing is generally engine dynamometer based. 1)
Urban buses: 0.05g/bhp.h (certification) and 0.07g/bhp.h (in use) for 1996 ->
Chassis certification is available in place of HD Federal Test Procedure (FTP)
Transient cycle. MY 2004 and later (g/bhp.h)
3 sets of tests are required: - Transient FTP Test and from MY 2007
NMHC NOx+NMHC CO PM
(1998 for Consent Decree Manufacturers) HD Truck Engines &
Option 1 N/A 2.4 15.5 0.10
- Supplemental Emission Test Urban Buses
Option 2 0.5 2.5 15.5 0.10
- Not To Exceed standards
2)
10 yrs for PM and NOx
60
80 40
60 20
40 0
20 -20
0
-20
100 80
80 60
60 40
40 20
20 0
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time (sec)
Time (sec)
Test cycle comprised of 4 phases representing different driving conditions.
Phases 1 and 4 are the same. Test is a cold start followed by a 20 min soak and
then a repeat of the test cycle.
rated speed
95
Steady-state Test discrete – Mode Cycle up to MY 2009
Percent
Start of cycle
85 Linear within ± 100 rpm
Max. torque or 60% rated speed As a result of the Consent Decree of 1998, most engine manufacturers are
Linear ± 100 rpm whichever is higher ± 50 rpm
Low idle required to meet the applicable FTP transient emission standard during the
Throttle pos.
0
Torque at max. HP The alternate procedure for steady state test may be used through MY 2009.
Torque presel. for linear accel. II Torque curve during lugging to
achieve linear speed decrease The ramped modal test is mandatory in MY 2010 (see page 28).
1 8 1 8 1 8 1
Recorder chart speed (minimum) [in/min]
Mode-
designation Low Accel. Accel. Transition period Lugging mode Unloading
idle I II III to low idle
1)
TA emission standard for type assigned vehicle and vehicle with TA equipment
2)
Emission standard for the vehicles other than defined above
3)
Smoke measured under 3 full load conditions (at 40, 60 or 100% of rated speed) and under free load acceleration
4)
2.5t – 3.5t: introduction in 1997; 3.5t – 12t in 1998; > 12t in 1999
100 2 4
28.6% 90
75 6 80
Load ratio %
5.5%
80 10 12
2 40 20 0.037
3 40 40 0.027 7.7% 3.2%
60 9 8
4 Idle - 0.410/2 Mode weighting factor
2.7% 6.4% 4.1%
5 60 20 0.029 40 3 6 7
6 60 40 0.064 Mode number
3.7% 2.9%
7 80 40 0.041 20 2 5
41.0%
8 80 60 0.032 5
13
14.2%
1.4
9 60 60 0.077 0 40 60 80 100
Idling
10 60 80 0.055
Engine Speed ratio %
11 60 95 0.049
12 80 80 0.037
13 60 5 0.142
Load ratio %
2 40 40 0.036
3.4%
3 40 60 0.039 80 10
13 40 1) 20 1) 0.096
1)
Deceleration to idle
37
OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD
Ecuador US94 or EU II Mexico Equivalent to US federal regulations (HDDTC) from 1998
Hong From 01Oct07: Euro IV or US HDV 2005 or Japan HDV 2005 From Jul 2008: US 2004 or Euro IV
Kong E-OBD (EC 2005/55) or OBD US of J-OBD New Requir. for veh. presented for inspection in NZ for the first time:
Proposal: EU V from Jul10 Zealand - Gasoline: as of 2007
Iceland Euro standards adopted New model: ADR 80/01, US 98 or Japan 00/02
India BS IV: 04/2010: Delhi + selected cities; 2014: nationwide Existing model: ADR 80/01, US 98 or Japan 00/02
- Diesel: As of 2008
BS IV for engines for HD vehicles: 1)
CNG only
New mod: ADR 80/01 and 30/01, EU IV, US04 or Jap 02/04
Type approval & Conformity of Production Limits (g/kWh)
All mod: ADR 80/01 and 30/01, EU III, US04 or Jap 02/04
THC NMHC CH4 1)
NOx PM EU IV required from Jan09
CNG or LPG Engines - EU V TA: 01Jan11; FR: 01Jan12
ELR Test - 0.55 1.1 3.5 -
Norway Euro standards adopted
Diesel Engines
ELR Test 0.46 - -- 3.5 0.02 Peru Euro III: form 2007
ELR Test - 0.55 1.1 3.5 0.03 Max 50 ppm Sulphur diesel introduced Mar10
ELR Test Smoke ,<0.5m-1
PR of China Applicable standards: GB 17691-2005 equivalent to EU standards
Introduction of Euro 3 fuels standards in Oct 2010 Beijing: Stage III (Eu III - ESC+ELR): Dec05
Israel European standards applicable: EU V (01Oct08); EU VI (31Dec12) Stage IV (Eu IV - ESC+ELR+ETC): Jan08
For vehicle produced in USA: 40CFR Part 86 Stage V (Eu V - ESC+ELR+ETC): Jan12
Malaysia HD Diesel engines: Euro II Nationwide: Stage III: TA: 01Jan08
PR of China Stage IV: TA: 01Jan13 South Africa ECE 49-02 B (EU II); Alternative: US 98, Japan 98 or ADR 80/00
Durability: Recommended test cycle: Japan 05 New TA: Jan 06; all production: Jan 10
Gasoline: 80,000 km or 5 yrs; shortest test mileage: 50,000 km Proposed EU III new TA: Jan 2010; all production: Jan12
Diesel: (mileage (km); Util. time (yr); shortest test mileage (km)) South From Jan 03: EU III equiv. Test cycle: Jap Diesel 13-Mode
Korea EU V from Jul09 (TA); Jul10 (FR)
M2 M3 M3 N2 N3 N3
(GVM ≤ 7,5t) (GVM > 7,5t) (GVM ≤ 16t) GVM > 16t Durability: 300,000 km or 10 yrs
80,000 100,000 250,000 100,000 100,000 250,000
Switzerland EU standards adopted
5 5 6 5 5 6
Taiwan US HDDTC from 01Jul93; From 2006: EU IV
50,000 60,000 80,000 60,000 60,000 80,000
Max 10 ppm Sulphur diesel mandatory as of Jul11
Diesel Fuel Euro 3 + 0.5% FAME
Thailand Diesel HDV Euro III (TIS 2315-2550)
Max 350 ppm Sulphur as of Jan10
From 2012: EU IV (TIS 2315-2551)
Russia Ecological Class 2 (ECE 49.02 Stage 2) from 01Jan06 Turkey From 2007: EU IV
Ecological Class 3: (ECE 49.04-A) from 01Jan08
Vietnam ECE 49-02 / Euro II (TCVN 6565-1999)
Ecological Class 4: (ECE 49.04-B1) from 01Jan10
Proposal: Euro III in 2008
Ecological Class 5: (ECE 49.04-B2 C) from 01Jan14
Euro IV in 2010
Saudia Arabia ECE R49 (Saudia standards 673/1991) Euro V: declared application time in 2010
Monitoring area
1)
Alternative fuel waivers available
YES NO YES
If a
total of 8 6 or 7
All 5 test Test on 1 Test result Test on 4 EPA may require
Test on 5 engines over the 10 over the 10 tested
results comply additional comply w/ additional carmaker to
engines tested comply w/ engines comply
w/ criteria NO engine criteria NO engines NO NO initiate Phase 2
criteria w/ criteria
Phase 2 testing
For any reason, carmakers can be requested to test 10 additional engines.
EPA may select a certain subset of the engine family, force specific test conditions, define a period when testing and reporting have to be done.
- All HD With GVW > 14,000 lbs (6,350 kg) fuelled by diesel or alternative
diesel but not NG
- Compliance with Best Available Control Technology (BACT)
49
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50
EU REFERENCE TEST FUELS
Diesel reference fuel Dir 98/70/EC as amended by Dir 2002/80/EC 1) Ethanol for diesel engines (ISO 4259)
Parameter Unit Limits Parameter Unit Limits
Cetane - 52-54 Alcohol, mass % mass ≥ 92.4
Density at 15°C kg/m3 833-837 Other alcohol than ethanol % mass ≤2
Distillation T50 °C ≥ 245 Density at 15°C kg/m3 795-815
T95 °C 345-350 Ash content % mass ≤ 0.001
FBP °C ≤ 370 Flash point °C 10
Flash point °C ≥ 55 Acidity (as acetic acid) % mass ≤ 0.0025
CFPP °C ≤ -5 Neutralisation # (strong acid) KOH mg/l ≤1
Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 2.5-3.5 2) Colour According to scale ≤ 10
Polycyclic aromatics % m/m 3.0-6.0 Dry residue at 100°C mg/km ≤ 15
Sulphur ppm ≤ 300 3) Water content % mass ≤ 6.5
Aldehydes (as acetic acid) % mass ≤ 0.0025
Copper Corrosion - ≤1
Sulphur ppm ≤ 10
Conradson C residue (10% DR) % m/m ≤ 0.2
Esters (as ethylacetate) % mass ≤ 0.1
Ash content % m/m ≤ 0.01 1)
Dir 98/70 amendment adopted by EU Parliament on 17Dec08
Water content % m/m ≤ 0.02
(to be endorsed by EU Council): Max FAME: 7%; Polycyclic aromatics: Max 8%
Neutralisation (strong acid) # mg kOH/g ≤ 0.02 2)
From Euro IV: 2.3 – 3.3 3) Mandatory diesel Sulphur level for Euro IV: ≤ 10ppm
Oxidation stability mg/ml ≤ 0.025
NB: Market diesel fuel: from 01Jan09: Sulphur ≤ 10 ppm
FAME max 7% vol - New diesel quality with FAME > 7%, with information on biofuel content allowed
- Countries w/ severe winter conditions: possibility of max distillation T10: 180°C
Fuels 51
EU REFERENCE TEST FUELS
Natural Gas (NG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Reference Fuels Characteristics Units Basis Limits Parameter Units Limits Fuel A Limits Fuel B
Methane - 87 84 - 89 Motor octane # - ≥ 92.5 ≥ 92.5
Ethane - 13 11-15 C3 – content % vol 48 - 52 83 - 87
GR
Balance 1) % mole - ≤1 C4 – content % vol 48 - 52 13 - 17
Sulphur ppm - ≤ 10 < C3,< C4 % vol ≤ 2 ≤2
Methane - 92.5 91.5 - 93.5 Olefins % vol ≤ 12 ≤ 14
Balance 2) % mole - ≤1 Evaporation residue ppm ≤ 50 ≤ 50
G23
N 2 - 7.5 6.5 - 8.5 Sulphur 1) ppm ≤ 50 ≤ 50
Sulphur ppm - ≤ 10 Hydrogen Sulphide - None None
Methane - 86 84 - 88 Copper strip corrosion Rating Class 1 Class 1
Balance 2) % mole - ≤1 Water at 0°C - Free Free
G25
N 2 - 14 12 - 16 1)
From Euro IV, V ≤ 10 ppm
Sulphur ppm - ≤ 10
Inerts + C2 +
1) 2)
Inerts (≠ from N2) + C2 + C2 +
European market fuels are available in two ranges:
The H range, whose extreme reference fuels are GR and G23
The L range, whose extreme reference fuels are G23 and G25
Fuels 52
EU REFERENCE TEST FUELS
NRMM EU Diesel Reference Fuel (CEC RF-75-T-96)
Stage I/II Stage IIIB and IV
Parameter Unit Test Method Test Method
Min Max Min Max
Cetane Number - 45.0 50.0 EN-ISO 5165 - 54.0 EN-ISO 5165
Density at 15°C kg/m3 835 845 ISO 3675/ASTM D4052 833 865 EN-ISO 3675
Distillation T95 °C - 370 EN-ISO 3405 345 350 EN-ISO 3405
Viscosity at 40°C mm /s
2
2.5 3.5 EN-ISO 3104 2.3 3.3 EN-ISO 3104
Sulphur content % mass 0.1 0.2 ISO 8754, EN 24260 - 10mg/kg ASTM D5453
NRMM EU Gasoline Reference Fuel (CEC RF-75-T-96)
Stage III A: Sulphur: max 300 ppm
Stage I/II
Parameter Unit Test Method
Min Max
Market diesel fuel for NRMM applications: Dir 98/70 amendment adopted by EU RON - 95 - EN 25164
Parliament on 17Dec08 (to be endorsed by EU Council) MON - 85 - EN 25163
Sulphur max 1,000 ppm from 01Jan08 Density at 15°C kg/m3 748 762 ISO 3675
Sulphur max 10 ppm from 01Jan11 RVP kPa 56.0 60.0 EN 12
Possible derogation: Sulphur 1,000 ppm until 31Dec11 Sulphur ppm - 100 EN-ISO 14596
Sulphur 20 ppm from Jan11 IBP °C 24 40 EN-ISO 3405
Distillation at 100°C % vol 49.0 57.0 EN-ISO 3405
Distillation at 150°C % vol 81.0 87.0 EN-ISO 3405
The fuel for 2-stroke engines is a blend of lubricant oil and petrol FBP °C 190 215 EN-ISO 3405
Fuels 53
US REFERENCE FUELS
EPA / CARB – Certification Diesel Reference Fuel
1994-2006 MY vehicles 2007 and later MY vehicles
Fuel Property Unit Federal specifications California Test 1)
Federal California
1-D 2) 2-D Specifications
Cetane Number (natural) - 42-50 47-55 40-54 40-50 47-55 D-613
Distillation Range D-86; 13 CCR section 2,282 (g) 3)
Initial Boiling Point 340-400 (171-204) 340-420 (171-216) 330-390 (166-199) 340-400 (171-204) 340-420 (171-216)
10% Point 400-460 (204-238) 400-490 (204-254) 370-430 (188-221) 400-460 (204-238) 400-490 (204-254)
°F (°C)
50% Point 470-540 (243-282) 470-560 (243-293) 410-480 (210-249) 470-540 (243-282) 470-560 (243-293)
90% Point 560-630 (293-332) 550-610 (288-321) 460-520 (238-271) 560-630 (293-332) 550-610 (288-321)
End Point 610-690 (321-366) 580-660 (304-349) 500-560 (260-293) 610-690 (321-366) 580-660 (304-349)
API Gravity - 32-37 33-39 40-44 32-37 33-39 D-287
Total Sulphur ppm (wt) 0.03-0.05 % wt 0.01-0.05 % wt 7-15 7-15 7-15 D-2622; 13 CCR section 2,282 (g) 3)
Nitrogen Content (max.) ppm (wt) - 100-500 - - 100-500 13 CCR section 2,282 (g) 3)
Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (vol) 27 (min) 8-12 8 (min) 3)
27 (min)
3)
8-12 D-1319; 13 CCR section 2,282 (g) 3)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (wt) - 1.4 (max) - - 1.4 (max)
Flashpoint (min.) °F (°C) 130 (54) 130 (54) 120 (49) 130 (54) 130 (54) D-93
Viscosity @ 40 °F (4°C) mm2/sec 2.0-3.2 2.0-4.1 1.6-2.0 2.0-3.2 2.0-4.1 D-445
ASTM standards and/of California Title 13, CCR procedures
1) 3)
Remainder shall be paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins
Basic certification fuel is the grade 2-D diesel. Grade 1-D is allowed only if the engine manufacturer demonstrates that this fuel will be the predominant in-use fuel
2)
Fuels 54
US REFERENCE FUELS
EPA / CARB – Diesel Reference Fuel for Non-Road Diesel Engines (1)
Remainder shall be paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins
Emission Regulation (2)
3 fuel grades: Ultra Low Sulphur (7-15 ppm);
Fuel Property Unit Tier 1-3 Tier 4 ASTM Test Low Sulphur (300-500 ppm); High Sulphur (2,000-4,000
ppm).
Cetane Number (natural) 40-48 40-50 D-613 (3)
The general EPA position has been that the actual Sulphur
Cetane Index 40-50 D-976 content in the certification fuel should reflect the fuel quality
Distillation Range to be used in the field.
Initial Boiling Point 340-400 (171-204) 340-400 (171-204) With the evolution of non-road fuel quality in the US market in
10% Point 400-460 (204-238) 400-460 (204-238) mind, EPA adopted the following regulatory provisions for
Sulphur content in test fuels
50% Point °F (°C) 470-540 (243-282) 470-540 (243-282) D-86 Sulphur ≤ 2,000 ppm (0.2%) for Tier 1-3 thru MY 2007
90% Point 560-630 (293-332) 560-630 (293-332) 300-500 ppm Sulphur for MY 2008-2010 engines
End Point 610-690 (321-366) 610-690 (321-366) 7-15 ppm Sulphur for Tier 4 engines from 2011
API Gravity 32-37 32-37 D-287 The following provisions apply to Sulphur content in certifica-
tion fuels in the transitional period (2006-2010) and are at the
Total Sulphur (3) ppm (wt.) 300-4000 7-4000 (2) D-2622 certifying manufacturer’s option;
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (min) % (vol.) 8 (min) (1) 27 (min) (1) D-5186
The manufacturer must help ensure that the specified Fuel
Flashpoint (min) °F (°C) 130 (54) 130 (54) D-93 is used in the field
Viscosity @ 38°F (3°C) mm2/sec 2.0 - 3.2 2.0 - 3.2 D-445 300-500 ppm for some MY 2006-2007 engines ≥ 100 hp
7-15 ppm for MY 2007-2010 engines that use Sulphur
sensitive technology
7-15 ppm for MY 2008-2010 engines < 75 hp
Fuels 55
US / JAPAN REFERENCE FUELS
EPA / CARB – Gasoline Reference Fuel Japanese Diesel Reference Fuel
Parameter Unit EPA / CARB specs Special n°1 n°1 n°2 n°3 Special n°3
MON/RON - 82/87 Cetane Index 2) min 50 min 50 min 45 min 45 min 45
(MON + RON ) / 2, min 93 91 Sulphur (mass %) max 0.0010
RVP (kPA) @ 7,8 °C2) 55.2-63.4 46.8-48.3 Viscosity @ 30°C (mm /s)
2
min 2.7 min 2.7 min 2.5 min 2.0 min 1.7
FBP (°F) 415 390 Flash Point (°C) min 50 min 50 min 50 min 50 min 45
T10 (°F) 120-135 130-150 Distillation, 90% v/v rec max 360 max 360 max 350 max 330 1) max 330
T50 (°F) 200-230 203-220 Density at 15°C (g/cm3) max 0.86
T90 (°F) 300-325 295-330 CFPP (°C) N/A max -1 max -5 max -12 max -19
Lead (g/l) Max 0,013 0 Pour Point (°C) max +5 max -2.5 max-7.5 max -20 max -30
Sulphur (ppm) Max 1,000 1) 30-40 1)
In case this viscosity at 30°C is less than 4.7 (mm2/s), it is defined as max 350°C
Benzene (% vol) Max - 0.8-1 2)
Cetane index can be replaced with Cetane number
Aromatics (% vol) Max 35 22-35
Olefins (% vol) Max 10 4-10 5 grades of diesel fuels defined by pour point: special n°1, n°1, n°2, n°3 and special n°3
CARB Phase 3 uses ethanol as an oxygenate Special n°1 and n°1: used for summer time
1)
EPA: Sulphur reduced to 15 - 80 ppm. 100% in 2006 n°2: used for winter time
2)
RVP for altitude testing: 7.6-8.0 psi or 52-55 kPa n°3 and special n°3: used for winter time in the cold region
Fuels 56
EUROPEAN UNION
COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES - Euro Stage I and Stage II Dir 97/68/EC, amended by Dir 2002/88/EC
ECE GTR 11 ‘Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry and from non-road mobile machinery’ published 12Nov09
The GTR 11 is applicable to the determination of gaseous and particulate mass exhaust emissions from C.I. engines of ≥ 19 kW and ≤ 560 kW to be used in
non-road mobile machinery and tractors.
Test cycles : - Variable speed engines: 8-mode test cycle (page 80) or ramped modal cycle and NRTC (page 82)
- Constant speed engines: 5-mode test cycle (page 80) or ramped modal cycle
Engines with periodic regenerating aftertreatment systems need to be tested 3 times on NRTC or RMC, 2 times without regeneration and 1 time with the regeneration
process occurring at least once.
Cat Net Power P CO HC NOx PM TA NR Test cycle: NRSC (see page 80)
(kW) (g/kWh) ISO 8178-C1 for C.I. engines operated under intermittent speed
Stage I (engine out emissions) ISO 8178-D2 for C.I. engines operated under constant speed
A 130-560 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.54 01Jul98 01Jan99
B 75-130 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.70 01Jul98 1) 01Jan99 2)
C 37-75 6.5 1.3 9.2 0.85 01Jul98 1) 01Apr99 2)
Stage II 4)
E 130-560 3.5 1.0 6.0 0.2 01Jan01 01Jul02
1)
01Jan01 for agricultural and forestry tractors
F 75-130 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.3 01Jan02 01Jul03 2)
01Jul01 for agricultural and forestry tractors
G 37-75 5.0 1.3 7.0 0.4 01Jan03 01Jan04 3)
1 year later for agricultural applications and forestry tractors
D 18-37 5.5 1.5 8.0 008 01Jan01 01Jan02 3)
3)
4)
For constant speed engines, implementation date: 01Jan07
61
EUROPEAN UNION
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES Emissions Limits
Dir 2002/88/EC amending Dir 97/68/EC by extending its scope to Stage I Stage II
small S.I. engines (≤ 19kW). Engine
CO HC NOx CO HC+NOx
Classification Class TA TA
(g/kWh) (g/kWh)
Main Class S: small engines with a net power ≤ 19 kW SH: 1 805 295 5.36 11Aug04 805 50 01Aug07
SH SN SH: 2 805 241 5.36 11Aug04 805 50 01Aug07
Engines for handheld machinery Engines for non handheld machinery SH: 3 603 161 5.36 11Aug04 603 72 01Aug08
Category Displacement (cc) Category Displacement (cc) SN: 1 519 HC + NOx = 50 11Aug04 610 50 01Aug04
SH: 1 < 20 SN: 1 < 66 SN: 2 519 HC + NOx = 40 11Aug04 610 40 01Aug04
SH: 2 20 ≤ D < 50 SN: 2 66 ≤ D < 100 SN: 3 519 HC + NOx = 16.1 11Aug04 610 16.1 01Aug07
SH: 3 ≥ 50 SN: 3 100 ≤ D < 225 SN: 4 519 HC + NOx = 13.4 11Aug04 610 12.1 01Aug06
SN: 4 ≥ 225
Max limit NOx (Stage II) for all engines: 10g/kWh
Test cycles (see pages 80-82) ISO 8178-4 to be applied Stages III and IV: see page 58 (C.I. engines Stage III/IV)
ISO 8178-4 to be applied
Cycle D engines with constant speed and intermittent load
Cycle G1 non-handheld intermediate speed machinery
Cycle G2 non-handheld rated speed machinery
Cycle G3 handheld machinery
Test procedure:
Optional Engine Certification Based Standards (g/km) Off-road motorcycles and AZTVs and Sand cars
Engines > 170 cc: FTP 75
Engine Category Implementation date HC + NOx 1) CO
Engines ≤ 170 cc: modified FTP 75
ATV’s < 225 cc 1997 16.1 400 Useful life is 5 years or 10,000 km for all apllications
ATV’s ≥ 225 cc 1997 13.4 400
ORSV / ORUV 2007 12 400 Evaporative Requirements
SAND CARS 2007 13.4 400
Engine Category HC (g/m2/day) Temperature
Tank 1.5 28°C
Hose 15.0 23°C
Design based certification available
1)
corporate average standards
1. Tier2 and Tier3 represent the standard defined in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Chapter1 Part89.
Tier4 and Interim Tier4 represent the standard defined in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 Chapter1 Part 1039.
Exceptions are as follows:
- Phase-out standard for 56 kW to 560 kW defined in the Part1039 §1039.102.
- The family emission limit for the engine family standard with negative emission credits value for ABT program when
the averaging, banking, and trading program defined in the Part1039.
2. Stage III A, Stage III B represent 97/68/EC
C.I. engines ISO 8178-C1 intermittent C.I. engines ISO 8178-D2 constant speed ISO 8178-C2 S.I. engines > 20kw
Torque (%)
Torque (%)
Torque (%)
10% 15% 2%
100 5 1 100 1 5% 100 2
25% 5%
75 6 10% 2 15% 75 2 75 3
10% 15% 30% 32%
50 7 3 50 3 50 4
30% 30%
25 25 4 25 5 1 6%
10 15% 4 10% 10 5 10% 10 15% 6 10%
8 7
40 60 80 100 Speed. 40 60 80 100 Speed. 40 60 80 100 Speed.
Low idle Intermediate Rated Low idle Intermediate Rated Low idle Intermediate Rated
speed speed speed speed speed speed speed speed speed
Torque (%)
Torque (%)
9% 1
100 1 100 1 9% 100
20% 20% 75
75 2 75 2
29% 29% 50
50 3 50 3
30% 30%
25 4 25 4 25
5% 7% 5% 7% 10%
10 5 10 5 10
6 6 2
40 60 80 100 Speed. 40 60 80 100 Speed. 40 60 80 100 Speed.
Low idle Intermediate Rated Low idle Intermediate Rated Low idle Intermediate Rated
speed speed speed speed speed speed speed speed speed
Intermediate speed is the maximum torque speed if it occurs between 60% and 75% of rated speed
or 60% of the rated speed if this is higher
or 75% of the rated speed if this is lower
Normalized Speed, %
Engine preparation, Pre-test measurements and Calibration 100
NRTC 80
Generation engine map (max torque curve) 60
Generate reference test cycle 40
Run one or more practise cycle as necessary to check 20
engine/test cell/emissions systems
0
Natural or forced cool down
Normalized Torque, %
100
Ready all systems for sampling (analyser calibration included) and data collection 80
Cold start cycle exhaust emission phase 60
40
Hot soak
20
Hot start cycle exhaust emission phase
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
One or more Practice Cycles may run as necessary to check engine, test cell and
emissions systems before the measurement cycle. Time, s
84
GLOSSARY
ABT Average Banking & Trading MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether ULEV Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV1, ULEV2)
CI Compression Ignition Engine NG Natural Gas WWH-OBD Worldwide Harmonized On-board Diagnostics
COP Conformity Of Production NHV Net Heating Value of Fuel ZEV Zero Emissions Vehicle
De-Nox NOx aftertreatment system NLEV National Low Emissions Vehicle TEST CYCLES
DF Deterioration Factor NMHC Non-methane Hydrocarbons ELR European Load Response Test
EEV Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle NMOG Non-methane Organic Gases ESC European Steady-state Cycle
Evap Evaporative Emissions OBD On-board Diagnostic ETC European Transient Cycle
FC Fuel Consumption (EU) OMHCE Organic Material Hydrocarbon Equivalent HDDTC Heavy Duty Diesel Transient Cycle
FE Fuel Economy (US) ORVR On-board Refueling Vapour Recovery HDGTC Heavy Duty Gasoline Transient Cycle
FEL Family Emission Limits OTL OBD Threshold Limit SET Steady-state Emissions Test
FR First Registration, entry into service PI Positive Ignition Engine WHDC World Harmonized Driving Cycle
FTP Federal Test Procedure PM Particulate Matter WHSC Worldwide Heavy Duty Steady State Cycle
GTR Global Technical Regulation (UN-ECE) PMP Particulate Measurement Program WHTC Worldwide Heavy Duty Transient Cycle
GVW Gross Vehicle Weight PN Particulate Number ADMINISTRATIONS & ASSOCIATIONS
GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction ACEA European Car Manufacturer Association
LDT Light Duty Truck SHED Sealed House for Evaporation Determination ECE Economic Commission for Europe
LDV Light Duty Vehicle = passenger car SULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
LEV Low Emission Vehicle (LEV1, LEV2) TA Type Approval EU European Union
LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas TLEV Transitional Low Emission Vehicle MVEG Motor Vehicle Emissions Group
MY Model Year VT SHED Variable Temperature SHED (Advisory Committee)
85
Many thanks to the people around the world
who helped to put this book together!
The information contained in this booklet is general in nature. Delphi is pleased to offer free of charge to our customers
Although Delphi believes the information provided is accurate our Worldwide Emissions Standards Booklet.
as of its date of publication, the applicable laws and regulations
in this area are complex and subject to change, and Delphi
makes no representation or warranty regarding the information Electronic version of the booklet is also available on our
and assumes no obligation to update or revise this information. website:
Please consult the full text of all applicable government laws, www.delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi_HD.pdf
rules and regulations prior to taking any action in respect of the
matters described in this booklet.
86
Delphi has a long history of working with commercial vehicle and
off-highway vehicle manufacturers around the world. We offer advanced
Engine Management System technologies and enabling support services
that are helping them meet the market demands for increased performance,
efficiency, reliability and reduced emissions.
Delphi also has a wide portfolio of powertrain products for light duty
vehicles. For further information, go to:
www.delphi.com/manufacturers/auto/powertrain
Delphi World Headquarters Delphi Asia Pacific Regional Headquarters Delphi is pleased to offer free of charge to our customers
and Customer Center Building A-3, #118, De Lin Road our Worldwide Emissions Standards Booklets.
5725 Delphi Drive Wai Gao Qiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong
Electronic version of the booklet is also available on
Troy, Michigan 48098-2815 Shanghai, 200131
our website:
USA China
Tel: (1) 248.813.2000 Tel: (86) 21.2896.8866 www.delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi_HD.pdf
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Headquarters and Customer Regional Headquarters or e-mail: emissions.standards@delphi.com
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