- elliptical orbit (distance from sun is
METEOROLOGY
Weather - average atmospheric
condition at a certain place in a given
time
Atmospheric variables - temperature,
air pressure, moisture and wind
Weather Disturbances
Wind movement - hot air is less dense
than cold air
- hot air rises and cold air sinks
Cyclones - violent whirling storm
covering large areas; created by winds
converging at LPA; characterized by
strong winds and rain.
Thunderstorms - small cluster of
storm clouds carrying heavy rain and
sometimes lightning
Tornadoes - violent twisting funnel of
air
Climate - average atmospheric
conditions in a certain area over a
long period of time
Atmospheric Variables - topography,
location, distance fr water, altitude,
wind patterns
ASTRONOMY
Earth - 4.5 billion years old
Oblate spheroid
Full rotation is 24 hours
365.25 days revolution
not constant
- aphelion (farthest point) - The earth
experiences colder temp
- perihelion (closest point) - Earth
experiences hotter temperature
longest day - summer solstice
shortest day - winter solstice
equal lengths of day and night -
equinox
MOON - reflects light of sun
revolves around earth for 27 days
Eclipses - occurs when one body
comes between the line of sight
between two other bodies
Solar eclipse S-M-E - occurs
approximately 18 months but only
repeats in the same location every 360
to 410 years
Lunar eclipse - S-E-M - happens
during a full moon
SUN - center of solar system
- mostly made of hydrgen and helium
PLANETS - astronomical object
orbiting around star
- massive enough to be shaped like a
sphere by its gravity
TYPES OF PLANETS
Terrestrial Planets/Inner planets
MERCURY
- has two sides
- very hot day/very cold night
VENUS
- one of the brightest
EARTH
- only known planet with living
creatures
MARS
- red planet
Jovian planet/Outer planets
JUPITER
- largest planet in the solar system
SATURN
- has a very complex planetary ring
URANUS
- atmosphere is about 83% hydrogen
NEPTUNE
- color blue
OTHER ASTRONOMICAL BODIES
Natural satellites - smaller bodies
orbiting around planet
Asteroids - astronomical bodies
revolving around a star but does not
have enough mass to be spherical
Comets - chunks of ice revolving
around a star
Galaxy - very large collection of
smaller astronomical bodies revolving
around a center
The Milky Way - most important
galaxy since it contains the solar
system
Stars - massive body of gas that can
produce energy through nuclear
fusion: sizes vary greatly and colors
depend on the age or temperature of
the star (red is cooler, blue is hotter)
CATEGORIES OF STARS
Giants - stage when main sequence
stars reach its maximum size and
starts to lose it energy and become a
star nebula, can progress into white
dwarf
Super giants - when a star born is too
massive to be a main sequence star, it
eventually becomes a super giant
- do no dissapate but explode into
supernova
- White dwarf - dying star
OTHER CONCEPTS
NEBULA - immense gas cloud where
stars are born
Main sequence - phase in the star life
cycle from its birth to near death
Black hole - end result of a supernova
when all the materials of the exploded
star compress due to gravity creating
a very dense star (neutron star)
- will result to strong gravit force that
exists within previouly occupied by
super red giant
Quasars - most energetic and distant
galactic nuclei; very luminous and
transmit radio waves as red shift
waves
Pulsars - neutron star with high
magnetic field that its electromagnetic
emissions are concentrated at the
magnetic poles; when he pulsar
rotates a pulsing effect similar to a
light house is observed
Big bang theory - most recognized
theory of the origin of the universe; a
huge explosion occured from a
singularity and the immense enrgy
created matter continually outward
creating space
Big crunch - theory stating that with
combined gravitation of all masses in
the universe, expansion will eventually
stop and begin to compress back into
singularity
Light year - distance traveled by light
in one year
The universe is composed of
- stars
- galaxies 1. BIG BANG THEORY
- solar system 2. RADIATION ERA
- sun 3. GRAVIATTIONAL FORCE
- asteroids SEPARATES FROM 3 FORCES
- planets 4. INFLATION
5. STRONG FORCE SEPARATES
COMPOSITION FORM ELECTROWEAK\
6. QUARKS FORMATION
Baryonic Matter (4.6%) 7. WEAK AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
- ordinary matter consisting of SEPARATION
protons, electrons, neutrons that 8. QUARKS BIND TO MAKE
comprises atoms, planets, stars, PROTONS
galaxies 9. PRIMORDIAL
Cold Dark Matter (24%) NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OCCURS
- matter that has gravity but does not 10. MATTER ERA
emit light 11. COSMIC MICROWAVE
Dark Energy (71.4%) BACKGROUND AND
- a source of antigravity: a force that RECOMBINATION
counteracts gravity and causes 12. STARS
universe to expand 13. GALAXY
THREE MOST ABUNDANT 14. SUN
- hydrogen 15. EARTH
- helium 16. DARK ENERGY ERA
- lithium 17. LIFE
18. PRESENT TIME
Stars - building blocks of galaxies 19. NO LIFE
Superclusters - clusters of galaxies 20. MILKY WAY AND ADROMEDA
Galaxies - cluster of billion of stars COLLIDE
Universe is 13.8 billion years old 21. SUN COLLAPSE

BIG BANG THEORY DOPPLER’S EFFECT - change in

- ORIGINATED FROM INFINITELY
TINY DENSE POINT
FOUR FORCES: GRAVITY, STRONG
NUCLEAR, WEAK,
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SINGULARITY - pure enrgy
compressed in single point
frequency/wave due to motion
REDSHIFT - use to tell the distance of
object that is very far away
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND - source of static
- universe used to be orange
- cooling down of universe
Recombination
SOLAR SYSTEM

Encounter Hypothesis - star passed

through sun
- hot gases continue to spin
- same direction as sun forming
planets
Nebular Hypothesis - large cloud gas
protosun - planets within disk

Protoplanet Hypothesis - fragment of

interstellar cloud
Planetsimals- protoplanets - planets
- going circles

STARS
- first things formed
- normal vs. massive
NORMAL — RED GIANT
MASSIVE — SUPER RED GIANT
- SUPERNOVA
———- NEUTRON BLACK HOLE