Torts awrongfulact otherthanabreachofcontractthatresultsinharmorinjurytoanotherandheatstocivilliability

throughtartlawsocietycompensatesthosewhohvsufferedinjuriesas aresultofthewrongfulcontentofothers

TheBasicsOfTortLaw
2notionsserveasbasis wrongsandcompensation
damages amonetaryawardsoughtas aremedyforabreachofcontractor
tortioussituation

tortlawpraibesremedyfortheviolationsofvariousprotectedinterests
damages vs damage
b
causeofdestruction personorproperty
monetary to
TypesofDamages
compensatory damages amonetaryawardequivalenttotheactualvalueofinjuriesordamagessustainedbytheaggrievedparty

Punitivedamages monetarydamagesthatmaybeawarded to aplaintifftopunishthedefendant

anbdetersimilarconductinthe
future

awatemainlyinintentionalkartactions anorarelyinnegligencelawsuits

courtsmustexercisegreatrestraintin awaiting punitivedamages bc theyare subjecttothelimitationsimposedby

dueprocess clause

critics of tortlawarguethatitencourages toomanytrivialanbunfanbeblawsuitswhichdogcarbsandadd

Unecessorycosts

2 classifications of torts unintentionaltarts anbintentionaltarts

faultwointent fault intent
Defense a reasonoffered anballegedbya defenbarb in an action orlawsuit as towhytheplaintiffshouldnot
recoverorestablishwhatheseeks

a commondefensein intentional tartsis consent

Unintentionaltorts is comparativenegligence

IntentionaltortsagainstPersons

Intentionalbat a wrongfulactknowingly committed

Tortfeasor onewhocommits a tart

intentmeansthatactorintentebconsequences ofThieractions arkneww substantialcertain

bythe consequences oftheir
act
TransferredIntent whichapersonwhointenbstoonepersonbutunintentionallyharmsasecond canbeliable
legalprincipleunto
Assault anywateraebianintendtomakeanotherpersonfearfulofimmediatephysicalharm a reasonablybelievablethreat

Babbey unexcusedharmfuloroffensivephysicalcontactWIanotherthatisintentionallyperformed
physicalinjuryneebnot our

falseImprisonment theintentionalconfinement orrestraintofanotherperson'sactivities w ojustification

interferesw free
bantomovewo restraint

IntentionalInfliction ofEmotionalDistress anextremeanboutrageousact intentionallycommitted thatrescuesinsevere

emotionaldistressto another

Actionable capableofservingasthebasisof alawsuit Anactionableclaimcan

bepursuedin alawsuitorothercarbof
action

Defamation anythingpublishedorpubliclyspokenthatcausesinjurytoanother'sgoodnamereputation orcharacter

Libel defamationinwritingoranotherfarmhiringthequalityofpermanencesuchasligitalreealing
Slanber defamationinoralform

Publicationheremeansthatthe defamatorystatements are communicated to atleastoneother

personother
thanthe defamedparty
In startercases plaintiffmustprovespecialdamages theslandercausedactualeconomicormonetary
losses

Truthisnormally anabsolutedefenseagainsta defamation charge

Privilege aspecialrightadvantage orimmunitygrantedto apersonor aclassofpersons such as ajudge's

absoluteprivilegetoavoidliabilityfor defamationoverstatementsmadeinthecourtroomduringtrial

privilege is absolute orqualified

employer'sstatementsinwrittenevaluations ofemployeesisqualified

example case McKeev Latvian Supreme cart of Minnesota

Luwianabmibbebtohospitalforstroke laterhis son posted areviewof hisdoctoras rate yar book
website

Dr Mckeesuedfordefamationissueda summaryjubgementin Dennis's Lawton'sson favor

appellateCourtreversedthisdecision Dennisappealedto SCofMinnesota whichreversed
intermediateappellatecarbsdecision

Publicfiguresareconsideredfairgame anbfalse defamatorystatementsaboutthemwinnotconstitutedefamation

unlessthestatementsaremadew actualmalice
Actualmalice thedeliberateintenttocauseharmthatexistswhen apersonmakes a statementw eitherknowledgeof
itsfalsity or recklessdisregardofthe truth Actualmaliceisrequiredtoestablish defamation
againstpublicfigures

Invasion ofPrivacy
intrusioninto an inhintualsaffairsanbseclusion falselightpublicdisclosureofprivatefacts and
Appropriation ofi3entity
Appropriation in tortlaw theusebyoneperson ofanotherperson'sname likeness orotheridentifying
characteristicw opermissionandforthebenefit of theuser

Fraudulentmisrepresentation
anymisrepresentationeitherbymisstatement orbyomission of amaterialfact
knowinglymade w theintention ofdeceivinganothercurbonwhich areasonable

personwombanbdoesrelytohisdetriment

misrepresentation of factsorantibians wiknowledgetheyarefalse

intenttoinduceanotherpartytorelyonmisrepresentation
justifiablereliance on themisrepresentationbythedecievebparty
damagessuffered as aresultofthatreliance
a casualconnection b w themisrepresentationanbtheinjurysuffered

puffery asaleperson'sinvolve
oftenexaggeratedclaimsconcerningthequalityofpropertyofferedforsale
Suchclaims opinionsratherthanfactsanbare notlegallybindingpromises
orwarranties

fraudis morethan merepuffery

if apartysues out ofmaliceor w o alegitimatereason it inturncanbesuedformaliciousprosecution

Abuse ofprocess iswhenanypersonuses alegalprocessagainstanotherimproperly or toaccomplish a

purpose forwhichtheprocess was nobdesigned

Businesstort wrongfulinterferencew another'sbusinessrights1 relationships

2 Categories
wrongfulinterferencew contractualrelationship
3 partyintentionallyinterces abreach of contract
wrongfulinterference w abusinessrelationship

IntentionalTartsAgainstProperty
personalproperty vs realproperty
kerbandthingspermanentlyattached tolamb
allotheritemsbasicallymovable
TrespasstoLan
bi en amboaboveorbelowthesurfaceoflamb
by byanotherw otheowner'spermission or legalauthorization
License a revocablerightar pnvledgeof a person to comeas anotherperson'slamb

Trespasstopersonalproperty wrongfullytaking orharmingthepersonalproperty ofanotherorotherwiseinterferingwi

owner's personal
 paperyanbplacing it intheserviceofanother
Conversionwrongfullytakingorretainingpossessionof aninwninal'spersonal

thecivilsite to theft butnotlimited totheC6

example case WelcoElectronicsv Mora Carbof Appeals 2NDistrict CA

Presidentof Wacohiresbookkeeper tofinomissingmoney incompany'sbooks

discoversthatMaraqualityassurancemanageratWilcohabmaw about376,000 incredit

charges to a personalaccount

plaintiffawwwdamages Maraappeaket butintermediate cartaffirmeblowercarbsdecision

Disparagement of Property Aneconomicallyinjuriousfalsehoodaboutanother'sprolueterproperty

starterofqualityorslanderof the

Slander ofQuality tradelibel thepublication offalseinfoaboutanother'spromo allegingthatitis

not what its sellerclaims

mustprovethata3rdpartyrefrained frun dealing w theplaintiffanbtheplaintiffsustained

economicdamages

slanderofTrade thepublicationof astatementthatdeniesorcastsdartsonanother'slegalownershipofanypropery

causingfinanciallossto thatproperty'sowner

Negligence
negligence thefailuretoexercisethestandat 06care that a reasonablepersonwoundexercise insimilar
circumstances

mustbe foreseeablerisk
4ElementsofNegligence
Dutydefendantandadutyofcaretoplaintiff
Breach defendantbreacheddirty
Causation defendant'sbreachcausedinjury
Damagesplaintiffsuffered alegallyrecognizableinjury

DutyofCare theLuby of all persons as establishedbybar 6law toexerciseareasonableamountof

care in beating w others Failuretoexercisewe care whichisnormallydetermined by
thereasonablepersonalstandardconstitutesthetartofnegligence
ReasonablePersonStanford thestarbarb ofbehaviorexpectedof ahypothetical reasonableperson It isthe
orbagainstwhichnegligenceismeasuredandthatmustbeobservedtoavoid
stand
liabilityfornegligence

BusinessInvite a person such as a customerorclientwhoisinvitedontobusinesspremises theownerof

by
thosepremisesforbusinesspurposes
 thereisWoytowarnBusinessInvitesofrisk ex wetfloorsign

Causationassessed w 2questions

Is therecausation infact
an act or omission w owhich an eventwar10not nrooo
web butfor test
ProximateCause legalcause itexistswhentheconnectionbw anactanbaninjuryisstrongenoughtojustify
imposingliability

linkedtotheconceptof foreseeability di8defendantsactionscreateaforeseeableriskofinjury

examplecase Pals
graf v LangIslandRailroabCo 1928
Palsgrafinjuredinfreakaccidentwhenrailroabguardsactionscause
b a manboarding atraintodropa
wrappedpackagecontaining fireworks

CartruledRailroabnotliablebcaccidentwas unforeseeable
Assumption ofRish adefensetonegligence Aplaintiffmaynotrecoverforinjuriesordamagesufferedfromrisks
heknows of or voluntarilyconsentsto
examplecase Taylor v BaseballClubofSeattle LP cart ofAppeals Washington

Taylorlongtimebaseballfan wenttobaseballgamegotstruck roguebaseballSuedfor

negligentthrow
by
Appealscart upheldlowercartsrulingthatTaylorknowinglyassumed riskwhensittingin
unguarded area ofstadium
Supercebingclause anunforeseeableinterveningeventrelieves2efenbarbof liabilityforinjuriesbytheintervening
event

contributoryNegligenceruleinbatlawusedonlyin a fewstakes thatcan

plebleybars theplaintifffromreceiving
anydamagesifthedamagesufferedispartlytheplaintiffs am faut
ComparativeNegligence aruleintort
lawusedinmajorityofStatesthatreducestheplaintiff'srecoveryinproportion
totheplaintiff'sdegreeoffault ratherthanbarringrecoverycompletely
DesIspaLoquitur thefactsspeakforthemselves adoctrineunderwhichnegligencemaybeinferredsimplybc an
eventoccurred if itisthetypeofeventthatwaubnotoccur
intheabsenseofnegligence
if notfornegligence wackoneverhv happened
NegligencePerSe an actionorfailuretoactinviolation of a statutoryrequirement

DangerInvitesRescueDoctrineextendssameprotectionto apersonwhoistryingtorescueanotherfan harm

rescuerShaubnot beheldliable
GoobSamaritasStatuteStateStatutestipulatingthatpersonswhoprovideemergencyservicesto orrescuesomeare
inperilcannotbesuedfornegligenceunlesstheyactrecklessly therebycausingharm
DramShopActStatestatutethatimposesliabilityontheowners ofbars tavernsforinjuriesresurbingfanintoxicated
personswhenthe sewersorsewersof alcoholicwinuscontributedtotheintoxication

strictliabilityLiabilityregardlessoffaut whichisimposed asthosewhoengaged inabnormallydangerousactivities

aspersonswhokeepdangerousanimals andanmanufacturersor sellersthatintroduceintocommere
defectiveanbunreasonablydangerousgoods