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21 avril 2015
1 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Incompressible Fluid : Fluid density ρ does not change with pressure p, i.e.,
∂ρ/∂p = 0, e.g., liquids are almost incompressible uids.
2 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Nomenclature
ν = Kinematic viscosity
µ = Dynamic viscosity
ρ = Fluid density
p = Instantaneous static pressure
u = Instantaneous velocity in the streamwise direction
v = Instantaneous velocity in the wall-normal direction
w = Instantaneous velocity in the transverse direction
p = Mean static pressure
ui = Mean velocity in the i-direction
u0i = Fluctuating component of the ui velocity
u0i = Mean uctuating velocity in the i-direction
x = Streamwise coordinate
y = Wall-normal coordinate
z = Transverse coordinate
T = Temperature
t = Time
3 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
p = ρRs T (1)
µ T 3/2 Tref + C
=( ) (2)
µref Tref T +C
For the air, C = 110. µref show the viscosity at a reference temperature
(kelvins) Tref .
4 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
At Tref = 288.15K, for air the viscosity µref = 17.89 ×10−6 kg/ms.
Therefore, for the air, above relation becomes
λ T n
=( ) (4)
λref Tref
2
with exponent n= 3 for the range T = 500K to 1500K. Experimental data
should be consulted for other temperature ranges.
The specic heat at constant pressure cp for air does not vary much with
temperature and is considered constant. For other gases, experimental data
should be consulted.
5 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
DT ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T Dp
ρcp = (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ ) + βT + µφ (5)
Dt ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Dt
where,
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
= +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Dp ∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p
= +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
and the dissipation function φ is given as,
2 2 ∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂w 2
φ = − (∇.~v ) + 2 ( ) + ( ) + ( )
3 ∂x ∂y ∂z
(6)
∂u ∂v 2 ∂v ∂w 2 ∂w ∂u 2
+ ( + ) +( + ) +( + )
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z
6 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
( ∂V
∂t )p ∂(1/ρ) 1 ∂ρ
β= =ρ = − (7)
V ∂T p ρ ∂T p
∂
For steady ows,
∂t = 0 and the energy equation can be written as,
∂T ∂T ∂T
ρcp u +v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂p ∂p ∂p
= (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ ) +βT u +v +w + µφ
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
| {z }
div(λgradT )
(8)
7 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
For liquids, the expansion coecient β is usually very small and the
pressure gradient term βT ( Dp
Dt ) or ~ p) is negligible as compared
βT (~v .grad
to other terms. Furthermore, for liquids cp = cv = c and thus the equation
(8) can be further simplied for steady liquid ows as,
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
ρC u +v +w = (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ )+µφ (9)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂w 2
φ=2 ( ) +( ) +( )
∂x ∂y ∂z
(10)
∂u ∂v 2 ∂v ∂w 2 ∂w ∂u 2
+ ( + ) +( + ) +( + )
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z
8 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
2
∂T ∂ T
ρcp ui =λ + 2µSij Sij (12)
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
where,
1 ∂ui ∂uj
Sij = + (13)
2 ∂xj ∂xi
9 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Incompressible ow energy equation is not the same for liquids and gases if
pressure gradients are present (e.g., ∂p/∂x, ∂p/∂y ). Pressure gradient
terms are not negligible for incompressible gas ows while they can be
neglected for liquids. Hence for a steady, 3D, incompressible gas ow with
constant thermal conductivity, pressure gradient(s), and term βT = 1, we
can write the energy equation as,
∂T ∂T ∂T
ρcp u +v +w
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 (14)
2 ∂2T
∂ T ∂ T ∂p ∂p ∂p
=λ + + + u + +w + µφ
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z
And in the indicial notation,
2
∂T ∂ T ∂p
ρcp ui =λ + ui + 2µSij Sij (15)
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
10 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
∂2T
∂T ∂T ∂u
ρcp u +v = λ 2 + µ( )2 (16)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
or
∂T ∂T ∂2T µ ∂u 2
u +v =α 2 + ( ) (17)
∂x ∂y ∂y ρcp ∂y
λ
where the thermal diusivity α= ρcp . A further simplication used in CFD
is to neglect totally the viscous dissipation term µφ for ordinary liquids and
gases. But this simplication will not be valid for very viscous uids like oils
etc.
∂T ∂T ∂2T
u +v =α 2 (18)
∂x ∂y ∂y
11 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Computation Pre-Requisites
Compressible Flows
For these ows, velocity and temperature distributions are interdependent.
For simultaneous solution of the equations, a Coupled Solver (CFD
parlance) should be used.
12 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Prandtl Number
µcp
Pr = (19)
k
and thermal diusivity is given as,
k
σ= (20)
ρcp
It follows from equations (19) and (20) that,
µ ν
σ= = (21)
ρP r Pr
This formula is used in CFD to compute thermal diusivity. For most gases
Pr ' 1 , for air P r = 0.7. For liquids, Prandtl number varies appreciably
with temperature. At room temperature, for water Pr ' 7 whereas
lubricating oils can have Pr ' 10,000. 13 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Reynolds-Averaging
Exact solutions of the NS equations have been obtained for relatively few
cases even for the laminar ow. An alternate approach used in case of
turbulent ows is to represent a randomly varying uid property such as
velocity, pressure, density or temperature as a mean value plus a uctuating
value. This is known as Reynolds Decomposition (1883).
I velocity : u = u + u0
I pressure : p = p + p0
I density : ρ = ρ + ρ0
I temperature : T = T + T0
The uctuations in the uid viscosity µ, thermal conductivity λ and specic
heat capacity cp are considered negligible and hence these quantities are
not decomposed.
14 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
f =f f +g = f +g
∂f ∂f
fg = fg ∂x = ∂x
f0 = 0 f 02 6= 0 (Generally)
f 0 g 0 6= 0 (Generally) f g0 = 0
f g = f g + f 0g0 λf = λf
2 R R
(f + f 0 )2 = f + f 02 f dx = f dx
15 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
DT ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T Dp
ρcp = (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ ) + βT + µφ (22)
Dt ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z Dt
To get a conservation form of the equation (22), the LHS can be expanded
as,
DT ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
ρcp = ρcp +u +v +w
Dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= cp (ρT ) + (ρuT ) + (ρvT ) + (ρwT )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂
−cp T + (ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
| {z }
= 0
16 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
∂ ∂
cp (ρ + ρ0 )(T + T 0 ) + (ρ + ρ0 )(u + u0 )(T + T 0 )
∂t ∂x
∂ 0 0 0
∂ 0 0 0
+ (ρ + ρ )(v + v )(T + T ) + (ρ + ρ )(w + w )(T + T )
∂y ∂z
∂ ∂
= cp ρT + ρ0 T 0 + ρ uT + ρu0 T 0 + uρ0 T 0 + ρ0 u0 T 0 + ρ0 u0 T
∂t ∂x
∂ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ ρ vT + ρv T + vρ T + ρ v T + ρ v T
∂y
∂ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ ρ wT + ρw T + wρ T + ρ w T + ρ w T
∂z
17 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
The term βT on the RHS of the equation (22) is unity for gases. For
liquids, β is suciently small so that the whole term can be neglected. But
if β is large for a certain case, then βT should be averaged as β(T + T 0 ).
Here we consider the case for gases where βT = 1.
Decomposing the instantaneous variables into their average and uctuating
components and averaging, RHS of the equation (22) becomes,
∂ ∂ 0
∂ ∂ 0
∂ ∂ 0
λ (T + T ) + λ (T + T ) + λ (T + T )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
D ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
+ βT (p + p0 ) + µ(φ + φ0 ) = (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ )
Dt ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p0 ∂p0 ∂p0
+ +u +v +w + u0 + v0 + w0 +µ(φ + φ0 )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
| {z }
valid for gases only, neglected for most liquids
18 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
∂ 0 0
∂ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cp ρT + ρ T + ρ uT + ρu T + uρ T + ρ u T + ρ u T
∂t ∂x
∂
+ ρ vT + ρv 0 T 0 + vρ0 T 0 + ρ0 v 0 T 0 + ρ0 v 0 T
∂y
∂ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ ρ wT + ρw T + wρ T + ρ w T + ρ w T (23)
∂z
∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T ∂ ∂T
= (λ )+ (λ )+ (λ )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p ∂p0 ∂p0 ∂p0
+ +u +v +w + u0 + v0 + w0 + µ(φ + φ0 )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
19 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
where,
∂u 2 ∂v 2 ∂w 2 2 ∂u ∂v ∂w 2
φ =2 ( ) + ( ) + ( ) − + +
∂x ∂y ∂z 3 ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v ∂u 2 ∂w ∂v 2 ∂u ∂w 2
+ + + + + +
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
and,
1
Here contrary to normal rules of Reynolds Averaging, φ0 6= 0
20 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
In the Reynolds-Averaged energy equation (23), there are double and triple
correlations like the heat ux vector u0 T 0 and ρ0 u0 T 0 , which need to be
modelled (Like the Reynolds stress terms in the momentum equations) for
computations. If an eddy-viscosity model is used for Reynolds stresses, it is
then also used for modelling the heat ux vector. Using Boussinesq
assumption for this term, we have,
∂T
u0i T 0 = −αt (24)
∂xi
where αt is the turbulent thermal diusivity and is usually obtained from
the turbulent viscosity νt as,
νt
αt = (25)
P rt
Here P rt is turbulent Prandtl number. Its value is experimentally
determined. It is also possible to solve an additional transport equation for
u0i T 0 .
21 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Flow Type P rt
22 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Favre-Averaging
Taking average,
ρu = ρu + ρ0 u0 (27)
23 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
u + ρu00 = ρe
ρu = ρe u + ρu00 (30)
By denition u
e = ρu/ρ or ρu = ρe
u, we get from the above equation,
ρu00 = 0 (31)
ρu = (ρ + ρ0 )(e
u + u00 )
u + ρu00 + ρ0 u
= (ρe e + ρ0 u00 )
u + ρu00 + ρ0 u
= ρe e + ρ0 u00
24 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Now ρ0 u
e = 0 and from the equation (31), ρu00 = 0. Also by denition,
ρu = ρeu, therefore, the above equation reduces to,
ρ0 u00 = 0 (32)
ρu ρu + ρ0 u0 ρ0 u0
u
e= = =u+ (33)
ρ ρ ρ
Using the denition u00 = u − u
e and substituting for u
e from the above
equation, we have,
ρ0 u0
u00 = u − u −
ρ
ρ0 u0
= u0 −
ρ
25 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
Time-averaging gives,
ρ0 u0
u00 = u0 −
ρ
As u0 = 0,
ρ0 u0
u00 = − 6= 0 (34)
ρ
Furthermore,
ρe
u 1 ρu
u
e=
e = ρ( ) = u
e (35)
ρ ρ ρ
Also,
f00 = (u
u ^ −u e−u
e) = u e−u
e=u
e e=0 (36)
26 / 27
Syed Imran Shah
u
e=u
e ρu00 = 0
u00 6= 0 ρ0 u00 = 0
f00 = 0
u u
e=u
e e
uṽ = ue
v ue
fv = u
eve
∂u ∂u
uve + ρu00 v 00
ρuv = ρe e
∂x 6= f
∂x
27 / 27