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Assignment no. 02
Class BEMTS-IV-A
Introduction:
Crucible furnaces are one of the oldest and simplest types of melting furnace unit used in
the foundry. The furnaces uses a refractory crucible which contains the metal charge. The
charge is heated via conduction of heat through the walls of the crucible. The heating fuel
is typically coke, oil, gas or electricity. Crucible melting is commonly used where small
batches of low melting point alloy are required. The capital outlay of these furnaces makes
them attractive to small non-ferrous foundries.
A crucible furnace is a simple and very old type of melting unit commonly used in foundry.
The crucible furnace typically uses a refectory crucible with contains a metal charge. The
actual crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is therefore
used to melt materials such as metals.
The charge is heated using conduction through the walls of the crucible, it’s usually fueled
by either coke, oil, gas or electricity.
Crucible furnace,metallurgical furnace consisting essentially of a pot of refractory material
that can be sealed. Crucibles of graphite or of high-grade fire clay were formerly used in
the steel industry, heated directly by fire; modern high-quality steel is produced by refining
in air-evacuated crucibles heated by induction. Metals such as titanium, which must be
protected from air while hot, are melted and annealed in hermetically sealed crucibles.
Construction:
The study carried out a design and construction of an oil-fired crucible furnace. The study
focused on ensuring a high efficiency in melting of aluminum, by effectively minimizing
heat losses, and maximizing heat generation. To achieve this, a composite refractory
material consisting of cement, asbestos, and clay in a ratio of 2:1:1 was used, and diesel
fuel was atomized at the rate of 6.31x10-5 m 3 /min, using an Air compressor of 50kPa,
volumetric air flow rate of 2 CFM, and power rating of 1hp. This generated a heat of 42.6
MJ at a working pressure of 0.4122 Mpa. 18.02% of the heat generated was lost due its
interaction with the environment. Changes in the furnace geometry were negligible
indicating a long service life potential. With a useful heat input of 34.92 MJ, the furnace is
able to melt 56 kg of aluminum at a pouring temperature of 720 0 C, leaving its efficiency
at 81.98%. The design is considered safe since the working pressure does not exceed the
working stress of its casing which is made of mild steel.
A 3D model of the crucible furnace sectioned right plane of the crucible furnace
Component Description:
Crucible Casing:
This is the outermost part of the crucible furnace. It is made up of a 3660mm by 1525mm
by 2.5mm BS 1449- S1.2 (1991) Hot rolled mild steel sheets. Attached to it is a top
cover which prevents heat loss by convection. It is also designed to have a 200mm vent at
the upper end for the escape of flue gases and also another 200mm opening at the
lower end for introducing the atomized fuel needed for combustion. This lower end
leads to the furnace combustion chamber.
A 3D model of the crucible furnace refractory wall internal structure of the furnace refractory wall
Types:
There are many types of crucible furnaces in foundries which are classified according to
different principles. Some of the types are given below:
Aluminum melting crucible furnaces
Hydraulic tilting crucible furnaces
Metal melting crucible furnaces
Gas fired crucible furnaces
Electric crucible furnaces
Brass melting furnaces
Smelting furnaces
Mining furnaces
We commonly classify a furnace by the method used for removal of the metal from the
crucible.
Tilting – you would mechanically tilt the crucible to the mould
Lift Out – lifting it out then pouring it into the mould
Bale Out/stationary pot – ladled the metal out to the mould
A drum of oil is placed at a height of 5-6 m above floor level, in case of oil fired furnace
crucibles with long pouring lips are used in tilting furnaces. The tilting is one with the help
of hydraulic devices or by hand rotating wheel. Tilting furnace is used for melting large
quantities of metal, up to 500 kg.
Tilting-pot furnace
Lift-out crucible:
The lift-out furnace is made below the ground level, so that the crucible can easily be lifted,
operating from the floor of the shop. The metal to be melted is put into the crucibles. The
crucibles are placed in the heating chamber and sufficient coke being packed around and
above the crucible. A tall chimney attached, serves as a natural draught. The chimney
draught is controlled by means of a damper. A removable fire gate is provided at the bottom
of the furnace. After sufficient melting, the crucibles are lifted by means of long handle
tongs.
Lift-out crucible
For practical melting operation, the time required for melting of a complete crucible
charge is also highly important in addition to the values for energy consumption in
continuous melting. For example: the melting time in a gas-fired crucible with a volume
capacity of 350 kg, which was pre-heated and filled with approx. 20 % of molten metal
(liquid heel), is approx. 85 minutes. With an 800 kg crucible the melting time is 130
minutes, which is insignificantly more than for the small amount. If a cold crucible is used,
the time required for melting may increase by up to50 %. Electrically fired furnaces
roughly require double the melting time compared to gas-fired furnaces.