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Chapter 1 HYDROSTATIC FORCE

Introduction

Fluid Static - Study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable
equilibrium; and is contrasted with fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
Hydrostatics are categorized as a part of the fluid statics, which is the study of all
fluids, incompressible or not, at rest. A fluid at rest has no shear stress.
Consequently, any force developed is only due to normal stresses i.e, pressure.

Pressure Variation

From around the point of interest, P in the fluid let us pull out a small wedge of
dimensions dx x dz x ds . Let the depth normal to the plane of paper be b. In some
of the derivations we chose z to be the vertical coordinate. This is consistent with the
use of z as the elevation or height in many applications involving atmosphere or an
ocean. Let us now mark the surface and body forces acting upon the wedge.
Pressure Measurement

Pressure, p- force applied over an area in a direction perpendicular to the surface of


the area. Mathematically, pressure may be expressed as:

P=F/A
where:
P is the pressure
F is the force
A is the area

Units of pressure and their equivalents to each other are listed in the table below:
Hydrostatic Force

Hydrostatic force is the normal force exerted on submerged object due to the
hydrostatic pressure of the fluid. Force due to the pressure of a fluid at rest. e.g force
exerted on the wall of storage tanks, dams, and ships. Hydrostatic pressure is
defined as the force per unit area.

P=F/A
F= P x A
F= ρ x g x ỹ x A
where:
ρ is the density of fluid
g is the gravity
ỹ is the vertical distance from centroid to free surface
A is the submerged area
i. Hydrostatic Force on the vertical or inclined planes

ii. Hydrostatic Force on inclined planes

iii. Hydrostatic Force on curve surface

Fx represent the component in this direction of the total force exerted by the
fluid on the curved surface. Fx must act through the center of pressure of the
vertical projection and is equal in magnitude to the force F on the fluid at the
vertical plane.
Horizontal force on any surface equals the force on the projection of that
surface on a vertical plane perpendicular to the given direction.

FH = Fx = ρ g ỹ A
Vertical component of hydrostatic force

The vertical component of the force on a curved surface may be determined


by considering the fluid enclosed by the curved surface and vertical projection
lines extending to the free surface.

FV = ρgV
Where,
V is the volume of the liquid between the free surface liquid and
solid curved surface

The magnitude of the resultant

FR = √FV2 + FH2

Example 1
A sector gate, of radius 4 m and length 5m, controls the flow of water in a horizontal
channel. For the (equilibrium) conditions shown in Fig. 1 below, determine the total
thrust on the gate.

The depth d of this projection = 4 sin 30o = 2 m,


R=4m
Centroid is 1 + d/2 = 2 m below the free surface

Therefore horizontal force


FH = Fx =ρgỹA
= 1000 x 9.81x 2 x (5 x 2)
= 1.962 x105 N
The vertical component of the total thrust is equal of weight of imaginary water ABC.

AB = (4 − 4 cos 30o) = 0.536 m

Vertical force
FV = ρgV
FV = 1000 x 9.81x 5 π (0.536 x 1) + π x 42 x (30/360)− 1/2x2x 2x 4 cos 30o]
= 6.18 x 104 N

Resultant force of magnitude

FR =√ ( Fv2 + FH2
FR = √ (1.962x105)2 + (6.18x104)2
= 2.057 · 105 N

Direction (angle )

ϴ = tan-1 FV/FH
-1 5
= tan 1.962x10 / 6.18x104
o
= 17.5 to the horizontal axis

Problem 1
The dam in Fig. 2 is a quarter circle 50 m wide into the paper. Determine the
horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force against the dam and the
point CP where the resultant strikes the dam. (Ans. FH = 97.9 MN, FV = 153.8 MN)

Problem 2

Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force on the
quartercircle panel at the bottom of the water tank in Fig. 3

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