Gravity Control by means of Electromagnetic Field

through Gas or Plasma at Ultra-Low Pressure

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright © 2007-2009 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved

It is shown that the gravity acceleration just above a chamber filled with gas or plasma at ultra-low
pressure can be strongly reduced by applying an Extra Low-Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field
across the gas or the plasma. This Gravitational Shielding Effect is related to recent discovery of
quantum correlation between gravitational mass and inertial mass. According to the theory samples
hung above the gas or the plasma should exhibit a weight decrease when the frequency of the
electromagnetic field is decreased or when the intensity of the electromagnetic field is increased. This
Gravitational Shielding Effect is unprecedented in the literature and can not be understood in the
framework of the General Relativity. From the technical point of view, there are several applications for
this discovery; possibly it will change the paradigms of energy generation, transportation and
telecommunications.
Key words: Phenomenology of quantum gravity, Experimental Tests of Gravitational Theories,
Vacuum Chambers, Plasmas devices. PACs: 04.60.Bc, 04.80.Cc, 07.30.Kf, 52.75.-d.
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 02

II. THEORY 02

Gravity Control Cells (GCC) 07

III. CONSEQUENCES 09

Gravitational Motor using GCC 11

Gravitational Spacecraft 12

Decreasing of inertial forces on the Gravitational Spacecraft 13

Gravity Control inside the Gravitational Spacecraft 13

Gravitational Thrusters 14

Artificial Atmosphere surrounds the Gravitational Spacecraft. 15

Gravitational Lifter 15

High Power Electromagnetic Bomb (A new type of E-bomb). 16

Gravitational Press of Ultra-High Pressure 16

Generation and Detection of Gravitational Radiation 17

Quantum Gravitational Antennas. Quantum Transceivers 18

Instantaneous Interstellar Communications 18

Wireless Electric Power Transmission, by using Quantum Gravitational Antennas. 18

Method and Device using GCCs for obtaining images of Imaginary Bodies 19

IV. CONCLUSION 20
APPENDIX 40
References 44
 2

I. INTRODUCTION
It will be shown that the local In general, the momentum variation
gravity acceleration can be controlled by Δp is expressed by Δp = FΔt where F
means of a device called Gravity Control is the applied force during a time
Cell (GCC) which is basically a recipient interval Δt . Note that there is no
filled with gas or plasma where is applied restriction concerning the nature of the
an electromagnetic field. According to force F , i.e., it can be mechanical,
the theory samples hung above the gas electromagnetic, etc.
or plasma should exhibit a weight For example, we can look on the
decrease when the frequency of the momentum variation Δp as due to
electromagnetic field is decreased or absorption or emission of electromagnetic
when the intensity of the electromagnetic energy by the particle.
field is increased. The electrical In the case of radiation, Δp can be
conductivity and the density of the gas or obtained as follows: It is known that the
plasma are also highly relevant in this radiation pressure, dP , upon an area
process.
dA = dxdy of a volume d V = dxdydz of
With a GCC it is possible to
convert the gravitational energy into a particle ( the incident radiation normal
rotational mechanical energy by means to the surface dA )is equal to the
of the Gravitational Motor. In addition, a energy dU absorbed per unit volume
new concept of spacecraft (the (dU dV ) .i.e.,
Gravitational Spacecraft) and aerospace
dP =
dU
=
dU
=
dU
(2)
flight is presented here based on the dV dxdydz dAdz
possibility of gravity control. We will also
see that the gravity control will be very Substitution of dz = vdt ( v is the speed
important to Telecommunication. of radiation) into the equation above
gives
II. THEORY dU (dU dAdt ) dD
It was shown [1] that the relativistic dP = = = (3)
dV v v
gravitational mass M g = m g 1 − V 2 c2
and the relativistic inertial mass Since dPdA = dF we can write:
M i = mi 0 1 − V 2 c 2 are quantized, and dFdt=
dU
(4)
v
given by M g = n g2 mi 0(min ) , M i = ni2 mi 0(min ) However we know that dF = dp dt , then
where n g and ni are respectively, the
dp =
dU
(5)
gravitational quantum number and the v
inertial quantum number ; From this equation it follows that
mi 0(min ) = ±3.9 × 10 kg is the elementary
−73
U ⎛c⎞ U
Δp = ⎜ ⎟ = nr
quantum of inertial mass. The masses v ⎝c⎠ c
m g and mi 0 are correlated by means of Substitution into Eq. (1) yields
the following expression: ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ ⎞ ⎪
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎜
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜
⎢
U
nr ⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi0
⎟
⎥⎪
(6)
⎛ Δp ⎞ ⎪ ⎝
2
⎠
⎢
mg = mi0 − 2 1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥mi0 . (1) ⎩ ⎣
mi0 c
⎦⎭
⎢ ⎝ mi c ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ Where U , is the electromagnetic energy
Where Δp is the momentum variation on absorbed by the particle; nr is the index
the particle and mi 0 is the inertial mass of refraction.
at rest.
 3
Equation (6) can be rewritten in Equation (9) shows that ω κ r = v . Thus,
the following form E B = ω k r = v , i.e., E = vB = vμH .
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎪ Then, Eq. (8) can be rewritten in the
⎢
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜ n ⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi 0 (7) following form:
⎢ ⎜ ρ c2 r ⎟ ⎥
⎪
⎩ ⎣⎢
⎝ ⎠ ⎪
⎦⎥⎭ W = 12 (ε v2μ)μH 2 + 12 μH 2 (12)
Where W = U V is the density of For σ << ωε , Eq. (9) reduces to
electromagnetic energy and ρ = mi 0 V c
v=
is the density of inertial mass. ε r μr
The Eq. (7) is the expression of the Then, Eq. (12) gives
quantum correlation between the ⎡ ⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎤ 2 1 2
gravitational mass and the inertial mass W = 12 ⎢ε ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH + 2 μH = μH2 (13)
⎢⎣ ⎝ εr μr ⎠ ⎥⎦
as a function of the density of
electromagnetic energy. This is also the This equation can be rewritten in the
expression of correlation between following forms:
B2
gravitation and electromagnetism.
W = (14)
The density of electromagnetic μ
energy in an electromagnetic field can be or
deduced from Maxwell’s equations [2] W = ε E2 (15)
and has the following expression
W = 12 ε E 2 + 12 μH 2 (8) For σ >> ωε , Eq. (9) gives
2ω
It is known that B = μH , E B = ω k r [3] v= (16 )
μσ
and
dz ω Then, from Eq. (12) we get
v= = =
c
(9) ⎡ ⎛ 2ω ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ωε ⎞
dt κ r ε r μr ⎛ W = 12 ⎢ε⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH2 + 12 μH2 = ⎜ ⎟μH2 + 12 μH2 ≅
⎜ 1 + (σ ωε ) + 1⎞⎟
2

2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ μσ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝σ ⎠
Where kr is the real part of the ≅ 12 μH2 (17)
r
propagation vector k (also called phase Since E = vB = vμH , we can rewrite (17)
r in the following forms:
constant [4]); k = k = k r + iki ; ε , μ and σ,
B2
are the electromagnetic characteristics of W ≅ (18)
2μ
the medium in which the incident (or
emitted) radiation is propagating or
⎛σ ⎞ 2
( ε = ε r ε 0 where ε r is the relative W ≅⎜ ⎟E (19 )
⎝ 4ω ⎠
dielectric permittivity and ε0 = 8.854×10−12F/ m
By comparing equations (14) (15) (18)
; μ = μrμ0 where μ r is the relative and (19) we see that Eq. (19) shows that
magnetic permeability and μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m; the better way to obtain a strong value of
W in practice is by applying an Extra
σ is the electrical conductivity). It is
Low-Frequency (ELF) electric field
known that for free-space σ = 0 and
ε r = μ r = 1 then Eq. (9) gives
(w = 2πf << 1Hz ) through a mean with
v=c (10) high electrical conductivity.
Substitution of Eq. (19) into Eq.
From (9) we see that the index of (7), gives
refraction nr = c v will be given by ⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
⎪ μ ⎛ σ ⎞ E 4 ⎥⎪
c εμ
= r r ⎛⎜ 1 + (σ ωε) + 1⎞⎟ (11)
⎢
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 1 ⎬mi0 (20)
nr = 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎟⎠ ρ 2 ⎥⎪
2
⎪⎩ ⎢
v 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎭
This equation shows clearly that if an
 4
electrical conductor mean has j lamp
ρ << 1 Kg.m −3
and σ >> 1 , then it is
σ Hg plasma = = 3.419 S .m −1 (23)
E lamp
possible obtain strong changes in its Substitution of (22) and (23) into (20)
gravitational mass, with a relatively small yields
ELF electric field. An electrical conductor
mean with ρ << 1 Kg.m−3 is obviously a
mg(Hg plasma) ⎧⎪ ⎡ E 4 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 1.909×10
⎢ −17
−1⎥⎬ (24)
mi(Hg plasma) ⎪ ⎢ f 3 ⎥⎪
plasma. ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
There is a very simple way to test Thus, if an Extra Low-Frequency electric
Eq. (20). It is known that inside a
field E ELF with the following
fluorescent lamp lit there is low-pressure
Mercury plasma. Consider a 20W characteristics: E ELF ≈ 100V .m −1 and
T-12 fluorescent lamp (80044– f < 1mHZ is applied through the
F20T12/C50/ECO GE, Ecolux® T12), Mercury plasma then a strong decrease
whose characteristics and dimensions in the gravitational mass of the Hg
are well-known [5]. At around plasma will be produced.
T ≅ 318.15 K , an optimum mercury
0
It was shown [1] that there is an
vapor pressure of P = 6 ×10−3Torr= 0.8N.m−2 additional effect of gravitational shielding
is obtained, which is required for produced by a substance under these
maintenance of high luminous efficacy conditions. Above the substance the
throughout life. Under these conditions, gravity acceleration g 1 is reduced at the
the mass density of the Hg plasma can same ratio χ = m g mi 0 , i.e., g1 = χ g ,
be calculated by means of the well-
( g is the gravity acceleration under the
known Equation of State
substance). Therefore, due to the
ρ=
PM 0
(21) gravitational shielding effect produced by
ZRT
the decrease of m g (Hg plasma ) in the region
Where M 0 = 0.2006 kg.mol −1 is the
where the ELF electric field E ELF is
molecular mass of the Hg; Z ≅ 1 is the
compressibility factor for the Hg plasma; applied, the gravity acceleration just
R = 8.314 joule.mol −1 . 0 K −1 is the gases above this region will be given by
m g (Hg plasma)
universal constant. Thus we get g1 = χ (Hg plasma) g = g=
ρ Hg plasma ≅ 6.067 × 10 −5 kg.m −3 (22) mi (Hg plasma)
The electrical conductivity of the Hg ⎧⎪ ⎡ E4 ⎤ ⎫⎪
plasma can be deduced from the = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909 × 10 −17 ELF − 1⎥ ⎬ g (25)
r r ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣
3
f ELF ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
continuum form of Ohm's Law j = σE ,
since the operating current through the The trajectories of the
lamp and the current density are well- electrons/ions through the lamp are
known and respectively given by determined by the electric field E lamp along
i = 0.35A [5] and jlamp = i S = i π4 φint
2
, where the lamp. If the ELF electric field across
φint = 36.1mm is the inner diameter of the the lamp E ELF is much greater than E lamp ,
lamp. The voltage drop across the the current through the lamp can be
electrodes of the lamp is 57V [5] and the interrupted. However, if EELF <<Elamp, these
distance between them l = 570mm . Then trajectories will be only slightly modified.
the electrical field along the lamp E lamp is Since here Elamp = 100 V .m−1 , then we can
given by Elamp = 57V 0.570m = 100 V .m −1 . max
arbitrarily choose E ELF ≅ 33 V . m −1 . This
Thus, we have means that the maximum voltage drop,
which can be applied across the metallic
 5
plates, placed at distance d , is equal to mg1(Hg plasma)
the outer diameter (max * ) of the χ1(Hg plasma) = =
max
mi1(Hg plasma)
bulb φlamp of the 20W T-12 Fluorescent
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫
lamp, is given by ⎪ EELF ⎪
φlamp ≅ 1.5 V
max max
Vmax = E ELF
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 1.909×10
⎢ −17 (1)
− 1⎥⎬ (27)
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
3
⎣ ⎦⎭
max
Since φlamp = 40.3mm [5]. Then, above the second lamp, the
max
Substitution of EELF ≅ 33 V.m−1 into gravity acceleration becomes
(25) yields r r r
mg (Hg plasma) g 2 = χ 2(Hg plasma) g1 = χ 2(Hg plasma) χ1(Hg plasma) g (28)
g1 = χ (Hg plasma) g = g= where
mi (Hg plasma)
mg 2(Hg plasma)
⎧⎪ χ 2(Hg plasma) = =
⎡ 2.264× 10−11 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 3
− 1⎥⎬g (26) mi 2(Hg plasma)
⎪⎩ ⎢
⎣ f ELF ⎦⎥⎪⎭ ⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫⎪
⎪ E ELF
Note that, for f < 1mHz = 10 −3 Hz , the = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909 × 10 −17 (2 )
− 1 ⎥⎬ (29)
⎪⎩ ⎢ 3
f ELF ( 2) ⎥⎪
gravity acceleration can be strongly ⎣ ⎦⎭
reduced. These conclusions show that Then, results
the ELF Voltage Source of the set-up
g2 ⎧⎪ ⎡ 4
EELF ⎤⎫⎪
(1)
shown in Fig.1 should have the following = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3 − 1⎥⎬ ×
characteristics: g ⎪ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
- Voltage range: 0 – 1.5 V ⎧
⎪ ⎡ 4
EELF ⎤⎫⎪
- Frequency range: 10-4Hz – 10-3Hz × ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 ( 2)
− 1⎥⎬ (30)
⎪⎩ ⎢ 3
f ELF( 2) ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
In the experimental arrangement
shown in Fig.1, an ELF electric field with From Eq. (28), we then conclude that if
intensity E ELF = V d crosses the χ1(Hg plasma ) < 0 and also χ 2(Hg plasma ) < 0 ,
fluorescent lamp; V is the voltage drop then g 2 will have the same direction
across the metallic plates of the
of g . This way it is possible to intensify
capacitor and max
d = φlamp = 40.3mm .
several times the gravity in the direction
When the ELF electric field is applied, r
of g . On the other hand, if χ1(Hg plasma ) < 0
the gravity acceleration just above the r
lamp (inside the dotted box) decreases and χ 2(Hg plasma ) > 0 the direction of g 2 will
according to (25) and the changes can r
be contrary to direction of g . In this case
be measured by means of the system will be possible to intensify and
balance/sphere presented on the top of r r
become g 2 repulsive in respect to g .
Figure 1.
In Fig. 2 is presented an If we put a lamp above the second
experimental arrangement with two lamp, the gravity acceleration above the
fluorescent lamps in order to test the third lamp becomes
r r
gravity acceleration above the second g 3 = χ 3(Hg plasma) g 2 =
r
lamp. Since gravity acceleration above = χ 3(Hg plasma) χ 2(Hg plasma) χ1(Hg plasma) g (31)
the first lamp is given by
r r or
g1 = χ1(Hg plasma ) g , where

*
After heating.
 6
V0 = 1.5V and the frequency decreased
g3 ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎤⎫
4
EELF (1) ⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3 − 1⎥⎬ × in the above mentioned sequence.
g ⎪ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Table1 presents the theoretical
⎧ values for g 1 and g 2 , calculated
⎡ 4 ⎤⎫
⎪ EELF (2) ⎪
× ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17
− 1⎥⎬ × respectively by means of (25) and
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(2) ⎥⎪
3
(30).They are also plotted on Figures 5,
⎣ ⎦⎭
6 and 7 as a function of the
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫
⎪ EELF ⎪ frequency f ELF .
× ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3
(3)
− 1⎥⎬ (32) Now consider a chamber filled
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(3) ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭ with Air at 3 × 10 −12 torr and 300K as
If f ELF (1) = f ELF (2 ) = f ELF (3 ) = f and shown in Figure 8 (a). Under these
circumstances, the mass density of the
E ELF (1) = E ELF (2 ) = E ELF (3 ) = V φ = air inside the chamber, according to Eq.
(21) is ρ air ≅ 4.94 × 10 −15 kg.m −3 .
= V0 sin ωt 40.3mm =
If the frequency of the magnetic
= 24.814V0 sin 2πft. field, B , through the air is f = 60 Hz then
Then, for t = T 4 we get
ωε = 2πfε ≅ 3 × 10 −9 S / m . Assuming that
E ELF (1) = E ELF (2 ) = E ELF (3 ) = 24.814V0 . the electric conductivity of the air inside
Thus, Eq. (32) gives the chamber, σ (air ) is much less than ωε ,
3
g3 ⎧⎪ ⎡ V 4 ⎤⎫⎪ i.e., σ (air ) << ωε (The atmospheric air
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 7.237×10−12 03 − 1⎥⎬ (33) conductivity is of the order of
g ⎪
⎩ ⎢
⎣ f ⎥
⎦⎪⎭
2 − 100 × 10 −15 S .m −1 [6, 7]) then we can
For V0 = 1.5V and f = 0.2mHz
rewritten the Eq. (11) as follows
(t = T 4 = 1250s = 20.83min) the gravity
r
acceleration g 3 above the third lamp will nr(air) ≅ ε r μr ≅ 1 (34)
be given by
r r
g 3 = −5.126 g From Eqs. (7), (14) and (34) we thus
Above the second lamp, the gravity obtain
acceleration given by (30), is ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
r r ⎛ B2 ⎞
2
g 2 = +2.972g ⎪ ⎢ ⎪
. mg(air) = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜⎜ nr(air) ⎟⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi(air) =
According to (27) the gravity acceleration ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ μair ρairc
2
⎠ ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
{ [ ]}
above the first lamp is
r r
g1 = -1,724g = 1 − 2 1 + 3.2 ×106 B4 −1 mi(air) (35)
Note that, by this process an
r
acceleration g can be increased several Therefore, due to the gravitational
r
times in the direction of g or in the shielding effect produced by the
opposite direction. decreasing of m g (air ) , the gravity
In the experiment proposed in Fig. acceleration above the air inside the
1, we can start with ELF voltage chamber will be given by
sinusoidal wave of amplitude V0 = 1.0V
m g (air )
and frequency 1mHz . Next, the frequency g ′ = χ air g = g =
m i (air )
{ [ ]}
will be progressively decreased down
to 0.8mHz , 0.6mHz , 0.4mHz and = 1 − 2 1 + 3 . 2 × 10 6 B 4 − 1 g
0.2mHz . Afterwards, the amplitude of the
voltage wave must be increased to

Note that the gravity acceleration
above the air becomes negative
for B > 2.5 × 10 −2 T .
For B = 0.1T the gravity
acceleration above the air becomes
g ′ ≅ −32.8 g
Therefore the ultra-low pressure air
inside the chamber, such as the Hg
plasma inside the fluorescent lamp,
works like a Gravitational Shield that in
practice, may be used to build Gravity
Control Cells (GCC) for several practical
applications.
Consider for example the GCCs of
Plasma presented in Fig.3. The
ionization of the plasma can be made of
several manners. For example, by
means of an electric field between the
electrodes (Fig. 3(a)) or by means of a
RF signal (Fig. 3(b)). In the first case the
ELF electric field and the ionizing electric
field can be the same.
Figure 3(c) shows a GCC filled
with air (at ambient temperature and 1
atm) strongly ionized by means of alpha
particles emitted from 36 radioactive ions
sources (a very small quantity of
Americium 241 † ). The radioactive
element Americium has a half-life of 432
years, and emits alpha particles and low
energy gamma rays (≈ 60 KeV ) . In order
to shield the alpha particles and gamma
rays emitted from the Americium 241 it is
† One kmole of an isotope has mass
The radioactive element Americium (Am-241) is
widely used in ionization smoke detectors. This
type of smoke detector is more common because
it is inexpensive and better at detecting the
smaller amounts of smoke produced by flaming
fires. Inside an ionization detector there is a small
amount (perhaps 1/5000th of a gram) of
americium-241. The Americium is present in
oxide form (AmO2) in the detector. The cost of
the AmO2 is US$ 1,500 per gram. The amount of
radiation in a smoke detector is extremely small.
It is also predominantly alpha radiation. Alpha
radiation cannot penetrate a sheet of paper, and
it is blocked by several centimeters of air. The
americium in the smoke detector could only pose
a danger if inhaled.
7
sufficient to encapsulate the GCC with
epoxy. The alpha particles generated by
the americium ionize the oxygen and
nitrogen atoms of the air in the ionization
chamber (See Fig. 3(c)) increasing the
electrical conductivity of the air inside the
chamber. The high-speed alpha particles
hit molecules in the air and knock off
electrons to form ions, according to the
following expressions
O2 + H e+ + → O2+ + e − + H e+ +
N 2 + H e+ + → N 2+ + e − + H e+ +
It is known that the electrical
conductivity is proportional to both the
concentration and the mobility of the ions
and the free electrons, and is expressed
by
σ = ρ e μe + ρi μi
Where ρ e and ρ i express respectively
( )
the concentrations C m 3 of electrons
and ions; μ e and μ i are respectively the
mobilities of the electrons and the ions.
In order to calculate the electrical
conductivity of the air inside the
ionization chamber, we first need to
calculate the concentrations ρ e and ρ i .
We start calculating the disintegration
constant, λ , for the Am 241 :
0.693 0.693
λ= = = 5.1 × 10 −11 s −1
T2
1
(
432 3.15 × 10 s
7
)
1
Where T = 432 years is the half-life of
2
the Am 241.
equal to atomic mass of the isotope
expressed in kilograms. Therefore, 1g of
Am 241 has
10 −3 kg
= 4.15 × 10 −6 kmoles
241 kg kmole
One kmole of any isotope contains the
Avogadro’s number of atoms. Therefore
1g of Am 241 has
N = 4.15 × 10−6 kmoles×
× 6.025 × 1026 atoms kmole = 2.50 × 1021 atoms
 8
Thus, the activity [8] of the sample is At temperature of 300K, the air
density inside the GCC, is
R = λN = 1.3 × 1011 disintegrations/s. ρ air = 1.1452kg.m . Thus, for d = 2cm ,
−3

σ air ≈ 10 3 S .m −1 and f = 60 Hz Eq. (20)

However, we will use 36 ionization
gives
sources each one with 1/5000th of a
mg (air)
gram of Am 241. Therefore we will only χ air = =
use 7.2 × 10 −3 g of Am 241. Thus, R mi(air)
reduces to: ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
μ ⎛ σ air ⎞ Vrms
3
⎪ ⎪
4
⎢
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 − 1⎥⎬ =
R = λN ≅ 10 9 disintegrations/s ⎪⎩ ⎢ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ d ρair ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
This means that at one second, about { [
= 1 − 2 1 + 3.10×10−16Vrms
4
−1 ]}
10 9 α particles hit molecules in the air Note that, for Vrms ≅ 7.96KV , we obtain:
and knock off electrons to form ions χ (air ) ≅ 0 . Therefore, if the voltages
O2+ and N 2+ inside the ionization chamber.
range of this GCC is: 0 − 10KV then it is
Assuming that each alpha particle yields possible to reach χ air ≅ −1 when
one ion at each 1 10 9 second then the
Vrms ≅ 10KV .
total number of ions produced in one
second will be Ni ≅ 1018 ions. This It is interesting to note that σ air can
corresponds to an ions concentration be strongly increased by increasing the

ρ i = eN i V ≈ 0.1 V (C m 3 )
Where V is the volume of the ionization
chamber. Obviously, the concentration of
electrons will be the same, i.e., ρ e = ρ i .
For d = 2cm and φ = 20cm (See Fig.3(c))
we obtain
V = π4 (0.20) (2 × 10 −2 ) = 6.28 × 10 −4 m 3 The
2
amount of Am 241. For example, by
using 0.1g of Am 241 the value of R
increases to:
R = λN ≅ 1010 disintegrations/s
This means Ni ≅ 1020 ions that yield
ρ i = eN i V ≈ 10 V (C m 3 )

n we get: Then, by reducing, d and φ

ρ e = ρ i ≈ 10 2 C m 3
This corresponds to the minimum
respectively, to 5mm and to 11.5cm, the
volume of the ionization chamber
reduces to:
V = π4 (0 .115 ) (5 × 10 −3 ) = 5 .19 × 10 −5 m 3
2

concentration level in the case of

conducting materials. For these Consequently, we get:
materials, at temperature of 300K, the
mobilities μ e and μ i vary from 10 up ρ e = ρ i ≈ 10 5 C m 3
to 100 m 2V −1 s −1 [9]. Then we can assume
Assuming that μ e = μi ≈ 10 m 2V −1 s −1 ,
that μe = μi ≈ 10 m2V −1s −1 . (minimum
then the electrical conductivity of the air
mobility level for conducting materials).
inside the ionization chamber becomes
Under these conditions, the electrical
conductivity of the air inside the
ionization chamber is σ air = ρ e μ e + ρ i μ i ≈ 10 6 S .m −1

σ air = ρ e μ e + ρ i μ i ≈ 10 3 S .m −1 This reduces for Vrms ≅ 18.8V the voltage

necessary to yield χ(air) ≅ 0 and reduces
 9
to Vrms ≅ 23.5V the voltage necessary to Thus, the local inertia is just the
reach χ air ≅ −1 . gravitational influence of the rest of
matter existing in the Universe.
If the outer surface of a metallic Consequently, if we reduce the
sphere with radius a is covered with a gravitational interactions between a
radioactive element (for example Am spacecraft and the rest of the Universe,
241), then the electrical conductivity of then the inertial properties of the
the air (very close to the sphere) can be spacecraft will be also reduced. This
strongly increased (for example up effect leads to a new concept of
to σ air ≅ 10 6 s.m −1 ). By applying a low- spacecraft and space flight.
frequency electrical potential Vrms to the Since χ air is given by
sphere, in order to produce an electric
field E rms starting from the outer surface ⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
mg(air) ⎪ ⎢ μ0 ⎛ σair ⎞ Vrms
4
⎪
of the sphere, then very close to the χair = = ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 −1⎥⎬
sphere the low-frequency electromagnetic mi0(air) ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρair ⎥⎪
⎦⎭
field is E rms = Vrms a , and according to
Eq. (20), the gravitational mass of the air Then, for σ air ≅ 106 s.m −1 , f = 6Hz , a = 5m,
in this region expressed by
ρair ≅ 1Kg.m−3 and Vrms = 3.35 KV we get
⎧ ⎡
μ0 ⎛σair ⎞ Vrms
3 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎪
4
mg(air) = ⎨1− 2 1+ 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 −1⎥⎬mi0(air) ,
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρair ⎥⎪ χ air ≅ 0
⎦⎭
can be easily reduced, making possible Under these conditions, the gravitational
to produce a controlled Gravitational forces upon the spacecraft become
Shielding (similar to a GCC) surround approximately nulls and consequently,
the sphere. the spacecraft practically loses its inertial
This becomes possible to build a properties.
spacecraft to work with a gravitational Out of the terrestrial atmosphere,
shielding as shown in Fig. 4. the gravity acceleration upon the
The gravity accelerations on the spacecraft is negligible and therefore the
spacecraft (due to the rest of the gravitational shielding is not necessary.
Universe. See Fig.4) is given by However, if the spacecraft is in the outer
space and we want to use the
g i′ = χ air g i i = 1, 2, 3 … n gravitational shielding then, χ air must be
replaced by χ vac where
Where χ air = m g (air ) mi 0 (air ) . Thus, the
gravitational forces acting on the
⎧ ⎡ 3
μ0 ⎛ σvac ⎞ Vrms ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎪
4
spacecraft are given by mg(vac)
χvac = = ⎨1− 2 1+ 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 −1⎥⎬
mi0(vac) ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρvac ⎥⎪
Fis = M g g i′ = M g (χ air g i ) ⎦⎭

By reducing the value of χ air , these The electrical conductivity of the

ionized outer space (very close to the
forces can be reduced.
spacecraft) is small; however, its density
According to the Mach’s principle;
(
is remarkably small << 10 −16 Kg.m −3 , in )
“The local inertial forces are such a manner that the smaller value of
determined by the gravitational the factor σ vac3
ρ vac
2
can be easily
interactions of the local system with the compensated by the increase of Vrms .
distribution of the cosmic masses”.
 10
It was shown that, when the Fgj = M g (imaginary) g ′j =
gravitational mass of a particle is
reduced to the gravitational mass ( )
= M g (imaginary) − χGmgj (imaginary) r j2 =
ranging between + 0.159M i to ( )
= M g i − χGmgj i r j2 = + χGM g mgj r j2 .
− 0.159M i , it becomes imaginary [1], i.e., Note that these forces are real. Remind
the gravitational and the inertial masses that, the Mach’s principle says that the
of the particle become imaginary. inertial effects upon a particle are
Consequently, the particle disappears consequence of the gravitational
from our ordinary space-time. However, interaction of the particle with the rest of
the factor χ = M g (imaginary ) M i (imaginary ) the Universe. Then we can conclude that
the inertial forces upon an imaginary
remains real because spacecraft are also real. Consequently, it
M g (imaginary ) M gi Mg can travel in the imaginary space-time
χ = = = = real
M i (imaginary ) M ii Mi using its thrusters.
Thus, if the gravitational mass of the It was shown that, imaginary
particle is reduced by means of particles can have infinite speed in the
absorption of an amount of imaginary space-time [1] . Therefore, this
electromagnetic energy U , for example, is also the speed upper limit for the
we have spacecraft in the imaginary space-time.
Since the gravitational spacecraft
χ=
Mg ⎧
(
= ⎨1 − 2⎡⎢ 1 + U mi0 c 2 − 1⎤⎥⎬
2 ⎫
) can use its thrusters after to becoming
Mi ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ an imaginary body, then if the thrusters
This shows that the energy U of the produce a total thrust F = 1000kN and
electromagnetic field remains acting on the gravitational mass of the spacecraft
the imaginary particle. In practice, this is reduced from M g = M i = 10 5 kg down
means that electromagnetic fields act on
imaginary particles. Therefore, the to M g ≅ 10 −6 kg , the acceleration of the
electromagnetic field of a GCC remains spacecraft will be, a = F Mg ≅ 1012m.s−2 .
acting on the particles inside the GCC
With this acceleration the spacecraft
even when their gravitational masses
crosses the “visible” Universe
reach the gravitational mass ranging
( diameter= d ≈ 10 m ) in a time interval
26
between + 0.159 M i to − 0.159M i and
Δt = 2d a ≅ 1.4 × 107 m.s −1 ≅ 5.5 months
they become imaginary particles. This is
very important because it means that the Since the inertial effects upon the
GCCs of a gravitational spacecraft keep spacecraft are reduced by
−11
on working when the spacecraft M g M i ≅ 10 then, in spite of the
becomes imaginary. effective spacecraft acceleration be
Under these conditions, the gravity a = 1012 m. s −1 , the effects for the crew
accelerations on the imaginary and for the spacecraft will be equivalent
spacecraft particle (due to the rest of the to an acceleration a′ given by
imaginary Universe) are given by Mg
a′ = a ≈ 10m.s −1
g ′j = χ g j j = 1,2,3,..., n. Mi
This is the order of magnitude of the
acceleration upon of a commercial jet
Where χ = M g (imaginary ) M i (imaginary ) aircraft.
and g j = − Gmgj (imaginary) r . 2
j Thus, the On the other hand, the travel in the
gravitational forces acting on the imaginary space-time can be very safe,
spacecraft are given by because there won’t any material body
along the trajectory of the spacecraft.
 11
Now consider the GCCs presented rotor in order to become negative the
in Fig. 8 (a). Note that below and above acceleration of gravity inside half of the
the air are the bottom and the top of the
chamber. Therefore the choice of the
(
rotor g ′ = (χ steel ) χ air g ≅ χ air g = − ng .
2
)
Obviously this causes a torque
material of the chamber is highly
relevant. If the chamber is made of steel, T = (− F ′ + F )r and the rotor spins with
for example, and the gravity acceleration angular velocity ω . The average
below the chamber is g then at the power, P , of the motor is given by
bottom of the chamber, the gravity
becomes g ′ = χ steel g ; in the air, the P = Tω = [(− F ′ + F )r ]ω (36)
Where
gravity is g′′ = χairg′ = χairχsteelg . At the top
g′′′ = χsteelg′′ = (χsteel) χairg .
2
of the chamber, F ′ = 12 m g g ′ F = 12 m g g
Thus, out of the chamber (close to the
top) the gravity acceleration becomes and m g ≅ mi ( mass of the rotor ). Thus,
g ′′′ . (See Fig. 8 (a)). However, for the
Eq. (36) gives
steel at B < 300T and f = 1 × 10 −6 Hz , we mi gω r
have P = (n + 1) (37)
2
mg (steel) ⎧⎪ ⎡ σ (steel) B 4 ⎤⎫
⎪ On the other hand, we have that
χ steel = ⎢
= ⎨1− 2 1+ −1⎥⎬ ≅ 1 − g′ + g = ω 2r (38)
mi(steel) ⎪ ⎢ 4πfμρ(steel) c
2 2 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Therefore the angular speed of the rotor
Since ρ steel = 1.1 × 10 6 S .m −1 , μ r = 300 and is given by
ρ (steel ) = 7800k .m −3 . ω=
(n + 1)g (39)
Thus, due to χ steel ≅ 1 it follows r
that By substituting (39) into (37) we obtain
g ′′′ ≅ g ′′ = χ air g ′ ≅ χ air g the expression of the average power of
If instead of one GCC we have the gravitational motor, i.e.,
P = 12 mi (n + 1) g 3 r (40)
three GCC, all with steel box (Fig. 8(b)), 3
then the gravity acceleration above the
second GCC, g 2 will be given by Now consider an electric generator
coupling to the gravitational motor in
g 2 ≅ χ air g1 ≅ χ air χ air g
order to produce electric energy.
and the gravity acceleration above the Since ω = 2πf then for f = 60 Hz
third GCC, g 3 will be expressed by
we have ω = 120 πrad . s − 1 = 3600 rpm .
g 3 ≅ χ air g ′′ ≅ χ air g
3
Therefore for ω = 120πrad .s −1 and
n = 788 (B ≅ 0.22T ) the Eq. (40) tell us
that we must have
III. CONSEQUENCES
r=
(n + 1)g = 0.0545m
These results point to the
2
ω
possibility to convert gravitational energy Since r = R 3 and mi = ρπR 2 h where ρ ,
into rotational mechanical energy. R and h are respectively the mass
Consider for example the system density, the radius and the height of the
presented in Fig. 9. Basically it is a motor rotor then for h = 0.5m and
with massive iron rotor and a box filled −3
ρ = 7800 Kg .m (iron) we obtain
with gas or plasma at ultra-low pressure
(Gravity Control Cell-GCC) as shown in
Fig. 9. The GCC is placed below the mi = 327.05kg
 12
mg ( Al )
Then Eq. (40) gives g l′ = g l = χ Al g l ≅ −10−9 g l l = 1,2,..,n
mi ( Al )
P ≅ 2.19 × 105 watts ≅ 219 KW ≅ 294HP (41)
This shows that the gravitational motor Where g l is the external gravity in the
can be used to yield electric energy at direction l . We thus conclude that the
large scale. gravity acceleration inside the spacecraft
The possibility of gravity control becomes negligible if g l << 10 9 m .s −2 .
leads to a new concept of spacecraft This means that the aluminum shell,
which is presented in Fig. 10. Due to the under these conditions, works like a
Meissner effect, the magnetic field B is gravity shielding.
expelled from the superconducting shell. Consequently, the gravitational
The Eq. (35) shows that a magnetic forces between anyone point inside the
field, B , through the aluminum shell of spacecraft with gravitational mass, m gj ,
the spacecraft reduces its gravitational
mass according to the following and another external to the spacecraft
expression: (gravitational mass m gk ) are given by
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ r r m gj m gk
⎪ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎪ F j = − Fk = −G μ̂
⎢ nr ( Al) − 1⎥⎬mi( Al) (42)
⎜ B ⎟
mg ( Al) = ⎨1 − 2 1 + r jk2
⎢ ⎜ μc ρ
2 ⎟ ⎥
⎪ ⎝ ( Al) ⎠ ⎪
⎩ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥⎭ where m gk ≅ mik and m gj = χ Al mij .
If the frequency of the magnetic field is Therefore we can rewrite equation above
f = 10 −4 Hz then we have that in the following form
σ ( Al ) >> ωε since the electric r r mij mik
F j = − Fk = − χ Al G μˆ
conductivity of the aluminum r jk2
−1
is σ ( Al ) = 3.82 × 10 S .m . In this case, the
7
Note that when B = 0 the initial
Eq. (11) tell us that gravitational forces are
r r mij mik
μc 2σ ( Al ) F j = − Fk = −G μ̂
nr ( Al ) = (43) r jk2
4πf
Substitution of (43) into (42) yields Thus, if χ Al ≅ −10 −9 then the initial
⎧ ⎡ σ ( Al ) B 4 ⎤⎫⎪ gravitational forces are reduced from 109
⎪ ⎥⎬mi ( Al ) (44)
mg ( Al ) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + − 1 times and become repulsives.
⎪⎩ ⎢ 4πfμρ 2
( ) c 2
⎥⎪
⎣ Al
⎦⎭ According to the new expression
r r
Since the mass density of the Aluminum for the inertial forces [1], F = m g a , we
is ρ ( Al ) = 2700 kg .m −3 then the Eq. (44) see that these forces have origin in the
can be rewritten in the following form: gravitational interaction between a

{ [ ]}
mg( Al) particle and the others of the Universe,
χ Al = = 1 − 2 1 + 3.68×10−8 B4 −1 (45) just as Mach’s principle predicts. Hence
mi( Al) mentioned expression incorporates the
In practice it is possible to adjust B in Mach’s principle into Gravitation Theory,
order to become, for example, and furthermore reveals that the inertial
χ Al ≅ 10 . This occurs to B ≅ 76 .3T .
−9 effects upon a body can be strongly
reduced by means of the decreasing of
(Novel superconducting magnets are
its gravitational mass.
able to produce up to 14.7T [10, 11]).
Then the gravity acceleration in Consequently, we conclude that if
any direction inside the spacecraft, g l′ , the gravitational forces upon the
spacecraft are reduced from 109 times
will be reduced and given by
then also the inertial forces upon the
 13
spacecraft will be reduced from 109 times radioactive material, it is possible to
when χ Al ≅ −10 −9 . Under these increase the air conductivity inside the
conditions, the inertial effects on the GCC up to σ (air) ≅ 106 S .m−1 . Then
crew would be strongly decreased. for f = 10 Hz ; ρ (air ) = 4.94 × 10−15 kg.m −3
Obviously this leads to a new concept of
(Air at 3 ×10-12 torr, 300K) and we obtain
{[ ] }
aerospace flight.
Inside the spacecraft the χ air = 2 1 + 2.8 × 1021 B 4 − 1 − 1 (57)
gravitational forces between the For B = BGCC = 0.1T (note that, due to
dielectric with gravitational mass, M g
the Meissner effect, the magnetic field
and the man (gravitational mass, m g ), BGCC stay confined inside the
when B = 0 are superconducting box) the Eq. (57) yields
r r M g mg
Fm = − FM = −G μ̂ (46)
r2 χ air ≅ −10 9
or
r Mg
Fm = −G 2 m gˆμ = − m g g M ˆμ (47 ) Since there is no magnetic
r field through the dielectric presented in
r mg Fig.10 then, Mg ≅ Mi . Therefore if
FM = +G 2 M gˆμ = + M g g mˆμ (48)
r M g ≅ Mi =100Kg and r = r0 ≅ 1m the
If the superconducting box under M g
gravity acceleration upon the man,
(Fig. 10) is filled with air at ultra-low according to Eq. (55), is
pressure (3×10-12 torr, 300K for example) a man ≅ 10m .s −1
then, when B ≠ 0 , the gravitational mass
of the air will be reduced according to Consequently it is easy to see that this
(35). Consequently, we have system is ideal to yield artificial gravity
inside the spacecraft in the case of inter-
g ′M = (χ steel ) χ air g M ≅ χ air g M (49)
2
stellar travel, when the gravity
g m′ = (χ steel ) χ air g m ≅ χ air g m (50)
2
acceleration out of the spacecraft - due
r r to the Universe - becomes negligible.
Then the forces Fm and FM become
r The vertical displacement of the
Fm = −m g (χ air g M )ˆμ (51) spacecraft can be produced by means of
r
FM = + M g (χ air g m )ˆμ (52) Gravitational Thrusters. A schematic
diagram of a Gravitational Thruster is
Therefore if χ air = −n we will have shown in Fig.11. The Gravitational
r
Fm = +nmg g M μ̂ (53) Thrusters can also provide the horizontal
r displacement of the spacecraft.
FM = −nM g g m μ̂ (54) The concept of Gravitational
r r Thruster results from the theory of the
Thus, Fm and FM become repulsive.
Gravity Control Battery, showed in Fig. 8
Consequently, the man inside the (b). Note that the number of GCC
spacecraft is subjected to a gravity increases the thrust of the thruster. For
acceleration given by example, if the thruster has three GCCs
r Mg
aman = ngMˆμ = −χairG 2 ˆμ (55) I then the gravity acceleration upon the
r gas sprayed inside the thruster will be
nside the GCC we have, repulsive in respect to M g (See Fig.
⎧ ⎡ σ B4 ⎤⎫⎪ 11(a)) and given by
m ⎪
χair = g (air) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + (air)2 2 − 1⎥⎬ (56) Mg
mi(air) ⎪ ⎢⎣ 4πfμρ(air)c ⎥⎦⎪ a gas = (χ air ) (χ steel ) g ≅ −(χ air ) G
3 4 3
⎩ ⎭
r02
By ionizing the air inside the GCC
(Fig. 10), for example, by means of a Thus, if inside the GCCs, χair ≅ −109
 14
(See Eq. 56 and 57) then the equation Let us now calculate the
above gives gravitational forces between two very
Mi close thin layers of the air around the
a gas ≅ +10 27 G
r02 spacecraft. (See Fig. 13).
The gravitational force dF12 that
For M i ≅ 10kg , r0 ≅ 1m and m gas ≅ 10 −12 kg
dm g1 exerts upon dm g 2 , and the
the thrust is
F = m gas a gas ≅ 10 5 N
gravitational force dF21 that dm g 2 exerts
Thus, the Gravitational Thrusters are upon dm g1 are given by
able to produce strong thrusts. r r dmg2 dmg1
Note that in the case of very dF12 = dF21 = −G μ̂ (58)
r2
strong χ air , for example χ air ≅ −10 9 , the Thus, the gravitational forces between
gravity accelerations upon the boxes of the air layer 1, gravitational mass m g1 ,
the second and third GCCs become very
and the air layer 2, gravitational mass
strong (Fig.11 (a)). Obviously, the walls
m g 2 , around the spacecraft are
of the mentioned boxes cannot to stand
the enormous pressures. However, it is r r G mg1 mg 2
F12 = −F21 = − 2 ∫ ∫ dmg1dmg 2ˆμ =
possible to build a similar system with 3 r 0 0
or more GCCs, without material boxes. mg1mg 2 mi1mi 2
Consider for example, a surface with = −G ˆ
μ = −χ air χ air G ˆμ (59)
several radioactive sources (Am-241, for r2 r2
example). The alpha particles emitted At 100km altitude the air pressure is
from the Am-241 cannot reach besides 5.691×10−3 torr and ρ(air) =5.998×10−6 kg.m−3 [12].
10cm of air. Due to the trajectory of the By ionizing the air surround the
alpha particles, three or more successive spacecraft, for example, by means of an
layers of air, with different electrical oscillating electric field, E osc , starting
conductivities σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 3 , will be
from the surface of the spacecraft ( See
established in the ionized region (See Fig. 13) it is possible to increase the air
Fig.11 (b)). It is easy to see that the conductivity near the spacecraft up to
gravitational shielding effect produced by σ (air) ≅ 106 S .m−1 . Since f = 1Hz and, in
these three layers is similar to the effect
produced by the 3 GCCs shown in Fig. this case σ (air ) >> ωε , then, according to
11 (a).
Eq. (11), nr = μσ(air)c 2 4πf . From
It is important to note that if F is
force produced by a thruster then the Eq.(56) we thus obtain
spacecraft acquires acceleration ⎧ ⎡ σ B4 ⎤⎫⎪
m ⎪
a spacecraft given by [1] χair = g(air) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + (air) 2 2 −1⎥⎬ (60)
mi(air) ⎪ ⎢ 4πfμ0ρ(air)c ⎥
F F ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎪⎭
a spacecraft = = Then for B = 763T the Eq. (60) gives
M g (spacecraft) χ Al M i (inside) + mi ( Al )
Therefore if χ Al ≅ 10 −9 ;
and mi ( Al ) = 100 Kg (inertial mass of the
M i(inside) = 104 Kg
{ [ ]}
χ air = 1 − 2 1+ ~ 104 B 4 − 1 ≅ −108 (61)
aluminum shell) then it will be necessary By substitution of χ air ≅ −108 into Eq.,
F = 10kN to produce
(59) we get
a spacecraft = 100m .s −2 r r
Note that the concept of Gravitational
m m
F12 = −F21 = −1016 G i1 2 i 2 μ̂ (62)
r
Thrusters leads directly to the
Gravitational Turbo Motor concept (See
Fig. 12).

If mi1 ≅ mi 2 = ρ air V1 ≅ ρ air V2 ≅ 10 kg , and
r = 10 −3 m we obtain
r r
F12 = −F21 ≅ −10−4 N (63)
These forces are much more intense
than the inter-atomic forces (the forces
which maintain joined atoms, and
molecules that make the solids and
liquids) whose intensities, according to
the Coulomb’s law, is of the order of
1-1000×10-8N.
Consequently, the air around the
spacecraft will be strongly compressed
upon their surface, making an “air shell”
that will accompany the spacecraft
during its displacement and will protect
the aluminum shell of the direct attrition
with the Earth’s atmosphere.
In this way, during the flight, the
attrition would occur just between the “air
shell” and the atmospheric air around
her. Thus, the spacecraft would stay free
of the thermal effects that would be
produced by the direct attrition of the
aluminum shell with the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Another interesting effect produced
by the magnetic field B of the
spacecraft is the possibility of to lift a
body from the surface of the Earth to the
spacecraft as shown in Fig. 14. By
ionizing the air surround the spacecraft,
by means of an oscillating electric field,
E osc , the air conductivity near the
spacecraft can reach, for example,
σ (air ) ≅ 106 S .m −1 . Then for f = 1Hz ;
B = 40.8T and ρ(air) ≅ 1.2kg.m−3 (300K and
1 atm) the Eq. (56) yields
χ air = ⎧⎨1 − 2⎡⎢ 1 + 4.9 ×10−7 B4 − 1⎤⎥⎫⎬ ≅ −0.1
⎩ ⎣
Thus, the weight of the body becomes
Pbody = mg (body) g = χ air mi (body) g = mi(body) g ′
Consequently, the body will be lifted on
the direction of the spacecraft with
acceleration
g ′ = χ air g ≅ +0.98m.s −1
Let us now consider an important
15
−8
aspect of the flight dynamics of a
Gravitational Spacecraft.
Before starting the flight, the
gravitational mass of the spacecraft, M g ,
must be strongly reduced, by means of a
gravity control system, in order to
r
produce – withr a weak thrust F , a strong
acceleration, a , given by [1]
r
r F
a=
Mg
In this way, the spacecraft could be
strongly accelerated and quickly to reach
very high speeds near speed of light.
If the gravity control system of the
spacecraft is suddenly turned off, the
gravitational mass of the spacecraft
becomes immediately equal to its inertial
mass, M i , (M g′ = M i ) and the velocity
r r
V becomes equal to V ′ . According to
the Momentum Conservation Principle,
we have that
M gV = M g′ V ′
Supposing that the spacecraft was
traveling in space with speed V ≈ c , and
that its gravitational mass it was
M g = 1Kg and M i = 10 4 Kg then the
velocity of the spacecraft is reduced to
Mg Mg
V′ = V= V ≈ 10−4 c
′
Mg Mi
Initially, when the velocity of the
r
spacecraft is V , its kinetic energy is
Ek = (Mg −mg )c2. Where Mg = mg 1 − V 2 c2 .
At the instant in which the gravity control
system of the spacecraft is turned off,
the kinetic energy becomes
Ek′ = (Mg′ − m′g )c . Where Mg′ = m′g 1 − V ′2 c2 .
2
We can rewritten the expressions of
⎦⎭ E k and E k′ in the following form
Ek = (MgV − mgV )
c2
V
Ek′ = (M g′V ′ − m′gV ′)
c2
V′
Substitution of M gV = M g′ V ′ = p ,

mgV = p 1−V c and m′gV ′ = p 1 − V ′ c into
2 2
the equations of E k and E k′ gives
( ) pcV
2
Ek = 1 − 1 − V 2 c 2
16
2 2 Obviously this electromagnetic
pulse (EMP) will induce heavy currents
in all electronic equipment that mainly
contains semiconducting and conducting
materials. This produces immense heat

E ′ = (1 − c )
2 that melts the circuitry inside. As such,
pc
1 − V ′2 2
while not being directly responsible for
V′
k
the loss of lives, these EMP are capable
Since V ≈ c then follows that of disabling electric/electronic systems.
Therefore, we possibly have a new type
E k ≈ pc of electromagnetic bomb. An
electromagnetic bomb or E-bomb is a
On the other hand, since V ′ << c we get well-known weapon designed to disable
( ) pcV ′ electric/electronic systems on a wide
2
E k′ = 1 − 1 − V ′ 2 c 2 = scale with an intense electromagnetic
⎛ ⎞
pulse.
⎜ ⎟ Based on the theory of the GCC it
⎟ pc ≅ ⎛⎜ V ′ ⎞⎟ pc
2
⎜
≅ 1−
1
is also possible to build a Gravitational
⎜ V ′2 ⎟ V′ ⎝ 2c ⎠
⎜ 1 + 2 + ... ⎟ Press of ultra-high pressure as shown in
⎝ 2c ⎠ Fig.15.
Therefore we conclude that E k >> E k′ . The chamber 1 and 2 are GCCs
Consequently, when the gravity control with air at 1×10-4torr, 300K
system of the spacecraft is turned off, (σ (air ) ≈ 10 S .m ; ρ (air ) = 5 × 10 kg .m −3 .
6 −1 −8
)
occurs an abrupt decrease in the kinetic
Thus, for f = 10 Hz and B = 0.107T we
energy of the spacecraft, ΔE k , given by
have
⎧ ⎡ σ (air) B 4 ⎤⎫
ΔEk = Ek − Ek′ ≈ pc ≈ M g c 2 ≈ 1017 J ⎪ ⎢
χ air = ⎨1− 2 1+
⎪
−1⎥⎬ ≅ −118
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4πfμ0 ρ(air) c
2 2 ⎥⎪
⎦⎭
By comparing the energy ΔE k with the
inertial energy of the spacecraft, The gravity acceleration above the
E i = M i c 2 , we conclude that air of the chamber 1 is
r
ΔE k ≈
Mg
Ei ≈ 10 − 4 M i c 2
g1 = χ stellχ air gˆμ ≅ +1.15×103ˆμ (64)
Mi Since, in this case, χ steel ≅ 1 ; μ̂ is an
The energy ΔE k (several megatons) unitary vector in the opposite direction of
r
must be released in very short time g.
interval. It is approximately the same Above the air of the chamber 2 the
amount of energy that would be released gravity acceleration becomes
in the case of collision of the spacecraft ‡ .
r
However, the situation is very different of g2 = (χ stell ) (χair ) gˆμ ≅ −1.4 × 105ˆμ (65)
2 2

a collision ( M g just becomes suddenly

equal to M i ), and possibly the energy r
Therefore the resultant force R acting on
ΔE k is converted into a High Power m2 , m1 and m is
Electromagnetic Pulse.
‡
In this case, the collision of the spacecraft would
release ≈1017J (several megatons) and it would be
similar to a powerful kinetic weapon.
 r r r r
17
r r r
R = F2 + F1 + F = m2 g 2 + m1 g1 + mg = The GCCs can also be applied
on generation and detection of
= −1.4 × 105 m2ˆμ + 1.15 × 103 m1ˆμ − 9.81mˆμ = Gravitational Radiation.
≅ −1.4 × 105 m2ˆμ (66) Consider a cylindrical GCC (GCC
antenna) as shown in Fig.16 (a). The
where gravitational mass of the air inside the
⎛π 2 ⎞ GCC is
m 2 = ρ steel Vdisk 2 = ρ steel ⎜ φ inn H⎟ (67 ) ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫⎪
⎝4 ⎠ ⎪ σ (air ) B 4
mg (air ) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + − 1⎥⎬mi (air ) (68)
Thus, for ρ steel ≅ 10 4 kg .m −3 we can write ⎪⎩ ⎢ 4πfμρ 2
(air ) c 2
⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
that By varying B one can varies mg (air) and
F2 ≅ 109 φinn 2
H
consequently to vary the gravitational
field generated by mg (air) , producing then
For the steel τ ≅ 105 kg.cm−2 = 109 kg.m−2
gravitational radiation. Then a GCC can
consequently we must have work like a Gravitational Antenna.
−2
F2 Sτ < 10 kg .m ( Sτ = πφinnH see Fig.15).
9
Apparently, Newton’s theory of
This means that gravity had no gravitational waves
10 9 φ inn
2
H because, if a gravitational field changed
< 10 9 kg .m − 2 in some way, that change took place
πφ inn H
instantaneously everywhere in space,
Then we conclude that and one can think that there is not a
φinn < 3.1m wave in this case. However, we have
For φinn = 2m and H = 1m the Eq. (67) gives already seen that the gravitational
interaction can be repulsive, besides
m2 ≅ 3 × 10 4 kg
attractive. Thus, as with electromagnetic
Therefore from the Eq. (66) we obtain interaction, the gravitational interaction
R ≅ 1010 N must be produced by the exchange of
Consequently, in the area S = 10 −4 m 2 of "virtual" quanta of spin 1 and mass null,
the Gravitational Press, the pressure is i.e., the gravitational "virtual" quanta
R (graviphoton) must have spin 1 and not
p = ≅ 1014 N .m − 2 2. Consequently, the fact of a change in
S
a gravitational field reach
This enormous pressure is much
instantaneously everywhere in space
greater than the pressure in the center of
occurs simply due to the speed of the
the Earth ( 3.617 × 1011 N .m −2 ) [13]. It is graviphoton to be infinite. It is known that
near of the gas pressure in the center of there is no speed limit for “virtual”
the sun ( 2 × 1016 N .m −2 ). Under the action photons. On the contrary, the
of such intensities new states of matter electromagnetic quanta (“virtual”
are created and astrophysical photons) could not communicate the
phenomena may be simulated in the lab electromagnetic interaction an infinite
for the first time, e.g. supernova distance.
explosions. Controlled thermonuclear Thus, there are two types of
fusion by inertial confinement, fast gravitational radiation: the real and
nuclear ignition for energy gain, novel virtual, which is constituted of
collective acceleration schemes of graviphotons; the real gravitational
particles and the numerous variants of waves are ripples in the space-time
material processing constitute examples generated by gravitational field changes.
of progressive applications of such According to Einstein’s theory of gravity
Gravitational Press of ultra-high the velocity of propagation of these
pressure. waves is equal to the speed of light (c).

Unlike the electromagnetic waves
the real gravitational waves have low
interaction with matter and consequently
low scattering. Therefore real
gravitational waves are suitable as a
means of transmitting information.
However, when the distance between
transmitter and receiver is too large,
for example of the order of magnitude of
several light-years, the transmission of
information by means of gravitational
waves becomes impracticable due to the
long time necessary to receive the
information. On the other hand, there is
no delay during the transmissions by
means of virtual gravitational radiation. In
addition the scattering of this radiation
is null. Therefore the virtual gravitational
radiation is very suitable as a means of
transmitting information at any distances
including astronomical distances.
As concerns detection of the
virtual gravitational radiation from GCC
antenna, there are many options. Due to
Resonance Principle a similar GCC
antenna (receiver) tuned at the same
frequency can absorb energy from an
incident virtual gravitational radiation
(See Fig.16 (b)). Consequently, the
gravitational mass of the air inside the
GCC receiver will vary such as the
gravitational mass of the air inside the
GCC transmitter. This will induce a
magnetic field similar to the magnetic
field of the GCC transmitter and
therefore the current through the coil
inside the GCC receiver will have the
same characteristics of the current
through the coil inside the GCC
transmitter. However, the volume and
pressure of the air inside the two GCCs
must be exactly the same; also the type
and the quantity of atoms in the air inside
the two GCCs must be exactly the same.
Thus, the GCC antennas are simple but
they are not easy to build.
Note that a GCC antenna radiates
graviphotons and gravitational waves
simultaneously (Fig. 16 (a)). Thus, it is
not only a gravitational antenna: it is a
Quantum Gravitational Antenna because
18
it can also emit and detect
gravitational "virtual" quanta
(graviphotons), which, in turn, can
transmit information instantaneously
from any distance in the Universe
without scattering.
Due to the difficulty to build two
similar GCC antennas and, considering
that the electric current in the receiver
antenna can be detectable even if the
gravitational mass of the nuclei of the
antennas are not strongly reduced, then
we propose to replace the gas at the
nuclei of the antennas by a thin dielectric
lamina. The dielectric lamina with exactly
108 atoms (103atoms × 103atoms ×
102atoms) is placed between the plates
(electrodes) as shown in Fig. 17. When
the virtual gravitational radiation strikes
upon the dielectric lamina, its
gravitational mass varies similarly to the
gravitational mass of the dielectric
lamina of the transmitter antenna,
inducing an electromagnetic field ( E , B )
similar to the transmitter antenna. Thus,
the electric current in the receiver
antenna will have the same
characteristics of the current in the
transmitter antenna. In this way, it is then
possible to build two similar antennas
whose nuclei have the same volumes
and the same types and quantities of
atoms.
Note that the Quantum
Gravitational Antennas can also be used
to transmit electric power. It is easy to
see that the Transmitter and Receiver
(Fig. 17(a)) can work with strong
voltages and electric currents. This
means that strong electric power can be
transmitted among Quantum
Gravitational Antennas. This obviously
solves the problem of wireless electric
power transmission.
The existence of imaginary masses
has been predicted in a previous work
[1]. Here we will propose a method and a
device using GCCs for obtaining images
of imaginary bodies.

It was shown that the inertial
imaginary mass associated to an
electron is given by
2 ⎛ hf ⎞ 2
mie(ima) = ⎜ 2 ⎟i = m i
3 ie(real )
3 ⎝c ⎠
Assuming that the correlation between
the gravitational mass and the inertial
mass (Eq.6) is the same for both
imaginary and real masses then follows
that the gravitational imaginary mass
associated to an electron can be written
in the following form:
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ U ⎞ ⎪
mge(ima) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + ⎜⎜ 2 nr ⎟⎟ − 1⎥⎬mie(ima)
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ mi c ⎠ ⎥
⎩ ⎣
Thus, the gravitational imaginary mass
associated to matter can be reduced,
made negative and increased, just as the
gravitational real mass.
It was shown that also photons
have imaginary mass. Therefore, the
imaginary mass can be associated or not
to the matter.
In a general way, the gravitational
forces between two gravitational
imaginary masses are then given by
r r (iMg )(img ) M g mg
F = −F = −G ˆ
μ = +G ˆμ
r2 r2
Note that these forces are real and
repulsive.
Now consider a gravitational
imaginary mass, mg(ima) = img , not
associated with matter (like the
gravitational imaginary mass associated
to the photons) and another gravitational
imaginary mass M g (ima ) = iM g associated
to a material body.
Any material body has an
imaginary mass associated to it, due to
the existence of imaginary masses
associated to the electrons. We will
choose a quartz crystal (for the material
body with gravitational imaginary mass
M g (ima ) = iM g ) because quartz crystals
are widely used to detect forces
(piezoelectric effect).
By using GCCs as shown in Fig.
18(b) and Fig.18(c), we can increase the
r
19
gravitational acceleration, a , produced
by the imaginary mass im g upon the
crystals. Then it becomes
a = − χ air
mg
3
G 2
r
As we have seen, the value of χ air can
be increased up to χ air ≅ −10 9 (See
Eq.57). Note that in this case, the
gravitational forces become attractive. In
addition, if m g is not small, the
gravitational forces between the
imaginary body of mass im g and the
crystals can become sufficiently intense
⎦⎪⎭ to be easily detectable.
Due to the piezoelectric effect, the
gravitational force acting on the crystal
will produce a voltage proportional to its
intensity. Then consider a board with
hundreds micro-crystals behind a set of
GCCs, as shown in Fig.18(c). By
amplifying the voltages generated in
each micro-crystal and sending to an
appropriated data acquisition system, it
will be thus possible to obtain an image
of the imaginary body of mass m g (ima )
placed in front of the board.
In order to decrease strongly the
gravitational effects produced by bodies
placed behind the imaginary body of
mass im g , one can put five GCCs
making a Gravitational Shielding as
shown in Fig.18(c). If the GCCs are
filled with air at 300K and 3 × 10 −12 torr .
Then ρair = 4.94×10−15kg.m−3 and σair ≅1×10 S.m .
−14 −1
Thus, for f = 60 Hz and B ≅ 0.7T the
Eq. (56) gives
χ air = { [
mg (air )
mi (air )
]}
= 1 − 2 1 + 5B 4 − 1 ≅ −10−2
For χ air ≅ 10 −2 the gravitational shielding
presented in Fig.18(c) will reduce any
value of g to χ air5
g ≅ 10 −10 g . This will be
sufficiently to reduce strongly the
gravitational effects proceeding from
both sides of the gravitational shielding.
 20
IV.CONCLUSION
The process described here is
clearly the better way in order to control
the gravity. This is because the Gravity
Control Cell in this case is very easy to
be built, the cost is low and it works at
ambient temperature. The Gravity
Control is the starting point for the
generation of and detection of Virtual
Gravitational Radiation (Quantum
Gravitational Transceiver) also for the
construction of the Gravitational Motor
and the Gravitational Spacecraft which
includes the system for generation of
artificial gravity presented in Fig.10 and
the Gravitational Thruster (Fig.11).
While the Gravitational Transceiver leads
to a new concept in Telecommunication,
the Gravitational Motor changes the
paradigm of energy conversion and the
Gravitational Spacecraft points to a new
concept in aerospace flight.
 21

Fixed pulley g1=-g

g g
g1≅ 0

Inside the dotted box the gravity

g1=g acceleration can become different of g
Low-pressure Hg Plasma mg (Hg plasma )
(ρ ≅ 6×10-5Kg.m-3, σ ≅ 3.4 S.m-1@ 6×10-3Torr) g1 = χ Hg plasma g = g
mi (Hg plasma )

ELF Voltage Source

(0 – 1.5V, 1mHz – 0.1mHz)

20W T-12 Fluorescent Lamp lit

(F20T12/C50/ECO GE, Ecolux® T12)
EELF
Metallic Plate

Extra Low-Frequency Electric Field 220V, 60 Hz

(1mHz – 0.1mHz)

Fig. 1 – Gravitational Shielding Effect by means of an ELF electric field through

low- pressure Hg Plasma.
 22

Inside the dotted box the gravity

acceleration above the second lamp
becomes
g 2 = χ 2 Hg plasma g1 =
= χ 2 Hg plasma (χ 1Hg plasma g )
g

g
2 g2

1 χ 2 Hg plasma
fELF(2)

g1
χ1Hg plasma
fELF(1)

Fig. 2 – Gravity acceleration above a second fluorescent lamp.

 23

mg (Hg )
g1 =
plasma
g
mi (Hg plasma )

Electrodes
Low-density plasma ~ ELF Voltage Source
Electrodes

(a)
mg (Hg )
g1 =
plasma
g
mi (Hg plasma )

Low-density plasma RF Signal RF

Transmitter

g ~
ELF Voltage Source
(b)

Radioactive ions sources

(Americium 241)
φ

d • Air @ 1 atm, 25°C • ~ V, f

Insulating holder Epoxy Ionization chamber

Aluminium, 1mm-thickness

(c)

Fig. 3 – Schematic diagram of Gravity Control Cells (GCCs).

(a) GCC where the ELF electric field and the ionizing electric field can be the same. (b) GCC
where the plasma is ionized by means of a RF signal. (c) GCC filled with air (at ambient
temperature and 1 atm) strongly ionized by means of alpha particles emitted from radioactive
ions sources (Am 241, half-life 432 years). Since the electrical conductivity of the ionized air
depends on the amount of ions then it can be strongly increased by increasing the amount of Am
241 in the GCC. This GCC has 36 radioactive ions sources each one with 1/5000th of gram of
Am 241, conveniently positioned around the ionization chamber, in order to
obtain σ air ≅ 10 3 S .m −1 .
 24

Gravitational Shielding
Spacecraft

a Mg

g’ = χair g

Erms (low frequency)

χair

g = G mg / r2

mg

The gravity accelerations on the spacecraft (due to the rest of the Universe) can be controlled by
means of the gravitational shielding, i.e.,
g’i = χair gi i = 1, 2, 3 … n
Thus,
Fis= Fsi = Mg g’i = Mg (χair gi)
Then the inertial forces acting on the spacecraft (s) can be strongly reduced. According to the Mach’s
principle this effect can reduce the inertial properties of the spacecraft and consequently, leads to a new
concept of spacecraft and aerospace flight.

Fig. 4 – Gravitational Shielding surround a Spherical Spacecraft.

 25

V = V0 t = T /4 EELF (1) fELF (1) g1 / g EELF (2) fELF (2) g2 / g

(Volts) (s) ( min) (V/m) (mHz) Exp. Teo. (V/m) (mHz) Exp. Teo.
250 4.17 24.81 1 - 0.993 24.81 1 - 0.986
312.5 5.21 24.81 0.8 - 0.986 24.81 0.8 - 0.972
1.0 V 416.6 6.94 24.81 0.6 - 0.967 24.81 0.6 - 0.935
625 10.42 24.81 0.4 - 0.890 24.81 0.4 - 0.792
1250 20.83 24.81 0.2 - 0.240 24.81 0.2 - 0.058
250 4.17 37.22 1 - 0.964 37.22 1 - 0.929
312.5 5.21 37.22 0.8 - 0.930 37.22 0.8 - 0.865
1.5V 416.6 6.94 37.22 0.6 - 0.837 37.22 0.6 - 0.700
625 10.42 37.22 0.4 - 0,492 37.22 0.4 - 0.242
1250 20.83 37.22 0.2 - -1,724 37.22 0.2 - 2.972

Table 1 – Theoretical Results.

 26

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3

g1/g 1

g1/g

1.0V

g1/g
-1
1.5V

-2

Fig. 5- Distribution of the correlation g1/ g as a function of f ELF

 27

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3
g2/g
1.5V

g2/g 1

g2/g 1.0V

-1

-2

Fig. 6- Distribution of the correlation g2 / g as a function of f ELF

 28

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3
g2/g

1.5V

gi/g 1

g1/g

1.5V
-1

-2

Fig. 7- Distribution of the correlations gi / g as a function of f ELF

 29

Inductor
Air at ultra-low pressure
Steel Box

g ′′′ ( For B < 300T χ steel ≅ 1 then g ′′′ ≅ g ′′ )

g ′′′ = χ steel g ′′ = (χ steel ) χ air g

2

g ′′ = χ air g ′

g ′ = χ steel g

(a)

g 3 = χ 3 χ 2 χ1 g
χ3 GCC 3

g 2 = χ 2 χ1 g
Steel Boxes χ2 GCC 2

g1 = χ 1 g
χ1 GCC 1

(b)

Fig. 8 – (a) Gravity Control Cell (GCC) filled with air at ultra-low pressure.
(b) Gravity Control Battery (Note that if χ1 = χ 2−1 = −1 then g ′′ = g )
 30

g’’= g
Gravity Control Cell
(Steel box)

R
g’
r
Massive Rotor
r
g

Gravity Control Cell

(Steel box)

g ′ = (χ steel ) χ air g and g ′′ = (χ steel )4 (χ air )2 g

Note that 2 therefore for

χ steel ≅ 1 and χ air (1) = χ air

−1
(2 ) = − n we get
g ′ ≅ −ng and g ′′ = g

Fig. 9 – The Gravitational Motor

 31

Dielectric Gravity Control Cell- GCC

Aluminum Shell Superconducting
Shell

Superconducting
Ring

FM
Mg

Superconducting mg
Box Fm

μ̂

Fig. 10 – The Gravitational Spacecraft – Due to the Meissner effect, the magnetic field
B is expelled from the superconducting shell. Similarly, the magnetic field BGCC, of the
GCC stay confined inside the superconducting box.
 32

Gas

Mg mg a μ
gas
GCC GCC GCC
FM Fm

Gas

Material boxes
(a)

g’’’= χair 3 g’’= χair 3 χair 2 χair 1 g

σ3 <σ2 (χair 3)

g ’’ = χair 2 g ’ = χair 2 χair 1 g

σ2 <σ1 (χair 2)
g ’= χair 1 g
σ1 (χair 1)

Am - 241
g

(b)

Fig. 11 – The Gravitational Thruster .

(a) Using material boxes. (b) Without material boxes
 33

Gas Helix
HIGH

GCC GCC GCC SPEED Motor axis

GAS
Gas

Fig. 12 - The Gravitational Turbo Motor – The gravitationally accelerated gas, by

means of the GCCs, propels the helix which movies the motor axis.
 34

Eosc

dmg2

dF12 r
dF21
Air Layer 1 Air Layer 2
dmg1

Spacecraft

Fig. 13 – Gravitational forces between two layers of the “air shell”. The electric field Eosc
provides the ionization of the air.
 35

Eosc

Spacecraft

μ̂

r
( )
g ′ = χ air gμˆ ≅ + 0.98m.s −2 μˆ

χair

Eosc

Fig. 14 – The Gravitational Lifter

 36

φinn

m2 H
Sτ B g 2 ≅ −1.4 × 10 6 m .s −2

Chamber 1 Air 0.20

−2
g m1 g1 ≅ +3 × 10 m .s
3 g
0.20
Chamber 2 Air 0.20

m g = −9.81m .s −2 H

S
P=R/S

Fig. 15 – Gravitational Press

 37

Graviphotons
v=∞
GCC

Coil
i Real Gravitational Waves
v=c
f

(a) GCC Antenna

GCC GCC

Graviphotons
v=∞

i i

f f

Transmitter (b) Receiver

Fig. 16 - Transmitter and Receiver of Virtual Gravitational Radiation.

 38

103atoms

Dielectric 102atoms

103atoms

f Graviphotons f
v=∞

Dielectric
(108 atoms)

Transmitter Receiver

(a)

Conductor Conductor

Microantenna

(b)
Fig. 17 – Quantum Gravitational Microantenna
 39

(iM )(im ) M g mg
F = −G = +G
g g
v
2
r r2
Crystal

F F

iMg Mg = Mi
Psychic body
img (Mi = inertial mass)
(a)

Crystal

F GCC GCC GCC F =Mg a ≅Mi a

iMg a = - (χair )3Gmg / r2

Psychic body
img
χair → -109
(b)

g χair g χair2g χair3g χair4 g χair5 g χair5 g A

M
P Data
L
GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC Y
Acquisition
F System
I
Psychic body
E
χair5g’ χair5g’ χair4g’ χair3g’ χair2g’ χair g’ g’ img R

χair ≅ 10-2
micro-crystals
⏐ Gravitational Shielding ⏐

Display
(c)

Fig.18 – Method and device using GCCs for obtaining images of imaginary bodies.
 40

APPENDIX
Let us now show a new type of E = 2 . 43 × 10 8 V
GCC - easy to be built with materials and For Vmax = 220V , the electric field is
equipments that also can be obtained
with easiness. E max = 5 . 3 × 10 10 V / m
Consider a battery of n parallel Therefore, if the frequency of the wave
plate capacitors with capacitances voltage is f = 60 Hz , (ω = 2πf ) , we have that
C1 , C2 , C 3 ,…, C n , connected in parallel. ωεair = 3.3 ×10−9 S.m−1 . It is known that the
The voltage applied is V ; A is the area electric conductivity of the air, σ air , is
of each plate of the capacitors and d is much smaller than this value, i.e.,
the distance between the plates; ε r (water ) is σ air << ωε air
the relative permittivity of the dielectric Under this circumstance (σ << ωε ) , we
(water). Then the electric charge q on the
can substitute Eq. 15 and 34 into Eq. 7.
plates of the capacitors is given by Thus, we get
⎧⎪ ⎡ μairε air
3
E4 ⎤⎫⎪
q = (C1 + C2 + C3 + ...+ Cn )V = n(εr(water)ε0 ) V ( A1)
A mg (air) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + − 1⎥⎬mi0(air)
d ⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ c 2 ρair2
⎦⎥⎪⎭
⎧⎪ ⎡ E4 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 9.68 × 10−57 2 − 1⎥⎬mi0(air) ( A5)
In Fig. I we show a GCC with two
capacitors connected in parallel. It is easy ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ρair ⎥⎦⎪⎭
to see that the electric charge density σ 0
The density of the air at 10-4 Torr and
on each area A0 = az of the edges B of 300K is
the thin laminas (z is the thickness of the ρ air = 1 . 5 × 10 − 7 kg . m − 3
edges B and a is the length of them, see
Thus, we can write
Fig. II) is given by
m g (air )
= n (ε r ( water )ε 0 ) (A2 ) χ = =
q A
σ0 = V m i (air )
A0 azd
Thus, the electric field E between the
edges B is
{
= 1− 2 [ 1 + 4 . 3 × 10 − 43
E 4
−1 ]} ( A 6 )
2σ 0 ⎛ ε r (water ) ⎞ A Substitution of E for Emax = 5.3 ×1010V / m
E= = 2 n⎜
⎜ ε
⎟
⎟
V ( A3)
ε r (air )ε 0 ⎝ r (air ) ⎠ azd into this equation gives
Since A = L x L y , we can write that χ max ≅ −1 .2
This means that, in this case, the
⎛ ε r (water ) ⎞ Lx L y
E = 2 n⎜
⎜ ε
⎟
⎟ azd
V ( A4 ) gravitational shielding produced in the
vacuum between the edges B of the thin
⎝ r ( air ) ⎠ laminas can reduce the local gravitational
Assuming ε r ( water ) = 81 ** (bidistilled acceleration g down to
water); ε r (air ) ≅ 1 (vacuum 10-4 Torr; 300K); g1 ≅ −1.2 g
n = 2; Lx = L y = 0.30m ; a = 0.12m ; Under these circumstances, the
z = 0.1mm and d = 10mm we obtain weight, P = + m g g , of any body just above
the gravitational shielding becomes
**
It is easy to see that by substituting the water for
BariumTitanate (BaTiO3) the dimensions L x , L y of P = m g g 1 = −1.2m g g
the capacitors can be strongly reduced due to
ε r (BaTiO3) = 1200 .
 41

Lamina

Edge B of the
Gravitational
Thin Lamina
Shielding (0.1mm thickness)
εr (air) g1 = χ g χ<1
Vacuum Chamber
(INOX) E Encapsulating
(10- 4 Torr, 300K) (EPOXI)
B B
g
Parallel plate
Capacitors Insulating holder
Dielectric:
Bidistilled Water
εr (water) = 81 d = 10 mm
V (60Hz)
Vmax=220V
Lx

Vertical Cross Section

q = (C1+C2+...+Cn) V =
= n [εr (water) / εr (air)] [A/A0] V / d

εr (water) = 81 ; εr (air) ≅ 1

E = [q/A0] / εr (air) ε0 = n [εr (water) / εr (air)] [A/A0] V / d

A is the area of the plates of the capacitors and A0 the

cross section area of the edges B of the thin laminas (z is
the thickness of the edges).

Fig. I – Gravity Control Cell (GCC) using a battery of capacitors. According to Eq. 7 , the electric
field, E, through the air at 10- 4 Torr; 300K, in the vacuum chamber, produces a gravitational
shielding effect. The gravity acceleration above this gravitational shielding is reduced to χg where χ
< 1.
 42

Gravitational Shielding Lx

Ly E a

Lamina Lamina

Vacuum Chamber
EPOXI
Thin laminas
Thickness = z
Length = a
Top view

A0 = a z ; A = Lx Ly

Fig. II – The gravitational shielding produced between the thin laminas.

 43

+P

Sample −P
Any type of material
Any mass
Gravitational g1 = χ g χ<1
Shielding
GCC

↓g

mgg1 = -χ g mg

Elementar Motor

GCC

Fig. III – Experimental arrangement with a GCC of battery of capacitors. By means of this set-up it
is possible to check the weight of the sample even when it becomes negative.
 44

REFERENCES

[1] De Aquino, F. (2006) Mathematical

Foundations of the Relativistic Theory
of Quantum Gravity, preprint,
physics/0212033.
[2] Freire, G. F. O and Diniz, A. B. (1973)
Ondas Eletromagnéticas, Ed. USP,p.26.
[3] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1968)
Physics, J. Willey & Sons, Portuguese
Version, Ed. USP, p.1118.
[4] Quevedo, C. P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo,
McGraw-Hill, p.255 and 269.
[5] GE Technical Publications (2007),
80044 – F20T12/C50/ECO, GE Ecolux ®T12.
[6] Aplin, K. L. (2000) PhD thesis, The
University of Reading, UK
[7] Aplin K. L (2005) Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76,
104501.
[8] Beiser, A. (1967) Concepts of Modern
Physics, McGraw-Hill,Portuguese version
(1969) Ed. Polígono, S.Paulo, p.362-363.
[9] Hayt, W. H. (1974), Engineering
Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill.
Portuguese version (1978) Ed. Livros
Técnicos e Científicos Editora S.A, RJ,
Brasil. P.146.
[10] Benjegerdes, R. et al.,(2001) Proceedings
of the 2001Particle Accelerator Conference,
Chicago.
http://epaper.kek.jp/p01/PAPERS/TOAB009.PDF

[11] Gourlay, S. et al., (2000) Fabrication

and Test of a 14T, Nb3Sn
Superconducting Racetrack Dipole
Magnetic, IEE Trans on Applied
Superconductivity, p.294.
[12] BPE soft, Extreme High Altitude
Conditions Calculator.
http://bpesoft.com/s/wleizero/xhac/?M=p

[13] Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,

77th ed.1996.