LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PHYSIOEX

EXERCISE 7
MODUL RESPIRASI

Disusun Oleh:

LATIFAH RAHMAWATI BAUW

I1011171063

PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA
PONTIANAK
2020

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Name: phsyoex1

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false?

You correctly answered: d. Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles.

2. The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?
You correctly answered: c. the external intercostals

3. At the beginning of inspiration, the

You correctly answered: b. thoracic cavity volume increases.

4. At the beginning of expiration, the

You correctly answered: a. pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.

5. A tidal volume refers to the

You correctly answered: b. amount of air inspired and then expired with each breath under resting conditions.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An obstructive disease affects airflow,
and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes and capacities. Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function
tests such as forced expiratory volume ( FEV1) can help a clinician determine the difference between obstructive and
restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV1 is the forced volume expired in 1 second.

In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, airway radius is decreased. Thus, FEV1 will
Your answer : a. decrease proportionately.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which muscles contract during quiet expiration?
You correctly answered: d. None of these muscles contract during quiet expiration.

6. Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs in a minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min) =
TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min).

Using the values from the second recorded measurement, enter the minute ventilation in the field below and then click
Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 7500 ml/min

11. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC
values from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is
equal to the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in
the lab report.
You answered: 975

12. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC
values from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is
equal to the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in
the lab report.
You answered:

Experiment Data:

Radius Flow TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath Rate

( L/min )
5.00 7485 499 --- --- --- --- --- --- 15
5.00 7500 500 1200 3091 1200 4791 3541 5991 15
4.50 4920 328 787 2028 1613 3143 2303 4756 15
4.00 3075 205 492 1266 1908 1962 1422 3871 15
3.50 1800 120 288 742 2112 1150 822 3262 15
3.00 975 65 156 401 2244 621 436 2865 15

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Post-lab Quiz Results

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You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and You correctly answered: c. IRV.

2. Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: d. the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration
and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible.

3. Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: b. the amount of the VC that is expired during the first second of the FVC test.

4. For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to You correctly answered: a. reduce the
airway resistance.

5. Which of the following values does not include the ERV?

You correctly answer

Review Sheet Results1

1. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?

Your answer:
Kedaluwarsa paksa adalah yang disimulasikan oleh ERV, seperti gerakan fisik seperti berlari atau sepele seperti
chough.

2. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?

Your answer:
- Otot dinding perut
- Interkostal internal
- Miring internal / eksternal dan melintang abdominis

3. What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?
Your answer:
74 %

4. What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with
yourprediction?
You answer:
FEV1 berkurang karena jari-jari jalan napas juga menurun. Sama dengan yang sudah saya jawab

5. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive,
pulmonaryproblem.
Your answer:
karena aliran udara terus menurun, kemungkinan bahwa itu bersifat obstruktif dari pada restriktif. Jika sudah dibatasi,
volume dan kapasitas akan lebih terpengaruh.

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Name: phsyoex2

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around You correctly answered: d. 500 ml.

2. Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema?

You correctly answered: c. expiration

3. During an asthma attack

You correctly answered: b. inspiration and expiration are impaired.

4. During moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most?
You correctly answered: a. tidal volume

5. Inhaler medications for an asthma patient are designed to You correctly answered: b. dilate the patient's bronchioles.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: With emphysema, there is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue and a noticeable,
exhausting muscular effort is required for each expiration. Inspiration actually becomes easier because the lung is now
overly compliant.

What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema is
selected (select all that apply)?

Your answer : b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC f. TLC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 2: During an acute asthma attack, airway resistance is significantly increased by (1) increased thick
mucous secretions and (2) airway smooth muscle spasms.

What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient suffering an acute asthma
attack is selected (select all that apply)?

Your answer : b. ERV c. IRV d. RV f. TLC h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 3: When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from the increased airway resistance by
using an inhaler. This device atomizes the medication and induces bronchiole dilation (though it can also contain an anti-
inflammatory agent).

What lung values will change back to those of the normal patient in the spirogram after the asthma patient uses an inhaler
(select all that apply)?

Your answer : a. TV b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC f. TLC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 4: During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body will change its respiratory cycle in order to meet
increased metabolic demands. During heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme
metabolic demands of the body.

Which lung value will change more during moderate exercise, the ERV or the IRV?
Your answer : a. IRV

Stop & Think Questions:

When obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%)?

You correctly answered: b. It decreases.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?

You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

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Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?

You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?

You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?

You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Which values in this spirogram have not returned to those of the normal patient (select all that apply)?

You correctly answered: c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1

For both types of exercise, the tidal volumes and breathing rates were increased. Compared with normal values, did tidal
volume or breathing rate increase more during moderate exercise? (Determine the percentage by which each value
changed.)

You correctly answered: b. tidal volume

Experiment Data:

Patient Type TV ERV IRV RV FVC TLC FEV1 FEV1 (%)

Heavy Exercise 3650 750 600 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Moderate Exercise 1875 1125 2000 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Asthma Attack Plus Inhaler 500 1500 2800 1200 4800 6000 3840 80 %
Acute Asthma Attack 300 750 2700 2250 3750 6000 1500 40 %
Emphysema 500 750 2000 2750 3250 6000 1625 50 %
Normal 500 1500 3000 1000 5000 6000 4000 80 %

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Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the obstructive lung disease(s)?
You correctly answered: c. FEV1

2. Calculate the ERV of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: TLC = 6000 ml, FVC = 4800 ml, RV = 1200
ml, IRV = 2900 ml, TV = 500 ml. You correctly answered: d. 1400 ml

3. Calculate the FVC of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: RV = 1000 ml, IRV = 3000 ml, TV = 500 ml,
ERV = 1500 ml.
You correctly answered: b. 5000 ml

4. What is the largest volume for the normal patient?

You correctly answered: a. IRV

5. What happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient?
You correctly answered: d. It increased for both patients.

Review Sheet Results1

1. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was
selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Hasil prediksi saya baik, bahwa peningkatan sekresi lendir mengakibatankan resistensi saluran nafas.

2. Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1?
FEV1 yang paling berubah. Dari sekitar 4000 hingga 1625

3. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute
asthma attack was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Sebagian besar nilai berubah kecuali TV.
Ada perubahan lendir (meningkat) yang bertanggung jawab untuk perubahan nilai.

4. How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different?
Asma kronik dan emfisema mirip dikarenakan kemiripan grjala yang terjadi seperti batuk krooni, menginitis dan sesak
nafas sedangkan perbedaannya adalah pada asma sumbatan saluran nafasnya disebabkan oleh menebalnya dinding
saluran nafas yang ditimbulkan oleh peradangan atau edema yang dipiu oleh histamine sedangkan pada emfisema
ditandai oleh kolapsnya saluran nafas halus dan rusaknya dinding alveolus.

5. Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all spirogram values return to "normal"?
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Saya tidak memprediksi dengan benar dan memilih banyak nilai untuk menjadi lebih baik. Hanya TV, ERV, TLC, dan
FEV-1% yang akan kembali.
Obat itu menyebabkan paru-paru rileks (otot polos) dan karenanya meningkatkan diameter saluran udara.
Meskipun obat-obatan membantu pasien, ia masih asma dan nilainya dapat kembali normal dalam setiap kasus

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6. How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the
medication?

7. With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
EVC berubah lebih dari IRV. EVC menurun dari 1125 menjadi 1500, tetapi IRV tetap sama.

8. Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and heavy exercise.
Pernafasan nominal: 15 napas per menit
Olahraga moderat: meningkatkan pernapasan, tetapi volume tidal meningkat lebih banyak
Latihan berat: keduanya meningkat ke tingkat maksimum yang bisa ditoleransi.

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Name: phsyoex3

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration Lab

Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?

You correctly answered: c. Surface tension acts to increase the size of the alveoli within the lungs.

2. Which of the following statements about surfactant is false?

You correctly answered: d. Surfactant works by increasing the attraction of water molecules to each other.

3. Just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity You correctly answered: b. is less than the
pressure within the alveoli.

4. The respiratory condition of pneumothorax refers to

You correctly answered: c. any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with the atmospheric pressure.

5. A pneumothorax can lead to

You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.

Experiment Results
Predict Question:
1: What effect will adding more surfactant have on these lungs?

Your answer : b. Airflows will further increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen to the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar if you close the valve?

Your answer : c. The lung will remain collapsed.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why did the sequential additions of surfactant change this lung system?

You correctly answered: a. Surface tension was sequentially decreased.

Premature infants often have difficulty breathing because the amount of surfactant in their lungs is You
correctly answered: b. too low.

What happened to the left side of the bell jar when the valve was opened?

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You correctly answered: b. The intrapleural pressure equalized with the atmospheric pressure.

Did the collapsed left lung reinflate?

You correctly answered: b. No, it did not.

Experiment Data:

Radius Breath Rate Surfactant Pressure Left Pressure Flow Left Flow Right Total Flow
Right
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 2 -4 -4 69.56 69.56 139.13
5 15 4 -4 -4 89.44 89.44 178.88
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38

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Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of surfactant to the lung interior You correctly

answered: c. increased airflow.

2. Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar

You correctly answered: d. simulated pneumothorax.

3. In this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by

You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.

4. The best way to rapidly reinflate a person's collapsed lung is to

You correctly answered: a. pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate negative pressure.

Review Sheet Results1

1. What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Aliran udara akan meningkat karena hambatan berkurang. Ini sama dengan yang prediksi.

2. Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?

Ketika ketegangan di alveoli berkurang, lebih mudah untuk meningkatkan luas permukaan untuk pertukaran gas

3. What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?
Paru-paru runtuh karena penekan atmosfer dan intrapleural sama.

4. What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the valve? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Menutup katup tidak membalikkan paru yang kolaps dan tekanan dalam rongga pleura lebih kecil dari tekanan
intrapulmoner.

5. What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?
Atelctasis dan paru-paru runtuh

6. In the last part of this activity, you clicked the Reset button to draw the air out of the intrapleural space and return the
lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the
lungs in a living person?
Aspirasi dengan jarum, tabung dada atau operasi

7. What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than
separate cavities?
Kedua paru-paru akan runtuh dan tidak akan ada paru-paru untuk tetap bernafas. Kematian mungkin adalah hasilnya.

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Lauralee Sherwood.Fisiologi manusia.Ed 6. editor edisi bahasa Indonesia, Nella yesdelita.

Jakarta:EGC.2011.498-999.

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