GRAMMAR

PRESENT SIMPLE: we use it to talk about routines.

A) Subject + Verb (-s en 3ª persona) + complements

Ex: I go to school every day.

B) Subject + don’t or doesn’t + verb + complements

Ex: I don’t go to school every day.

I) Do or Does + Subject + verb + complements

Ex: Does she go to school every day?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: we use it to talk about an action that is happening at the

moment or to talk about future arrangements.

A) Subject + to be + verb –ing + complements

Ex: He is playing tennis

N) Subject + am not/ isn’t/ aren’t + verb –ing + complements

Ex: They aren’t studying

I) Am/ Is/ Are + Subject + verb –ing + complements?

Ex: Is she playing basketball?

PAST SIMPLE: we use it to describe a finished action in the past.

A) Subject + verb in past (2ª columna o verbo –ed) + complements

Ex: She lived in London last year.

N) Subject + didn’t + verb in infinitive + complements

Ex: She didn’t live in Spain last year.

I) Did + subject + verb in infinitive + complements?

Ex: Did she live in France last year?

PAST CONTINUOUS: we use the past continuous to describe the progress of an

action in the past.

A) Subject + was or were + verb –ing + complements

Ex: He was working hard all night

N) Subject + wasn’t or weren’t + verb –ing + complements

Ex: He wasn’t working hard all night

I) Was or Were + Subject + verb –ing + complements?

Ex: Was he working hard all night?

FUTURE:

a) With will: we use it for actions that we decide to do now, at the moment of
speaking.

A) Subject + will + verb + complements

Ex: I will go to the beach.

N) Subject + won’t + verb + complements

Ex: I won’t go to the beach

I) Will + subject + verb + complements?

Ex: Will we go to the beach?

b) With going to: we use it for actions that we decide to do before we speak.

A) Subject + to be + going to + verb + complements

Ex: She is going to do her homework.

N) Subject + am not/ isn’t/ aren’t + going to + verb + complements

Ex: He isn’t going to do his homework.

I) To be + subject + going to + verb + complements?

Ex: Are you going to do your homework?

PRESENT PERFECT: we use the present perfect to talk about experiences in our
lives.

A) Subject + have or has + verb in participle (3ª columna o verb –ed) + complements
Ex: They have written the song

N) Subject + haven’t or hasn’t + verb in participle + complements

Ex: They haven’t written the song yet.

I) Have + subject verb in participle + complements?

Ex: Have they written the song?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

A) Subject + have or has + been + verb -ing + complements

Ex: He has been drinking so much.

N) Subject + haven’t or hasn’t + been + verb -ing + complements

Ex: She has been doing her work very well.

I) Have or Has + subject + been + verb -ing + complements?

Ex: Have they been dancing all night?

PAST PERFECT: this tense is the past of the past

A) Subject + had + verb in participle + complements

Ex: We had seen his programme on the TV.

N) Subject + hadn’t + past participle + complements

Ex: She hadn’t gone there.

I) Had + subject + past participle + complements?

Ex: Had he stayed in Paris for a week?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

A) Subject + had + been + verb -ing + complements

Ex: He had been crying in the supermarket.

N) Subject + hadn’t + been + verb -ing + complements

Ex: He hadn’t been crying in the car.
I) Had + subject + been + verb -ing + complements?
Ex: Had he been crying at home?

FUTURE PERFECT:

A) Subject + will + have + past participle + complements

Ex: I will have gone to New York.

N) Subject + won’t + have + past participle + complements

Ex: I won’t have gone to London

I) Will + subject + have + past participle + complements?

Ex: Will we have gone to Egypt?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS:

A) Subject + will + have + been + verb -ing + complements

Ex: He will have been going to New York.

N) Subject + won’t + have + been + verb –ing

Ex: She won’t have been going to London.

I) Will + subject + have + been + verb –ing + complements?

Ex: Will they have been going to Egypt?

CONDITIONALS:

0. General:
- If + present simple, present simple
Ex: If he asks me, I always help him.

I. Posible de presente o futuro:

- If + present simple, will + infinitive
Ex: If he asks me, I’ll help him.

II. Improbable:
- If + past simple, would + infinitive
Ex: If he asked me, I’d help him.

III. Imposible de pasado:

- If + past perfect, would + have + past participle
Ex: If he had asked me, I’d have helped him.

LA VOZ PASIVA  To be + past participle

Present simple  am/ are/ is + past participle

Present continuous  am/ are/ is + being + past participle
Past simple  was/ were + past participle
Past continuous  was/ were + being + past participle
Future  will + be + past participle
Present perfect  have/ has + been + past participle
Present perfect continuous  have/ has + being + past participle
Past perfect  had + been + past participle
Past perfect continuous  had + being + past participle
Future perfect  will + have + been + past participle
Future perfect continuous  will + have + being + past participle
REPORTED SPEECH (Estilo indirecto)

Peter said: “I’m hungry”.

Peter said that he was hungry.

Verbos introductorios: say, tell, ask, suggest, etc.

Say and tell  oraciones afirmativas y negativas.

Ask  oraciones interrogativas

Suggest  para hacer sugerencias

Say and tell  Say + algo: He said: “I’m tired”  He said he was tired. (Sin pronombre)
Tell + alguien + algo: He told me he was tired. (Pronombre objeto)

Cambios de pronombres y determinantes:

This  That
These  Those

D  He told Mary: “If you want to speak me about your projects, I’ll be happy to listen
to you.”
I  He told Mary that if she wanted to speak to him about her projects, he would be
happy to listen to her.

Cambios verbales: Si el verbo introductorio va en presente no habrá cambios

verbales.
Ex: He says:”It is a beautiful day”  He says that It is a beautiful day.

DIRECT INDIRECT
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Past simple Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Future Conditional II
Can Could
May Might
Will Would

Tipos de oraciones:

1) Oraciones condicionales
Conditional I  Conditional II
Conditional II  Conditional II
Conditional III  Conditional III

2) Oraciones imperativas
Afirmative: He said: “Study”  He told (me, him, her…) to study
Negative: He said: “Don’t talk”  He told (me, him, her…) not to talk.

3) Oraciones que expresan sugerencias

Afirmative: He said: “Let’s go to the cinema”  He suggested going to the cinema.
Negative: He said: “Let’s not stay here”  He suggested not staying there.
 4) Oraciones interrogativas
a. Yes / no
He said “Can you speak English?”  He asked me if I could speak English.
He said “Do you study German?”  He asked me if I studied German.
He said “Did you see Peter?”  He asked me if I had seen Peter.

b. Information
He said “Where do you live?”  He asked me where I lived.
He said “What’s your name?”  He asked me what my name was.

5) Oraciones exclamativas y expresiones

He said “Oh!”  He was happy / angry
He said “Thank you”  He thanked me
He said “Congratulations”  He congratulated me
He said “Good morning”  He greeted me
He said “Happy Christmas”  He wished me a Happy Christmas.

Cambios adverbiales:

DIRECT INDIRECT
Today That day
Yesterday The day befote
The day before Two days befote
Tomorrow The day alter
This morning That morning
The evening / night That evening / night
Tonight That night
Ago Before
Last week / year The previous week / year
Next day / month The following day / month

Otros cambios:

Come  go
Must (obligación)  had to
Must (probabilidad)  must