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These work laid the foundations of a theory of magnetism and electricity. He provided a
hyper-empirical study of magnets, magnetism, and electricity with speculations about
cosmology.
3 Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) a Danish nobleman. He is known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. He was assisted by Johannes Kepler,
where the latter used the information to develop his own theories in Astronomy.
In November 1572, He discovered the ‘Tycho’s Star’ or the ‘star of 1572’, a dramatic
supernova believed to appear in Cassiopeia constellation which became the talk of Europe
and the Great Comet of 1577. Proposed a system in which the sun and moon orbited the earth,
while the other planets orbited the sun. (Geo-Heliocentric theory or Tychonic theory). The crater
Tycho on the moon is named after him, as in the crater Tycho Brahe on Mars.
4 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) first publication in astronomy, called Cosmographic Mystery
presented a stridently Copernican worldview dedicated to drawing together mathematical
astronomy, physics, and quasi-Pythagorean religious perspective in hope of a new astronomy; He
published the first two of his three laws of planetary motion in 1609; published his Ad vitellioem
paralipomena quibus astronomiae pars optica traditor (The Optical Part of Astronomy) where
he argues that light rays are rectilinear, that they diminish in intensity by the inverse
square of their distance as they travel from the light source; Astronomia nova (New
Astronomy) shows that Mars moves non-uniformly in an elliptical path and proposes a quasi-
magnetic power or virtue emanating from the sun as partial explanation for the planetary
motions; Harmonice mundi (Harmonies of World) presents his so-called ‘Third Law’ which
draws attention to the relationship between the annual periods of the planets and their mean
distances from the sun.
5 Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) published Novum Organum in 1620, which outlined a new
system of logic based on the process of reduction, which he offered as an improvement over
Aristotle’s philosophical process of syllogism. He was a pivotal figure in establishing the
scientific method of investigation.
6 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) the famous Italian Astronomer who demonstrated that a projectile
follows a parabolic path; 1608, he invented the telescope (‘spyglass’) which employs a convex
objective lens and a concave eyepiece; 1609 he constructed his first telescope and turns it toward
the heavens and able to discover and argues there are innumerable stars invisible to the naked
eye; He discovered mountains on the moon and four moons circling Jupiter; later in 1610,
Galileo observes the phases of Venus, which suggested to him that waning and waxing planet
must circle the Sun; discovered the sunspots; noted the Saturn appeared to have ‘handles’
and troubled over what could give rise to such an appearance; 1616, the year of infamous
injunction against Galileo, was warned by the inquisition not to hold or defend the hypothesis
asserted in Copernicus’ On Revolutions, though it has been debated whether he admonished not
to ‘teach in any way’ the heliocentric theory. This work was in turn placed on the Index of
Prohibited books until corrected.
7 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) published his Discourse on the Method in 1637, which helped
establish the scientific method.
8 Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) constructed powerful single lens microscopes and
made extensive observations that he published around 1660, opening up the micro world
biology.
9 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher,
considered one of the most important scientists of all time. Newton formulated laws of universal
gravitation and motion-laws that explain how objects move on Earth as well as through the
heavens.
Newton’s first law of motion states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is
zero, then the object remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity. The Law of Inertia.
Newton’s second law relates to net force and acceleration. A net force on an object will
accelerate it-that is, change its velocity. The acceleration will be proportional to the magnitude of
the force and in the same direction as the force. The Law of Acceleration.
Newton’s third law of motion states that an object experiences a force because it is interacting
with some other object. The force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of the same magnitude
but in the opposite direction as the force that object 2 exerts in object. The law of Interaction.
Newton;s Law of Universal Gravitation. The pull of the earth on objects at its surface is its pull
of gravity.
He built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. He showed that an inverse square law for gravity
explained the elliptical orbits of the planets, and advanced the law of universal gravitation; In his
Principia, Newton theorized his axiomatic three laws of motion.
10 Alexandre Koyre in the 20th century, introduced the term “scientific revolution” centering
his analysis on Galileo, and the term was popularized by Butterfield in his Origins of Modern
Science.
11 John Locke is recognized as the founder of empiricism and proposed in An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding (1689) that the only true knowledge that could be accessible
to the human mind was that which was based on experience. He argued that the human mind was
created as a tabula rasa, a “blank tablet”, upon which sensory impressions were recorded and
built up knowledge through process of reflection.
12 Robert Boyle (1627-1691) an English chemist considered to have refined the modern
scientific method for alchemy and to have separated chemistry further from alchemy.
Boyle largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, therefore one of the founders of
modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method. Although
Boyle was not the original one to discover, he is best known for Boyle’s Law, which he
presented in 1662: the law describes the inversely proportional relationship between the
absolute pressure and volume of gas, if the temperature is kept constant within closed system.
He built an Air pump and many new instruments were devised in this period, which greatly aided
in the expansion of scientific knowledge.
13 Evangelista Torricelli (1607-1647) was best known for his invention of mercury
barometer. The motivation for invention was to improve on the suction pumps that were used to
raise water out of the mines.
14 Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen, Jacob Metius of Alkmaarall- they are the spectacle
makers who contributed in the invention of Refracting telescope which first appeared in the
Netherlands in 1608.